The birefringence-free copolymer was prepared by randomly copolymerizing positive and negative birefringent monomers. The birefringence-free copolymer showed excellent transparency and no microscopic heterogeneous structures were observed. As a novel application of the birefringence-free copolymer, we propose the polarization preserving polymer optical fiber (POF).
{"title":"Transparent Birefringence-free Copolymer and its Application","authors":"Shuichi Iwata, H. Tsukahara, E. Nihei, Y. Koike","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1995.mb.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.mb.3","url":null,"abstract":"The birefringence-free copolymer was prepared by randomly copolymerizing positive and negative birefringent monomers. The birefringence-free copolymer showed excellent transparency and no microscopic heterogeneous structures were observed. As a novel application of the birefringence-free copolymer, we propose the polarization preserving polymer optical fiber (POF).","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131336171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many technological advances can be realized from the development of coherent short wavelength sources, particularly in the fields of information display and storage. One approach to producing short wavelengths is to frequency double (existing and inexpensive) near-IR semiconductor lasers using a nonlinear optical process, second harmonic generation (SHG). Large intensities are necessary to drive such nonlinear interactions and these intensities can be achieved even with continuous wave lasers by spatially confining light to a waveguide. Waveguide geometry can be compact and may allow diffraction free propagation. Poled polymers are interesting materials for second harmonic generation because they have large nonresonant nonlinearities, low losses, and are easily processed.
{"title":"Frequency Doubling in a Poled Polymer Waveguide Using Anomalous Dispersion Phase-Matching","authors":"T. Kowalczyk, K. Singer, P. Cahill","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1995.thb.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.thb.3","url":null,"abstract":"Many technological advances can be realized from the development of coherent short wavelength sources, particularly in the fields of information display and storage. One approach to producing short wavelengths is to frequency double (existing and inexpensive) near-IR semiconductor lasers using a nonlinear optical process, second harmonic generation (SHG). Large intensities are necessary to drive such nonlinear interactions and these intensities can be achieved even with continuous wave lasers by spatially confining light to a waveguide. Waveguide geometry can be compact and may allow diffraction free propagation. Poled polymers are interesting materials for second harmonic generation because they have large nonresonant nonlinearities, low losses, and are easily processed.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130223170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Surface second harmonic generation is used to study surface reactions during photopolymerization of vinyl monomers on metal surfaces. Photopolymerization shows promise in making defect-free insulating and abrasion resistant coatings, and in the fabrication of microelectronic devices1. Although researchers have studied the gas phase reaction in some detail, little is known about the surface reactions2. Also, the effects of various physical parameters such as monomer pressure, light intensity, and the nature of metal and the monomer on the physical properties of polymer films are not known.
{"title":"Studies of Photopolymerization at Metal Surfaces","authors":"Suchitra Subrahmanyan, Fang Chen, H. Lackritz","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1995.md.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.md.14","url":null,"abstract":"Surface second harmonic generation is used to study surface reactions during photopolymerization of vinyl monomers on metal surfaces. Photopolymerization shows promise in making defect-free insulating and abrasion resistant coatings, and in the fabrication of microelectronic devices1. Although researchers have studied the gas phase reaction in some detail, little is known about the surface reactions2. Also, the effects of various physical parameters such as monomer pressure, light intensity, and the nature of metal and the monomer on the physical properties of polymer films are not known.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127156797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Liming Wang, T. Wada, Tomoyuki Yuba, M. Kakimoto, Y. Imai, H. Sasabe
Poly(p-phenylene benzobisthiazole) (PBT) has received a strong attention as a nonlinear optical (NLO) material because of its large, ultrafast NLO response1 and inherently superior physical and chemical properties2. However, the material is difficult to process into thin film with good optical quality, which hindered the detailed and accurate NLO studies. In order to improve optical quality, the PBT Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films were fabricated via a novel precursor route. The PBT LB films show not only improved optical quality but also highly in-plane oriented molecular packing. Because the π-electrons are delocalized along the polymer chain direction, the highly oriented packing of the polymer chains results in linear and NLO anisotropy properties. Therefore, in-plane anisotropy measurement of optical third-harmonic generation (THG) is one of the powerful tools to elucidate the packing arrangement in LB films of one-dimensional conjugated system.
{"title":"Nonlinear Optical Anisotropy of Highly Oriented Poly(p-Phenylene Benzobisthiazole)Langmuir-Blodgett Films","authors":"Liming Wang, T. Wada, Tomoyuki Yuba, M. Kakimoto, Y. Imai, H. Sasabe","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1995.md.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.md.26","url":null,"abstract":"Poly(p-phenylene benzobisthiazole) (PBT) has received a strong attention as a nonlinear optical (NLO) material because of its large, ultrafast NLO response1 and inherently superior physical and chemical properties2. However, the material is difficult to process into thin film with good optical quality, which hindered the detailed and accurate NLO studies. In order to improve optical quality, the PBT Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films were fabricated via a novel precursor route. The PBT LB films show not only improved optical quality but also highly in-plane oriented molecular packing. Because the π-electrons are delocalized along the polymer chain direction, the highly oriented packing of the polymer chains results in linear and NLO anisotropy properties. Therefore, in-plane anisotropy measurement of optical third-harmonic generation (THG) is one of the powerful tools to elucidate the packing arrangement in LB films of one-dimensional conjugated system.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127233754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Electroluminescence from small organic molecules has been known for some time. Thirty years ago, Helfrich and Schneider reported blue-violet electroluminescence in anthracene with an external quantum efficiency as high as 8%.1 This quantum efficiency is much better than that for the best polymer-based light-emitting diode (LED) reported to date.2 In spite of the superior quantum efficiency of molecular-based electroluminescent devices, no major progress was achieved until fairly recently when Tang and VanSlyke reported the first low-voltage organic LED with an external quantum efficiency of 1% (number of photons per electron).3 The emitting layer in this device consists of a thin layer of the metal complex, tris (8-hydroxyquinolinato) aluminum (AlQ3). Later, Littman and Martie showed an enhancement in the electroluminescence quantum efficiency of AlQ3 by doping it with the highly fluorescent laser dyes, Coumarin 540, Coumarin 343, and DCM.4 The paper focuses on a new class of organic composites consisting of highly fluorescent guest molecules dispersed in AlQ3. The electronic and optical properties of organic nanostructures based on these materials are studied, as functions of the luminescent center concentration, via optical and fluorescence spectroscopies. Photoluminescence quantum yields are measured and used to probe the efficiency of energy transfer between host and guest molecules.
{"title":"Preparation, Optical Spectroscopy, and Fluorescence of Molecular Organic Composites for Light-Emitting Diodes","authors":"H. W. Sarkas, C. D. Merritt, Z. Kafafi","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1995.md.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.md.35","url":null,"abstract":"Electroluminescence from small organic molecules has been known for some time. Thirty years ago, Helfrich and Schneider reported blue-violet electroluminescence in anthracene with an external quantum efficiency as high as 8%.1 This quantum efficiency is much better than that for the best polymer-based light-emitting diode (LED) reported to date.2 In spite of the superior quantum efficiency of molecular-based electroluminescent devices, no major progress was achieved until fairly recently when Tang and VanSlyke reported the first low-voltage organic LED with an external quantum efficiency of 1% (number of photons per electron).3 The emitting layer in this device consists of a thin layer of the metal complex, tris (8-hydroxyquinolinato) aluminum (AlQ3). Later, Littman and Martie showed an enhancement in the electroluminescence quantum efficiency of AlQ3 by doping it with the highly fluorescent laser dyes, Coumarin 540, Coumarin 343, and DCM.4 The paper focuses on a new class of organic composites consisting of highly fluorescent guest molecules dispersed in AlQ3. The electronic and optical properties of organic nanostructures based on these materials are studied, as functions of the luminescent center concentration, via optical and fluorescence spectroscopies. Photoluminescence quantum yields are measured and used to probe the efficiency of energy transfer between host and guest molecules.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124431880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Because of advances in optical communications and information storage, researchers have sought materials for devices operating at the boundaries between the electronic and optical realms. Second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) materials, particularly organic polymers, have received attention because of their facility for constructing waveguiding thin films that are capable of frequency doubling or electrooptic modulation in integrated optical circuitry.
{"title":"New Side-Chain Polymers for Second-Order Nonlinear Optics","authors":"Douglas R. Robello, J. Schildkraut, C. S. Willand","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1993.fb.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1993.fb.1","url":null,"abstract":"Because of advances in optical communications and information storage, researchers have sought materials for devices operating at the boundaries between the electronic and optical realms. Second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) materials, particularly organic polymers, have received attention because of their facility for constructing waveguiding thin films that are capable of frequency doubling or electrooptic modulation in integrated optical circuitry.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128753637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After designing and synthesizing a new candidate molecule for nonlinear optical (NLO) applications, the molecular hyperpolarizability of this molecule has to be experimentally determined. This measurement at the microscopic level can be performed in an isotropic solution using hyper-Raleigh scattering (HRS).1 For a second-order NLO application, the individual molecules have to be assembled in a macroscopically non-centrosymmetric fashion. The efficiency of a phase-matched second-order NLO process is highly dependent on the length over which the coherent nonlinear interaction can be maintained. In artificially ordered systems, such as poled polymers and Langmuir- Blodgett films, this length is much more determined by the length over which the local order is constant than by the coherence length, calculated from the bulk refractive indices at fundamental and second-harmonic wavelength. A measurement scheme to determine the degree of spatial correlation between the chromophores would therefore be instrumental in the development of reliable and reproducible devices.
{"title":"Spatial and Temporal Orientational Correlations Between Nonlinear Optical Chromophores Probed by Femtosecond Hyper-Rayleigh Scattering","authors":"K. Clays, Marvin H. Wu, A. Persoons","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1995.tha.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.tha.1","url":null,"abstract":"After designing and synthesizing a new candidate molecule for nonlinear optical (NLO) applications, the molecular hyperpolarizability of this molecule has to be experimentally determined. This measurement at the microscopic level can be performed in an isotropic solution using hyper-Raleigh scattering (HRS).1 For a second-order NLO application, the individual molecules have to be assembled in a macroscopically non-centrosymmetric fashion. The efficiency of a phase-matched second-order NLO process is highly dependent on the length over which the coherent nonlinear interaction can be maintained. In artificially ordered systems, such as poled polymers and Langmuir- Blodgett films, this length is much more determined by the length over which the local order is constant than by the coherence length, calculated from the bulk refractive indices at fundamental and second-harmonic wavelength. A measurement scheme to determine the degree of spatial correlation between the chromophores would therefore be instrumental in the development of reliable and reproducible devices.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132904611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. C. Flipse, Roel de Jonge, R. H. Woudenberg, A. W. Marsman, C. V. van Walree, L. Jenneskens
The large optical nonlinearities, the accessibility of molecular engineering, and the intriguing physics of quadratic nonlinear optics made both chemists and physicists explore the field of organic chromophores for nonlinear optics. Furthermore, the potential of polymers derived from these nonlinear optical chromophores for applications within telecommunications led to a considerable interest from industry.
{"title":"Measurements Of First Hyperpolarizabilities β:Anomalous Hyper-Rayleigh Scattering Results","authors":"M. C. Flipse, Roel de Jonge, R. H. Woudenberg, A. W. Marsman, C. V. van Walree, L. Jenneskens","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1995.tha.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.tha.2","url":null,"abstract":"The large optical nonlinearities, the accessibility of molecular engineering, and the intriguing physics of quadratic nonlinear optics made both chemists and physicists explore the field of organic chromophores for nonlinear optics. Furthermore, the potential of polymers derived from these nonlinear optical chromophores for applications within telecommunications led to a considerable interest from industry.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133568171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Metallophthalocyanines have been considered valuable materials for the development of nonlinear optical devices because of their versatility, architectural flexibility, exceptionally high environmental stability, and ease of processing and fabrication. Furthermore physical properties of metallophthalocyanines can be tailored over a wide range either by inclusion of a variety of central metal atoms or by substituting peripheral functionalities at the ring. Phthalocyanine ring has a two-dimensional conjugated π-electron system and the magnitude of third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility χ(3) varies by several orders depending on the metal atom substitution.1-7 Recently polymorphs of oxotitanium phthalocyanine (TiOPc) have been utilized in developing photoreceptor devices8-10 and their photoconductivities were found to vary remarkably depending on the crystal structures. With same view, we selected to investigate the third-order nonlinear optical properties of different polymorphs of TiOPc. This report discusses a systematic study of the third-order nonlinear optical properties of amorphous, α, β, and Y polymorphs of oxotitanium phthalocyanine.
{"title":"Polymorphs of oxotitanium phthalocyanine exhibiting large third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility","authors":"H. Nalwa, Toshiro Saito, A. Kakuta, T. Iwayanagi","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1993.wd.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1993.wd.16","url":null,"abstract":"Metallophthalocyanines have been considered valuable materials for the development of nonlinear optical devices because of their versatility, architectural flexibility, exceptionally high environmental stability, and ease of processing and fabrication. Furthermore physical properties of metallophthalocyanines can be tailored over a wide range either by inclusion of a variety of central metal atoms or by substituting peripheral functionalities at the ring. Phthalocyanine ring has a two-dimensional conjugated π-electron system and the magnitude of third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility χ(3) varies by several orders depending on the metal atom substitution.1-7 Recently polymorphs of oxotitanium phthalocyanine (TiOPc) have been utilized in developing photoreceptor devices8-10 and their photoconductivities were found to vary remarkably depending on the crystal structures. With same view, we selected to investigate the third-order nonlinear optical properties of different polymorphs of TiOPc. This report discusses a systematic study of the third-order nonlinear optical properties of amorphous, α, β, and Y polymorphs of oxotitanium phthalocyanine.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132586483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Forrest, P. Burrows, Z. Shen, V. Bulović, D. McCarty, M. E. Thompson
Electroluminescence (EL) from vacuum deposited organic molecular heterojunction (HJ) devices can potentially yield red, green and blue light at levels of brightnesses and efficiencies adequate for viable flat panel displays1. However, to date, there has been little detailed analysis of the origin of EL and the current conduction mechanisms in these novel devices. The spatial distribution of EL in HJ devices using tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3) as the light emitting layer has been measured and shown to occur within a few hundred Ångstroms of the organic HJ.2 This was assigned to excitons created at the organic HJ subsequently diffusing into the bulk organic layer before radiatively recombining. Charge injection mechanisms in such structures, however, were not elucidated. In polymeric OLEDs, tunneling3 into the conduction bands of the organic material has been invoked to explain the observed current-voltage (I-V) and EL characteristics. However, given the low carrier mobilities characteristic of many organic materials and the difficulties in measuring and interpreting band offset data, the validity of simple band structure and tunneling models remains unclear.
{"title":"Current Conduction and Electroluminescence Mechanisms in Molecular Organic Light Emitting Devices.","authors":"S. Forrest, P. Burrows, Z. Shen, V. Bulović, D. McCarty, M. E. Thompson","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1995.tua.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.tua.2","url":null,"abstract":"Electroluminescence (EL) from vacuum deposited organic molecular heterojunction (HJ) devices can potentially yield red, green and blue light at levels of brightnesses and efficiencies adequate for viable flat panel displays1. However, to date, there has been little detailed analysis of the origin of EL and the current conduction mechanisms in these novel devices. The spatial distribution of EL in HJ devices using tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3) as the light emitting layer has been measured and shown to occur within a few hundred Ångstroms of the organic HJ.2 This was assigned to excitons created at the organic HJ subsequently diffusing into the bulk organic layer before radiatively recombining. Charge injection mechanisms in such structures, however, were not elucidated. In polymeric OLEDs, tunneling3 into the conduction bands of the organic material has been invoked to explain the observed current-voltage (I-V) and EL characteristics. However, given the low carrier mobilities characteristic of many organic materials and the difficulties in measuring and interpreting band offset data, the validity of simple band structure and tunneling models remains unclear.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128125107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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