G. Bourhill, J. Brédas, L. Cheng, A. Friedli, C. Gorman, S. Marder, F. Meyers, J. Perry, B. Pierce, J. Skindhøj, B. Tiemann
We have been attempting to correlate hyperpolarizabilities with bond-length alternation (BLA), which is defined as the difference in the average length between adjacent carbon-carbon bonds in a polymethine ((CH)n) chain.(1, 2) Polyenes have alternating double and single bonds (bond length equal to 1.34 Å and 1.45 Å, respectively), and thus show a high degree of bond-length alternation (BLA=-0.11Á). In donor-acceptor polyenes, this parameter is related to the degree of ground-state polarization in the molecule. To better understand this correlation, it is illustrative to discuss the wave function of the ground state in terms of a linear combination of the two limiting charge-transfer resonance structures. For substituted polyenes with weak donors and acceptors, the neutral resonance form dominates the ground-state wavefunction, and the molecule has a high degree of (conventionally negative) bond-length alternation. With stronger donors and acceptors, the contribution to the ground state, of the charge-separated resonance form increases and simultaneously, BLA decreases in absolute value. When the two resonance structures contribute equally, as in a symmetrical cyanine, the molecule exhibits essentially no bond-length alternation. Finally, if the charge-separated form dominates the ground-state wave function, the molecule acquires a positive bond-length alternation. Neutral molecules with aromatic rings have a diminished contribution of the charge-separated form to the ground-state wave function, due to the energetic price associated with the loss of aromaticity in that form.(3) As a result, push-pull molecules with aromatic ground states tend to be more bond-length alternated for a given donor and acceptor pair than for a polyene of comparable length.
{"title":"Optimization of the First and Second Hyperpolarizabilities of Organic Dyes","authors":"G. Bourhill, J. Brédas, L. Cheng, A. Friedli, C. Gorman, S. Marder, F. Meyers, J. Perry, B. Pierce, J. Skindhøj, B. Tiemann","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1993.wc.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1993.wc.1","url":null,"abstract":"We have been attempting to correlate hyperpolarizabilities with bond-length alternation (BLA), which is defined as the difference in the average length between adjacent carbon-carbon bonds in a polymethine ((CH)n) chain.(1, 2) Polyenes have alternating double and single bonds (bond length equal to 1.34 Å and 1.45 Å, respectively), and thus show a high degree of bond-length alternation (BLA=-0.11Á). In donor-acceptor polyenes, this parameter is related to the degree of ground-state polarization in the molecule. To better understand this correlation, it is illustrative to discuss the wave function of the ground state in terms of a linear combination of the two limiting charge-transfer resonance structures. For substituted polyenes with weak donors and acceptors, the neutral resonance form dominates the ground-state wavefunction, and the molecule has a high degree of (conventionally negative) bond-length alternation. With stronger donors and acceptors, the contribution to the ground state, of the charge-separated resonance form increases and simultaneously, BLA decreases in absolute value. When the two resonance structures contribute equally, as in a symmetrical cyanine, the molecule exhibits essentially no bond-length alternation. Finally, if the charge-separated form dominates the ground-state wave function, the molecule acquires a positive bond-length alternation. Neutral molecules with aromatic rings have a diminished contribution of the charge-separated form to the ground-state wave function, due to the energetic price associated with the loss of aromaticity in that form.(3) As a result, push-pull molecules with aromatic ground states tend to be more bond-length alternated for a given donor and acceptor pair than for a polyene of comparable length.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115898839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nonlinear organic systems often consist of a polymer matrix with a optical chromophore as a guest or an attached side chain. For enhanced optical nonlinearity, the chromophore absorption band should be located near the desired operating wavelength, but with no absorption. Good optical transmission is critical, and both the absorption and the scattering need to be minimized. Since the films are usually thin and weakly absorbing, it is difficult to determine either of these two material properties. By using the highly sensitive absorption technique of photothermal deflection spectroscopy (PDS), it is possible to obtain the fundamental optical spectrum of the nonlinear optical (NLO) systems over a wide energy range, and separate the absorption from the scattering. With this information, one can then select optimal polymer-chromophore systems. The absorption data indicates what the intrinsic waveguide loss should be for any given wavelength. For materials with low absorption, if there is high waveguide loss, either improved processing is necessary to lower the scattering, or insertion losses need to be reduced.
{"title":"Absorption and Scattering in Nonlinear Optical Polymeric Systems","authors":"A. Skumanich, M. Jurich, J. Swalen","doi":"10.1063/1.109618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.109618","url":null,"abstract":"Nonlinear organic systems often consist of a polymer matrix with a optical chromophore as a guest or an attached side chain. For enhanced optical nonlinearity, the chromophore absorption band should be located near the desired operating wavelength, but with no absorption. Good optical transmission is critical, and both the absorption and the scattering need to be minimized. Since the films are usually thin and weakly absorbing, it is difficult to determine either of these two material properties. By using the highly sensitive absorption technique of photothermal deflection spectroscopy (PDS), it is possible to obtain the fundamental optical spectrum of the nonlinear optical (NLO) systems over a wide energy range, and separate the absorption from the scattering. With this information, one can then select optimal polymer-chromophore systems. The absorption data indicates what the intrinsic waveguide loss should be for any given wavelength. For materials with low absorption, if there is high waveguide loss, either improved processing is necessary to lower the scattering, or insertion losses need to be reduced.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114355239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Kuzyk, Q. Li, D. Welker, P. Young, S. Zhou, C. Dirk
The fact that light induces a refractive index change in a material is the basis of an all-optical switching or logic device - where one beam of light affects its own propagation or the propagation of a second beam of light. There are many mechanisms that result in such a light- induced refractive index change. The heating mechanisms, for example, results when the refractive index changes in response to the density change that accompanies thermal heating when light energy is absorbed by a material. By virtue of the conductive nature of heating, the thermal effects are slow (approximately ≈ Is time scale). The fast electronic mechanism, on the other hand, results in refractive index changes due to electronic cloud deformation. When the excitations are far off any material resonances, electron cloud distortion does not result in real excitations of the atoms or molecules and is thus a fast response (≈ 10-15s).
{"title":"New Device Concepts in Polymer Optical Fibers","authors":"M. Kuzyk, Q. Li, D. Welker, P. Young, S. Zhou, C. Dirk","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1993.thd.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1993.thd.1","url":null,"abstract":"The fact that light induces a refractive index change in a material is the basis of an all-optical switching or logic device - where one beam of light affects its own propagation or the propagation of a second beam of light. There are many mechanisms that result in such a light- induced refractive index change. The heating mechanisms, for example, results when the refractive index changes in response to the density change that accompanies thermal heating when light energy is absorbed by a material. By virtue of the conductive nature of heating, the thermal effects are slow (approximately ≈ Is time scale). The fast electronic mechanism, on the other hand, results in refractive index changes due to electronic cloud deformation. When the excitations are far off any material resonances, electron cloud distortion does not result in real excitations of the atoms or molecules and is thus a fast response (≈ 10-15s).","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115008398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W.D. Chen, D. C. Rodenberger, R. Shi, Q. Zhou, A. Garito
We have earlier presented theoretical and experimental results demonstrating that the nonresonant third order optical susceptibility χ(3)(−ω;ω,ω,−ω) can be enhanced for nonlinear optical processes originating from real population of electronic excited states in conjugated linear chains[1,2]. Compared with the ground state, χ(3)(−ω;ω,ω,−ω) of π-conjugated linear chains can be enhanced by orders of magnitude when the first S1 or second S2 π-electron excited state is optically pumped and then populated for times long enough to perform nonresonant measurements of χ(3)(−ω;ω,ω,−ω) at frequencies different from the resonant pump frequency. In this paper, a dynamical model is developed for the time evolution of the nonresonant microscoopic degenerate four wave mixing (DFWM) susceptibility γ(-ω;ω,ω,-ω) for the excited state enhancement mechanism. The model is applied to the case of the six site chain, diphenylhexatriene (DPH).
{"title":"Excited State Dynamics of the Third Order Nonlinear Optical Susceptibility in Conjugated Linear Chains","authors":"W.D. Chen, D. C. Rodenberger, R. Shi, Q. Zhou, A. Garito","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1993.tha.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1993.tha.1","url":null,"abstract":"We have earlier presented theoretical and experimental results demonstrating that the nonresonant third order optical susceptibility χ(3)(−ω;ω,ω,−ω) can be enhanced for nonlinear optical processes originating from real population of electronic excited states in conjugated linear chains[1,2]. Compared with the ground state, χ(3)(−ω;ω,ω,−ω) of π-conjugated linear chains can be enhanced by orders of magnitude when the first S1 or second S2 π-electron excited state is optically pumped and then populated for times long enough to perform nonresonant measurements of χ(3)(−ω;ω,ω,−ω) at frequencies different from the resonant pump frequency. In this paper, a dynamical model is developed for the time evolution of the nonresonant microscoopic degenerate four wave mixing (DFWM) susceptibility γ(-ω;ω,ω,-ω) for the excited state enhancement mechanism. The model is applied to the case of the six site chain, diphenylhexatriene (DPH).","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117240613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We have observed that the efficiency of second-harmonic generation from a monolayer of chiral molecules depends on the handedness of the incoming fundamental beam. This circular-difference effect is observed both in reflection and transmission of the second-harmonic radiation. Analogous to linear optical activity, we show that these effects can be explained by including contributions of magnetic-dipole transitions to the second-order nonlinear susceptibility.
{"title":"Nonlinear Optical Activity in Second-Harmonic Generation from a Chiral Surface","authors":"A. Persoons, T. Verbiest, M. Kauranen","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1993.pd.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1993.pd.2","url":null,"abstract":"We have observed that the efficiency of second-harmonic generation from a monolayer of chiral molecules depends on the handedness of the incoming fundamental beam. This circular-difference effect is observed both in reflection and transmission of the second-harmonic radiation. Analogous to linear optical activity, we show that these effects can be explained by including contributions of magnetic-dipole transitions to the second-order nonlinear susceptibility.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127135207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anisotropic alignment of nonlinear chromophores and their dipolar stability are the key issues1 of nonlinear optical (NLO) materials. Poling is a usual means in guest-host systems to bring about such an alignment2-4. Since poling is carried out around the glass transition temperature(Tg) of hosts5, and the temporal stability of chromophores depends primarily on Tg values of hosts, matrix materials for high-temperature stability are required to have high Tg such as with polyimides. However, the high-temperature poling causes problems in nonlinear chromophores, such as bleaching6-7, decomposition8,9 or loss of dipolar alignment10, unless they have very high decomposition temperatures. Also, a related problelm is a plasticizing effect8,11 of chromophores which lowers the Tg of the matrix with increasing chromophore concentration.
{"title":"Anisotropic Self-Alignment of Supramolecular Amylose Inclusion of Chromophores for Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Materials","authors":"O. Kim, L. Choi, He-Yi Zang, Xue He, Yan-Hua Shih","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1995.md.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.md.31","url":null,"abstract":"Anisotropic alignment of nonlinear chromophores and their dipolar stability are the key issues1 of nonlinear optical (NLO) materials. Poling is a usual means in guest-host systems to bring about such an alignment2-4. Since poling is carried out around the glass transition temperature(Tg) of hosts5, and the temporal stability of chromophores depends primarily on Tg values of hosts, matrix materials for high-temperature stability are required to have high Tg such as with polyimides. However, the high-temperature poling causes problems in nonlinear chromophores, such as bleaching6-7, decomposition8,9 or loss of dipolar alignment10, unless they have very high decomposition temperatures. Also, a related problelm is a plasticizing effect8,11 of chromophores which lowers the Tg of the matrix with increasing chromophore concentration.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127167913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Efficient green electroluminescence from an organic double-layer device between two electrodes was first reported by Tang and Van Slyke [1,2]. Subsequently, there has been considerable interest in using various fluorescent organic molecules in similar structures to produce electroluminescence in different spectral regions. Also, more complex, triple layer "double heterostructure" devices have been reported[3]. However, although devices emitting throughout the visible spectrum have been successfully fabricated [1,4,5], there is a lack of quantitative information relating the organic layer thickness and heterojunction properties to device performance.
{"title":"Dependence of the Performance of Vacuum Deposited Organic Light Emitting Diodes on Layer Thickness and Composition","authors":"P. Burrows, S. Forrest, F. So","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1993.wb.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1993.wb.2","url":null,"abstract":"Efficient green electroluminescence from an organic double-layer device between two electrodes was first reported by Tang and Van Slyke [1,2]. Subsequently, there has been considerable interest in using various fluorescent organic molecules in similar structures to produce electroluminescence in different spectral regions. Also, more complex, triple layer \"double heterostructure\" devices have been reported[3]. However, although devices emitting throughout the visible spectrum have been successfully fabricated [1,4,5], there is a lack of quantitative information relating the organic layer thickness and heterojunction properties to device performance.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125274758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Ranon, Yongqiang Shi, W. Steier, Chenghuang Xu, Bochang Wu, L. Dalton
The second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of azo compounds containing amino-donor and sulfone-acceptor groups have been reported by several research groups.1 Their studies demonstrated that these amino-sulfone chromophores have a sizable nonlinearity and can be functionalized at both ends of the molecule for either polymerization or crosslinking. In this paper, we report our study of several side chain and main chain polymers which focused on anchoring both ends of the chromophores within a polymer matrix to improve the thermal stability of the molecular alignment. In particular, we report our study of two new classes of amino-sulfone chromophore containing polymers.
{"title":"Second-order nonlinear optical properties and thermal stability of the amino-sulfone chromophore containing polymers","authors":"P. Ranon, Yongqiang Shi, W. Steier, Chenghuang Xu, Bochang Wu, L. Dalton","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1993.wa.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1993.wa.3","url":null,"abstract":"The second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of azo compounds containing amino-donor and sulfone-acceptor groups have been reported by several research groups.1 Their studies demonstrated that these amino-sulfone chromophores have a sizable nonlinearity and can be functionalized at both ends of the molecule for either polymerization or crosslinking. In this paper, we report our study of several side chain and main chain polymers which focused on anchoring both ends of the chromophores within a polymer matrix to improve the thermal stability of the molecular alignment. In particular, we report our study of two new classes of amino-sulfone chromophore containing polymers.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125381066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. H. Jordan, A. Dodabalapur, M. Strukelj, L. Rothberg, R. Slusher, T. M. Miller
The need for light weight, low power multicolor displays and backlights has spurred interest in thin-film, organic electroluminescent (EL) devices. A typical organic EL device consists of an indium-tin oxide anode (ITO) layer on a glass substrate, and sequential layers of bis(triphenyl)diamine (TAD, hole transporter), tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum (A1Q, electron transporter and green light-emitter), and a low work function metal cathode (e.g., Al or Mg:Ag).1 Device efficiency, stability, and spectral output can be tailored by incorporating intermediate layers of organic hole-blockers2 or blue-emitters,3 or doping A1Q with narrow spectral linewidth organic dyes.4 Cavity resonance effects have been employed in lithographically patterned optical microcavities to select single5or multiple6 colors out of broad spectrum organic emitters like A1Q. Device efficiency is a critical parameter, especially for liquid crystal display backlight applications. We will describe an approach for white light EL and an approach for enhancing device efficiency.
{"title":"High Efficiency White and Colored Organic Electroluminescence","authors":"R. H. Jordan, A. Dodabalapur, M. Strukelj, L. Rothberg, R. Slusher, T. M. Miller","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1995.thc.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.thc.1","url":null,"abstract":"The need for light weight, low power multicolor displays and backlights has spurred interest in thin-film, organic electroluminescent (EL) devices. A typical organic EL device consists of an indium-tin oxide anode (ITO) layer on a glass substrate, and sequential layers of bis(triphenyl)diamine (TAD, hole transporter), tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum (A1Q, electron transporter and green light-emitter), and a low work function metal cathode (e.g., Al or Mg:Ag).1 Device efficiency, stability, and spectral output can be tailored by incorporating intermediate layers of organic hole-blockers2 or blue-emitters,3 or doping A1Q with narrow spectral linewidth organic dyes.4 Cavity resonance effects have been employed in lithographically patterned optical microcavities to select single5or multiple6 colors out of broad spectrum organic emitters like A1Q. Device efficiency is a critical parameter, especially for liquid crystal display backlight applications. We will describe an approach for white light EL and an approach for enhancing device efficiency.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114921421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Kobayashi, Y. Iimura, T. Saitoh, H. Suzuki, T. Hashimoto, T. Sugiyama, K. Katoh
Amorphous TN(twisted by 90°) and amorphous highly twisted chiral nematic (N*)(twisted by 300°) are utilized for fabricating TN and GHLCDs, respectively, and furthermore, photopolymer films are utilized for fabricating TNLCD and hybrid aligned N-LCD. These NLC alignment techniques are non-rubbing techniques and they make it possible to overcome the disadvantages of current rubbing technique. An overview of LCDs in Japan is also given.
{"title":"TN and GHLCDs Fabricated by Non-Rubbing Techniques and an Overview of LCDs in Japan","authors":"S. Kobayashi, Y. Iimura, T. Saitoh, H. Suzuki, T. Hashimoto, T. Sugiyama, K. Katoh","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1995.tuc.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.tuc.2","url":null,"abstract":"Amorphous TN(twisted by 90°) and amorphous highly twisted chiral nematic (N*)(twisted by 300°) are utilized for fabricating TN and GHLCDs, respectively, and furthermore, photopolymer films are utilized for fabricating TNLCD and hybrid aligned N-LCD. These NLC alignment techniques are non-rubbing techniques and they make it possible to overcome the disadvantages of current rubbing technique. An overview of LCDs in Japan is also given.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116155285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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