Pub Date : 1991-05-20DOI: 10.1109/NAECON.1991.165724
J. Lyke, E. Kolesar
The RF electrical characteristics of hybrid wafer scale integration (WSI) interconnections on silicon-polyimide-aluminum and silicon-benzocyclobutene-aluminum substrates have been evaluated. The silicon wafer substrates were five inches in diameter, and each contained an identical set of 200 photolithographically patterned dielectric and aluminum interconnect test structures. The aluminum conductors were 2.5- mu m thick, and half of the test structure conductors were 10- mu m wide, while the remainder were 25- mu m wide. Measurements between 5 kHz and 220 MHz confirmed the expected transmission line behavior manifested by the longer interconnections. The coupling levels in the 400 line/cm density structures are low (<-25 dB), but nevertheless significant, especially when digital logic applications requiring low-noise margins are anticipated. More important were the attenuation effects manifested by the longer aluminum interconnections when they were combined with low-impedance matched terminations.<>
{"title":"Silicon hybrid wafer scale integration interconnect performance evaluation at RF frequencies","authors":"J. Lyke, E. Kolesar","doi":"10.1109/NAECON.1991.165724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAECON.1991.165724","url":null,"abstract":"The RF electrical characteristics of hybrid wafer scale integration (WSI) interconnections on silicon-polyimide-aluminum and silicon-benzocyclobutene-aluminum substrates have been evaluated. The silicon wafer substrates were five inches in diameter, and each contained an identical set of 200 photolithographically patterned dielectric and aluminum interconnect test structures. The aluminum conductors were 2.5- mu m thick, and half of the test structure conductors were 10- mu m wide, while the remainder were 25- mu m wide. Measurements between 5 kHz and 220 MHz confirmed the expected transmission line behavior manifested by the longer interconnections. The coupling levels in the 400 line/cm density structures are low (<-25 dB), but nevertheless significant, especially when digital logic applications requiring low-noise margins are anticipated. More important were the attenuation effects manifested by the longer aluminum interconnections when they were combined with low-impedance matched terminations.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":247766,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE 1991 National Aerospace and Electronics Conference NAECON 1991","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124342105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-05-20DOI: 10.1109/NAECON.1991.165792
J. Youngs, P. Waszkiewicz
The authors describe a development methodology applicable to real-time highly connected distributed systems in the domain of command and control. Models are developed for the system resource management activity and the application process in the domain. This methodology develops, as a basis for the domain, the interaction between the application and system model. This interaction is captured in an abstract process interface utilized by both application and system processes. The system model encapsulates solutions to problems with concurrent access to system data elements, fault tolerance, instrumentation, scheduling, and data distribution, reducing application program complexity. The application model utilizes system model elements by specification in the instantiated process interface from the elements of the abstract process interface. The surveillance application of the air defense system is used as an example of the application model. A prototype system implementation is used as the system model.<>
{"title":"Real-time highly connected distributed systems","authors":"J. Youngs, P. Waszkiewicz","doi":"10.1109/NAECON.1991.165792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAECON.1991.165792","url":null,"abstract":"The authors describe a development methodology applicable to real-time highly connected distributed systems in the domain of command and control. Models are developed for the system resource management activity and the application process in the domain. This methodology develops, as a basis for the domain, the interaction between the application and system model. This interaction is captured in an abstract process interface utilized by both application and system processes. The system model encapsulates solutions to problems with concurrent access to system data elements, fault tolerance, instrumentation, scheduling, and data distribution, reducing application program complexity. The application model utilizes system model elements by specification in the instantiated process interface from the elements of the abstract process interface. The surveillance application of the air defense system is used as an example of the application model. A prototype system implementation is used as the system model.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":247766,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE 1991 National Aerospace and Electronics Conference NAECON 1991","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123705313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-05-20DOI: 10.1109/NAECON.1991.165917
D. Doel
The author describes a rigorous process for the derivation of diagnostic accuracy requirements from the statement of operational need (SON) for a proposed weapon system. The process consists of the establishment of models for each of the figures of merit that are prescribed for the weapon system that relates these figures of merit to the design variables (including diagnostic accuracy). The models allow the design engineer to identify the degree of attainment of the weapon system goals in a quantitative manner, and to perform trade studies to weigh various design approaches for achieving the SON requirements. The design parameters that are proposed for diagnostic accuracy are misses or hits and false faults. The author suggests answers to the following: how are diagnostic accuracy requirements derived from weapon system level metrics included in high level requirements documents; and how does the detail designer achieve the diagnostic accuracy requirements that are allocated to his weapon system component.<>
{"title":"Accuracy quantification for integrated diagnostics","authors":"D. Doel","doi":"10.1109/NAECON.1991.165917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAECON.1991.165917","url":null,"abstract":"The author describes a rigorous process for the derivation of diagnostic accuracy requirements from the statement of operational need (SON) for a proposed weapon system. The process consists of the establishment of models for each of the figures of merit that are prescribed for the weapon system that relates these figures of merit to the design variables (including diagnostic accuracy). The models allow the design engineer to identify the degree of attainment of the weapon system goals in a quantitative manner, and to perform trade studies to weigh various design approaches for achieving the SON requirements. The design parameters that are proposed for diagnostic accuracy are misses or hits and false faults. The author suggests answers to the following: how are diagnostic accuracy requirements derived from weapon system level metrics included in high level requirements documents; and how does the detail designer achieve the diagnostic accuracy requirements that are allocated to his weapon system component.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":247766,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE 1991 National Aerospace and Electronics Conference NAECON 1991","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122008191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-05-20DOI: 10.1109/NAECON.1991.165805
B. Porter
The robustness characteristics of fast-sampling error-actuated digital set-point tracking PI controllers are established in the case of partially irregular linear multivariable plants. It is shown that the plant-parameter variations tolerable by such fast-sampling error-actuated digital controllers can be expressed very simply in terms of the step-response matrices of the nominal and actual plants. These general results are illustrated by examining the robustness characteristics of a fast-sampling error-actuated digital PI controller for the F-16 aircraft in case the flaperon and elevator suffer various losses in effectiveness.<>
{"title":"Robustness characteristics of fast-sampling digital I controllers for high-performance aircraft with impaired control surfaces","authors":"B. Porter","doi":"10.1109/NAECON.1991.165805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAECON.1991.165805","url":null,"abstract":"The robustness characteristics of fast-sampling error-actuated digital set-point tracking PI controllers are established in the case of partially irregular linear multivariable plants. It is shown that the plant-parameter variations tolerable by such fast-sampling error-actuated digital controllers can be expressed very simply in terms of the step-response matrices of the nominal and actual plants. These general results are illustrated by examining the robustness characteristics of a fast-sampling error-actuated digital PI controller for the F-16 aircraft in case the flaperon and elevator suffer various losses in effectiveness.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":247766,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE 1991 National Aerospace and Electronics Conference NAECON 1991","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124866664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-05-20DOI: 10.1109/NAECON.1991.165742
G. Sauter
The author describes a novel method for solving the problem of interconnectivity for a pulse code modulation (PCM) system using a distributed master clock. This system requires that two digital data streams, coming from two stations and each operating at 0.5 to 1.0 Gb/s, with unknown clock phases be combined into one data stream and sent to a third station. The clock signals are all generated by a master clock and sent to each station, where they are recovered and used to encode the data from each station. The transit time plus the variation in transit time to each station is different and uncontrolled. The demonstrated solution involves comparing the phase of the clock from the returning data stream with the master clock phase and adjusting a phasing delay accordingly. An all-digital implementation of this solution was fabricated and operated at frequencies in excess of 1 GHz with a phase resolution of 120 ps.<>
{"title":"All digital, 1 GHz, clock phase control circuit","authors":"G. Sauter","doi":"10.1109/NAECON.1991.165742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAECON.1991.165742","url":null,"abstract":"The author describes a novel method for solving the problem of interconnectivity for a pulse code modulation (PCM) system using a distributed master clock. This system requires that two digital data streams, coming from two stations and each operating at 0.5 to 1.0 Gb/s, with unknown clock phases be combined into one data stream and sent to a third station. The clock signals are all generated by a master clock and sent to each station, where they are recovered and used to encode the data from each station. The transit time plus the variation in transit time to each station is different and uncontrolled. The demonstrated solution involves comparing the phase of the clock from the returning data stream with the master clock phase and adjusting a phasing delay accordingly. An all-digital implementation of this solution was fabricated and operated at frequencies in excess of 1 GHz with a phase resolution of 120 ps.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":247766,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE 1991 National Aerospace and Electronics Conference NAECON 1991","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128325569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-05-20DOI: 10.1109/NAECON.1991.165773
F. Garber
The author considers a class of algorithms that are applicable to the detection and identification of low-observable targets. These algorithms, which are based on adaptive forms of sequential hypothesis testing techniques are shown to be effective in minimizing the number of measurements required to perform a detection or identification decision. In addition, the author describes the implementation and evaluation of target classification based on structural descriptions derived from polarimetric backscatter measurements. Practical scenarios where the characteristics of the measured signal may be significantly altered by an addition to or deletion from the standard target operating configuration are considered. In these cases, an approach based on target structure is capable of localizing its effects on the classification or interpretation of the target.<>
{"title":"Recent advances in automatic radar target identification","authors":"F. Garber","doi":"10.1109/NAECON.1991.165773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAECON.1991.165773","url":null,"abstract":"The author considers a class of algorithms that are applicable to the detection and identification of low-observable targets. These algorithms, which are based on adaptive forms of sequential hypothesis testing techniques are shown to be effective in minimizing the number of measurements required to perform a detection or identification decision. In addition, the author describes the implementation and evaluation of target classification based on structural descriptions derived from polarimetric backscatter measurements. Practical scenarios where the characteristics of the measured signal may be significantly altered by an addition to or deletion from the standard target operating configuration are considered. In these cases, an approach based on target structure is capable of localizing its effects on the classification or interpretation of the target.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":247766,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE 1991 National Aerospace and Electronics Conference NAECON 1991","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128206373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-05-20DOI: 10.1109/NAECON.1991.165845
S. Wolf, G. Klein, M. Thordsen
Some of the shortcomings of methods of establishing user needs and system requirements are described, and a method of decision-centered design is proposed. This method would ensure that decisions central to a task are identified and that those decisions would serve as the focus of the design. In addition, because the requirements would come from the decision makers, user input enters the design cycle in the very early stages of system development. The method would more clearly convey user goals and intent to the designer. Two methods of determining design requirements, critical decision method (CDM) interviewing and concept mapping, are described. In addition, the authors discuss two applications of CDM and concept mapping in determining decision-making requirements. The first deals with the design of a crew position aboard a surveillance aircraft. The second concerns the redesign of anti-air warfare positions in the combat information center of naval vessels.<>
{"title":"Decision-centered design requirements","authors":"S. Wolf, G. Klein, M. Thordsen","doi":"10.1109/NAECON.1991.165845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAECON.1991.165845","url":null,"abstract":"Some of the shortcomings of methods of establishing user needs and system requirements are described, and a method of decision-centered design is proposed. This method would ensure that decisions central to a task are identified and that those decisions would serve as the focus of the design. In addition, because the requirements would come from the decision makers, user input enters the design cycle in the very early stages of system development. The method would more clearly convey user goals and intent to the designer. Two methods of determining design requirements, critical decision method (CDM) interviewing and concept mapping, are described. In addition, the authors discuss two applications of CDM and concept mapping in determining decision-making requirements. The first deals with the design of a crew position aboard a surveillance aircraft. The second concerns the redesign of anti-air warfare positions in the combat information center of naval vessels.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":247766,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE 1991 National Aerospace and Electronics Conference NAECON 1991","volume":"03 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127334124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-05-20DOI: 10.1109/NAECON.1991.165781
L. Hyll, L. Gearhart
The Sandia Inertial Terrain-Aided Navigation (SITAN) system provides a means of autonomous and semi-passive navigation which integrates a stored terrain model with an inertial reference and terrain sensors. The authors define the approach taken in the ITB (Integrated Test Bed) project to implement SITAN in Ada, to highlight the core software-a generic Kalman filter package-and to show the relevance of the approach to upgrading and adapting the implementation. Several key ideas of software design are emphasized. A design for a generic Ada Kalman filter is presented which is relevant to general Kalman filtering applications.<>
{"title":"Design and implementation of a generic Kalman filter in Ada","authors":"L. Hyll, L. Gearhart","doi":"10.1109/NAECON.1991.165781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAECON.1991.165781","url":null,"abstract":"The Sandia Inertial Terrain-Aided Navigation (SITAN) system provides a means of autonomous and semi-passive navigation which integrates a stored terrain model with an inertial reference and terrain sensors. The authors define the approach taken in the ITB (Integrated Test Bed) project to implement SITAN in Ada, to highlight the core software-a generic Kalman filter package-and to show the relevance of the approach to upgrading and adapting the implementation. Several key ideas of software design are emphasized. A design for a generic Ada Kalman filter is presented which is relevant to general Kalman filtering applications.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":247766,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE 1991 National Aerospace and Electronics Conference NAECON 1991","volume":"401 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125429023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-05-20DOI: 10.1109/NAECON.1991.165824
J. Williamson
A description is given of the Expert Avionics Code Modification (EACM) system, a software environment and a collection of embedded tools which function together to provide a capability for post-development support for avionics software written in the Ada programming language. The EACM system includes four main tools: Connectivity Analyzer (CA), Code Performance Anomaly Detector (CPAD), Shuffler, and Rippler (Side-Effect Analyzer). The purpose of this Ada avionics maintenance/enhancement system is to reduce the amount of resources (i.e. time, cost, and manpower) required to maintain software for processors utilized in avionics applications. Anticipated benefits of the EACM system include increased and easier program understanding, leading to a lower learning curve for new project members; fewer maintenance-generated 'bugs'; and more expedient and less costly enhancements.<>
{"title":"Expert Avionics Code Modification","authors":"J. Williamson","doi":"10.1109/NAECON.1991.165824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAECON.1991.165824","url":null,"abstract":"A description is given of the Expert Avionics Code Modification (EACM) system, a software environment and a collection of embedded tools which function together to provide a capability for post-development support for avionics software written in the Ada programming language. The EACM system includes four main tools: Connectivity Analyzer (CA), Code Performance Anomaly Detector (CPAD), Shuffler, and Rippler (Side-Effect Analyzer). The purpose of this Ada avionics maintenance/enhancement system is to reduce the amount of resources (i.e. time, cost, and manpower) required to maintain software for processors utilized in avionics applications. Anticipated benefits of the EACM system include increased and easier program understanding, leading to a lower learning curve for new project members; fewer maintenance-generated 'bugs'; and more expedient and less costly enhancements.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":247766,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE 1991 National Aerospace and Electronics Conference NAECON 1991","volume":"273 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120972805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-05-20DOI: 10.1109/NAECON.1991.165901
J.R. Diemunsch, V. Clark
The authors discuss the Activation Framework (AF) architecture and the Engineering Graphical Analysis Tool (EGAT), the utility of EGAT, and how EGAT fits into the embedded real-time development environment. EGAT provides the user with the ability to analyze and modify the dynamic control characteristics of a running AF system. This tool gives the user methods for examining the interaction between AF groups, the interaction within an AF group, and detailed information about the AF parameters and communications through a graphical interface. EGAT promises to greatly aid in the development and refinement of real-time AF systems by alleviating the current process of manually analyzing the inter-AF communication.<>
{"title":"The Engineering Graphical Analysis Tool environment","authors":"J.R. Diemunsch, V. Clark","doi":"10.1109/NAECON.1991.165901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAECON.1991.165901","url":null,"abstract":"The authors discuss the Activation Framework (AF) architecture and the Engineering Graphical Analysis Tool (EGAT), the utility of EGAT, and how EGAT fits into the embedded real-time development environment. EGAT provides the user with the ability to analyze and modify the dynamic control characteristics of a running AF system. This tool gives the user methods for examining the interaction between AF groups, the interaction within an AF group, and detailed information about the AF parameters and communications through a graphical interface. EGAT promises to greatly aid in the development and refinement of real-time AF systems by alleviating the current process of manually analyzing the inter-AF communication.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":247766,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE 1991 National Aerospace and Electronics Conference NAECON 1991","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121683446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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