Pub Date : 1991-05-20DOI: 10.1109/NAECON.1991.165783
S.A. Broatch, A. Henley
A federated Kalman filter architecture has been developed in which the Kalman filter processing is distributed among the navigation sensors to be integrated. Each navigation sensor with its Kalman filter can, in conjunction with the reference INS (Inertial Navigation System), be considered as a subsystem which functions as an independent manager. A central data fusion function is used to integrate the information from these navigators. Such a federated architecture can offer a number of advantages over one with a single central Kalman filter. These advantages include improved failure detection and correction, improved redundancy management, and lower costs for system integration. GEC Avionics has developed a system for the integration of INS with GPS (Global Positioning System) and TRN (Terrain Referenced Navigation), together with other navigation aids. Results are presented to demonstrate the performance and the benefits of using a federated approach.<>
{"title":"An integrated navigation system manager using federated Kalman filtering","authors":"S.A. Broatch, A. Henley","doi":"10.1109/NAECON.1991.165783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAECON.1991.165783","url":null,"abstract":"A federated Kalman filter architecture has been developed in which the Kalman filter processing is distributed among the navigation sensors to be integrated. Each navigation sensor with its Kalman filter can, in conjunction with the reference INS (Inertial Navigation System), be considered as a subsystem which functions as an independent manager. A central data fusion function is used to integrate the information from these navigators. Such a federated architecture can offer a number of advantages over one with a single central Kalman filter. These advantages include improved failure detection and correction, improved redundancy management, and lower costs for system integration. GEC Avionics has developed a system for the integration of INS with GPS (Global Positioning System) and TRN (Terrain Referenced Navigation), together with other navigation aids. Results are presented to demonstrate the performance and the benefits of using a federated approach.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":247766,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE 1991 National Aerospace and Electronics Conference NAECON 1991","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131480033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-05-20DOI: 10.1109/NAECON.1991.165835
A. McAuley, A. Coker, K. Saruhan
An image may be reduced to a small number of moment invariants such that these are independent of the shift, scale, and rotation of an object in the image. However, noise interferes with the ability to provide invariance. The authors examine the effects of noise on the invariance provided by the moment invariants. They then show that rotation invariance is maintained in low levels of noise. They then show that a neural network may be used to provide robustness against noise. The moment invariants, computed for different levels of noise, are used to train a neural network to identify two aircraft. A split inversion algorithm is used because it is much faster than back propagation. The resulting network provides accurate classification in high levels of noise.<>
{"title":"Effect of noise in moment invariant neural network aircraft classification","authors":"A. McAuley, A. Coker, K. Saruhan","doi":"10.1109/NAECON.1991.165835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAECON.1991.165835","url":null,"abstract":"An image may be reduced to a small number of moment invariants such that these are independent of the shift, scale, and rotation of an object in the image. However, noise interferes with the ability to provide invariance. The authors examine the effects of noise on the invariance provided by the moment invariants. They then show that rotation invariance is maintained in low levels of noise. They then show that a neural network may be used to provide robustness against noise. The moment invariants, computed for different levels of noise, are used to train a neural network to identify two aircraft. A split inversion algorithm is used because it is much faster than back propagation. The resulting network provides accurate classification in high levels of noise.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":247766,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE 1991 National Aerospace and Electronics Conference NAECON 1991","volume":"162 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134362799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-05-20DOI: 10.1109/NAECON.1991.165725
K.R. Gillam, K. Jones
The authors present the design and architecture of a VLSI floating-point adder (FPA). The multi-mode FPA is capable of both single-precision (32-b) and double-precision (64-b) arithmetic and was developed using CMOS technology. The adder is designed for a 40-MHz clock using a pipelined architecture with a two-cycle latency. Area is minimized as hardware is shared for both single-precision and double-precision operations. Two single-precision operations in parallel are possible providing 80-MFLOPS operation. Double-precision operations yield 40-MFLOPS. With the exception of denormalized number representation, the FPA is fully compliant with the IEEE Standard, for floating-point arithmetic. In addition to floating-point operations, the FPA is capable of performing 32-b integer operations. Five format conversions can be performed by the FPA on the four formats that are supported: single-precision, double-precision, integer and block floating-point.<>
{"title":"Design and architecture for a multi-mode pipelined, floating-point adder","authors":"K.R. Gillam, K. Jones","doi":"10.1109/NAECON.1991.165725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAECON.1991.165725","url":null,"abstract":"The authors present the design and architecture of a VLSI floating-point adder (FPA). The multi-mode FPA is capable of both single-precision (32-b) and double-precision (64-b) arithmetic and was developed using CMOS technology. The adder is designed for a 40-MHz clock using a pipelined architecture with a two-cycle latency. Area is minimized as hardware is shared for both single-precision and double-precision operations. Two single-precision operations in parallel are possible providing 80-MFLOPS operation. Double-precision operations yield 40-MFLOPS. With the exception of denormalized number representation, the FPA is fully compliant with the IEEE Standard, for floating-point arithmetic. In addition to floating-point operations, the FPA is capable of performing 32-b integer operations. Five format conversions can be performed by the FPA on the four formats that are supported: single-precision, double-precision, integer and block floating-point.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":247766,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE 1991 National Aerospace and Electronics Conference NAECON 1991","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133105108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-05-20DOI: 10.1109/NAECON.1991.165749
K.R. Leeper
The Boeing Company is involved in independent research and development activity targeted at studying the partitioning and system control protocols of the Pave Pace architecture. One aspect of the system being investigated is the use of data coupling, involving the implementation of a globally accessible memory called the system virtual memory (SVM) for each computational bus in the system. The use of this SVM would have a dramatic impact on system control protocols, fault tolerance, and software partitioning in the resulting system design. The SVM described is a version formalized from the Air-to-Air Attack Management contract. Specific topics include a conception description of the SVM; a summary of its operation and intended use; and its impact on system control protocols, fault tolerance and failure recovery, and software partitioning.<>
{"title":"Global memory in the Pave Pace architecture","authors":"K.R. Leeper","doi":"10.1109/NAECON.1991.165749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAECON.1991.165749","url":null,"abstract":"The Boeing Company is involved in independent research and development activity targeted at studying the partitioning and system control protocols of the Pave Pace architecture. One aspect of the system being investigated is the use of data coupling, involving the implementation of a globally accessible memory called the system virtual memory (SVM) for each computational bus in the system. The use of this SVM would have a dramatic impact on system control protocols, fault tolerance, and software partitioning in the resulting system design. The SVM described is a version formalized from the Air-to-Air Attack Management contract. Specific topics include a conception description of the SVM; a summary of its operation and intended use; and its impact on system control protocols, fault tolerance and failure recovery, and software partitioning.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":247766,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE 1991 National Aerospace and Electronics Conference NAECON 1991","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115061618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-05-20DOI: 10.1109/NAECON.1991.165896
C.D. Wang, J. P. Thompson
Based on a self-organized, probabilistic neural network (PNN) paradigm, a parallel network can be used to sort data parameters into classes with high-sorting accuracy and low fragmentation. The capabilities of the sorter, as applied to ESM (electronic support measure) pulse-data sorting, are shown. The PNN implements the statistical Bayesian strategy by computing a joint probability density over all input data parameters to match a group of candidate data classes. The sorting is accomplished by assigning the inputs to the most likely group with highest probability density estimate. Based on test data from an ESM system, the PNN has shown significant improvement over conventional rule-based techniques. The parallel computer architecture of PNN is well-suited for VLSI chip implementation. An 80000 gate semicustom chip design is described.<>
{"title":"An adaptive data sorter based on probabilistic neural networks","authors":"C.D. Wang, J. P. Thompson","doi":"10.1109/NAECON.1991.165896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAECON.1991.165896","url":null,"abstract":"Based on a self-organized, probabilistic neural network (PNN) paradigm, a parallel network can be used to sort data parameters into classes with high-sorting accuracy and low fragmentation. The capabilities of the sorter, as applied to ESM (electronic support measure) pulse-data sorting, are shown. The PNN implements the statistical Bayesian strategy by computing a joint probability density over all input data parameters to match a group of candidate data classes. The sorting is accomplished by assigning the inputs to the most likely group with highest probability density estimate. Based on test data from an ESM system, the PNN has shown significant improvement over conventional rule-based techniques. The parallel computer architecture of PNN is well-suited for VLSI chip implementation. An 80000 gate semicustom chip design is described.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":247766,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE 1991 National Aerospace and Electronics Conference NAECON 1991","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115585915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-05-20DOI: 10.1109/NAECON.1991.165884
L. Whitaker, G. Cuqlock-Knopp
Sixteen interviews were conducted with civilian orienteers and military scouts using a semi-structured interview technique. Each interviewee was asked to describe a specific incident in which his (her) skill as a navigator had been tested. Subsequent probe questions explored these descriptions, eliciting cues and strategies employed by those navigators in successfully solving their navigational problems. The tabulations of these cues and problem-solving strategies are reported for a randomly selected half of the sample. Implications for the development of a decision-support system are provided.<>
{"title":"Command and control navigation: a decision support system","authors":"L. Whitaker, G. Cuqlock-Knopp","doi":"10.1109/NAECON.1991.165884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAECON.1991.165884","url":null,"abstract":"Sixteen interviews were conducted with civilian orienteers and military scouts using a semi-structured interview technique. Each interviewee was asked to describe a specific incident in which his (her) skill as a navigator had been tested. Subsequent probe questions explored these descriptions, eliciting cues and strategies employed by those navigators in successfully solving their navigational problems. The tabulations of these cues and problem-solving strategies are reported for a randomly selected half of the sample. Implications for the development of a decision-support system are provided.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":247766,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE 1991 National Aerospace and Electronics Conference NAECON 1991","volume":"24-25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114915352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-05-20DOI: 10.1109/NAECON.1991.165794
R. A. Chapman, D. Norman, D. Zahirniak, S. Rogers, M. Oxley
The authors discuss the application of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to the classification of spread spectrum signals based on signal type or spreading technique. Radial basis function networks (RBFNs) and back-propagation networks (BPNs) were used to classify the correlation signatures of the signals. Correlation signatures of four types or classes were obtained from United States Army Harry Diamond Laboratories: direct sequence (DS), linearly stepped frequency hopped (LSFH), randomly driven frequency hopped (RDFH), and a hybrid of direct sequence and randomly driven frequency hopped (HYB). RBFNs and BPNs trained directly on two classes (DS and LSFH) and four classes (DS, LSFH, RDFH, and HYB) of correlation signatures. Classification accuracies ranged from 79% to 92% for the two-class problem and from 70% to 76% for the four-class problem. The RBFNs consistently produced classification accuracies from 5% to 10% higher than accuracies produced by the BPNs. The RBFNs produced this classification advantage in significantly less training for all cases.<>
{"title":"Classification of correlation signatures of spread spectrum signals using neural networks","authors":"R. A. Chapman, D. Norman, D. Zahirniak, S. Rogers, M. Oxley","doi":"10.1109/NAECON.1991.165794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAECON.1991.165794","url":null,"abstract":"The authors discuss the application of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to the classification of spread spectrum signals based on signal type or spreading technique. Radial basis function networks (RBFNs) and back-propagation networks (BPNs) were used to classify the correlation signatures of the signals. Correlation signatures of four types or classes were obtained from United States Army Harry Diamond Laboratories: direct sequence (DS), linearly stepped frequency hopped (LSFH), randomly driven frequency hopped (RDFH), and a hybrid of direct sequence and randomly driven frequency hopped (HYB). RBFNs and BPNs trained directly on two classes (DS and LSFH) and four classes (DS, LSFH, RDFH, and HYB) of correlation signatures. Classification accuracies ranged from 79% to 92% for the two-class problem and from 70% to 76% for the four-class problem. The RBFNs consistently produced classification accuracies from 5% to 10% higher than accuracies produced by the BPNs. The RBFNs produced this classification advantage in significantly less training for all cases.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":247766,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE 1991 National Aerospace and Electronics Conference NAECON 1991","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121886425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-05-20DOI: 10.1109/NAECON.1991.165721
J. G. Nell
The author cites similarities between devising an integrated approach to designing, manufacturing, using, and supporting aircraft avionics systems and the approach to analyzing enterprise-integration architectures. It is suggested that the most effective approach will be the framework that is created by a consensus of the users of such systems. This cooperation will provide a known environment into which systems can be connected and operated, provide lower development costs, and provide a more competitive environment for avionics system component suppliers.<>
{"title":"Product methodology for industrial enterprise competitiveness (avionics)","authors":"J. G. Nell","doi":"10.1109/NAECON.1991.165721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAECON.1991.165721","url":null,"abstract":"The author cites similarities between devising an integrated approach to designing, manufacturing, using, and supporting aircraft avionics systems and the approach to analyzing enterprise-integration architectures. It is suggested that the most effective approach will be the framework that is created by a consensus of the users of such systems. This cooperation will provide a known environment into which systems can be connected and operated, provide lower development costs, and provide a more competitive environment for avionics system component suppliers.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":247766,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE 1991 National Aerospace and Electronics Conference NAECON 1991","volume":"127 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121688176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-05-20DOI: 10.1109/NAECON.1991.165774
C. Ravat, J.P. Mestre, C. Rose, M. Schorter
The combination of optronic and radar sensors significantly improves combat aircraft potential. After having studied the fusion and estimation algorithms required by this combination, Thomson-CSF has set up a ground experiment in order to evaluate the performance of a combined radar-optronic system in short and medium range aerial combat. A system of this type can be used in combination with fire-control systems (gun or missile). The experiment combines an RDM radar and an ATLIS TV tracking pod, and will be completed later with an ASPIC IRST (infrared search and track) sensor. The potential interest of the combined use of radar and optronics is presented with the experimental conditions and the main results obtained.<>
{"title":"Radar-optronic tracking experiment for short and medium range aerial combat","authors":"C. Ravat, J.P. Mestre, C. Rose, M. Schorter","doi":"10.1109/NAECON.1991.165774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAECON.1991.165774","url":null,"abstract":"The combination of optronic and radar sensors significantly improves combat aircraft potential. After having studied the fusion and estimation algorithms required by this combination, Thomson-CSF has set up a ground experiment in order to evaluate the performance of a combined radar-optronic system in short and medium range aerial combat. A system of this type can be used in combination with fire-control systems (gun or missile). The experiment combines an RDM radar and an ATLIS TV tracking pod, and will be completed later with an ASPIC IRST (infrared search and track) sensor. The potential interest of the combined use of radar and optronics is presented with the experimental conditions and the main results obtained.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":247766,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE 1991 National Aerospace and Electronics Conference NAECON 1991","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129953811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-05-20DOI: 10.1109/NAECON.1991.165905
D. Perschbacher, K. Levi, M. Hoffman
It is pointed out that fielding an operational pilot's associate (PA) will require both implicit and explicit representations of knowledge. Speed and memory performance requirements for PA will be aided by the use of implicit representations of knowledge. Acquiring and maintaining the large knowledge bases for PA will, by contrast, be aided by having explicit knowledge representations. Such explicit representations are being investigated in a 10 person-year research project sponsored by the Wright Research and Development Center. A critical contribution of this research has been to develop concepts that make machine learning applicable to real-time control and execution systems such as pilot's associate. The authors describe how machine learning techniques can automatically transform explicit representations into the implicit representations required by PA.<>
有人指出，派遣一名操作飞行员的助手(PA)将需要隐性和显性的知识表示。使用知识的隐式表示将有助于PA的速度和内存性能要求。相比之下，获取和维护PA的大型知识库将得到明确的知识表示的帮助。赖特研究与发展中心(Wright research and Development Center)发起了一个10人年的研究项目，对这种明确的表述进行了调查。这项研究的一个关键贡献是开发了使机器学习适用于实时控制和执行系统(如飞行员助理)的概念。作者描述了机器学习技术如何自动将显式表示转换为PA所需的隐式表示。b>
{"title":"The importance of implicit and explicit knowledge in a pilot's associate system","authors":"D. Perschbacher, K. Levi, M. Hoffman","doi":"10.1109/NAECON.1991.165905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAECON.1991.165905","url":null,"abstract":"It is pointed out that fielding an operational pilot's associate (PA) will require both implicit and explicit representations of knowledge. Speed and memory performance requirements for PA will be aided by the use of implicit representations of knowledge. Acquiring and maintaining the large knowledge bases for PA will, by contrast, be aided by having explicit knowledge representations. Such explicit representations are being investigated in a 10 person-year research project sponsored by the Wright Research and Development Center. A critical contribution of this research has been to develop concepts that make machine learning applicable to real-time control and execution systems such as pilot's associate. The authors describe how machine learning techniques can automatically transform explicit representations into the implicit representations required by PA.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":247766,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE 1991 National Aerospace and Electronics Conference NAECON 1991","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129507650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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