Pub Date : 2015-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280247
W. Hamer, J. Vosloo, R. Pelzer
Costs saving measures are important for South African gold producers due to increasing energy costs and decreasing production volumes. Extensive research has been published on electricity cost saving methods for mining services. These primarily focus on water reticulation, refrigeration, compressed air and rock transportation systems. However, research has been limited on the energy savings potential of gold processing plants, despite the significant amounts of energy that this sector consumes.This paper reports on techniques that were developed to identity, analyse and implement relevant electricity cost saving opportunities on gold processing plants. Electrical load management was identified as an opportunity that can deliver substantial cost savings. However, due to the high value of revenue generated by gold plants it was imperative to ensure that overall production targets were maintained during implementation. The study methodology therefore focussed on production forecasting and the simulation of key process indicators, such as silo levels, material flow rates and densities. Load management case studies on comminution equipment at two gold processing plants showed peak load shifts of 3.6 MW and 0.6 MW respectively for a period of three months. This resulted in specific electricity cost reductions of 3% and 7% for the two respective case studies. These results show that downstream processing plants should not be overlooked when scoping for electricity cost saving opportunities in the mining sector.
{"title":"Analysing electricity cost saving opportunities on South African gold processing plants","authors":"W. Hamer, J. Vosloo, R. Pelzer","doi":"10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280247","url":null,"abstract":"Costs saving measures are important for South African gold producers due to increasing energy costs and decreasing production volumes. Extensive research has been published on electricity cost saving methods for mining services. These primarily focus on water reticulation, refrigeration, compressed air and rock transportation systems. However, research has been limited on the energy savings potential of gold processing plants, despite the significant amounts of energy that this sector consumes.This paper reports on techniques that were developed to identity, analyse and implement relevant electricity cost saving opportunities on gold processing plants. Electrical load management was identified as an opportunity that can deliver substantial cost savings. However, due to the high value of revenue generated by gold plants it was imperative to ensure that overall production targets were maintained during implementation. The study methodology therefore focussed on production forecasting and the simulation of key process indicators, such as silo levels, material flow rates and densities. Load management case studies on comminution equipment at two gold processing plants showed peak load shifts of 3.6 MW and 0.6 MW respectively for a period of three months. This resulted in specific electricity cost reductions of 3% and 7% for the two respective case studies. These results show that downstream processing plants should not be overlooked when scoping for electricity cost saving opportunities in the mining sector.","PeriodicalId":251065,"journal":{"name":"2015 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123975414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280249
Werner Kaiser, M. van Eldik
Up to now, heat pumps have mainly been used in the commercial and residential sector, with limited application in the industrial sector. This paper discuss the potential in the industrial sector for high temperature heat pumps using CO2 as working fluid. These heat pumps have an operating range of up to 130 °C. An overview is given of the energy profile of South Africa, highlighting the largest energy users in each sector. It was found that the industrial sector has the largest energy use, thus having the largest potential for energy savings. An investigation was done to determine what the industrial demand for process heat and which common industrial processes can be heated by CO2 heat pumps. It was found that CO2 heat pumps can accommodate 33% of the common industrial processes heat applications in totality and 51% partly. Finally, three international case studies of CO2 heat pumps are discussed showing the potential savings obtainable. From these studies it was found that although CO2 heat pumps have a relative high Coefficient of Performance (COP) and save up to 30% of the CO2 emissions, the straight payback may still be long due to the units not being mass produced at this point in time.
{"title":"The potential for CO2 heat pumps in the South African industrial sector","authors":"Werner Kaiser, M. van Eldik","doi":"10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280249","url":null,"abstract":"Up to now, heat pumps have mainly been used in the commercial and residential sector, with limited application in the industrial sector. This paper discuss the potential in the industrial sector for high temperature heat pumps using CO2 as working fluid. These heat pumps have an operating range of up to 130 °C. An overview is given of the energy profile of South Africa, highlighting the largest energy users in each sector. It was found that the industrial sector has the largest energy use, thus having the largest potential for energy savings. An investigation was done to determine what the industrial demand for process heat and which common industrial processes can be heated by CO2 heat pumps. It was found that CO2 heat pumps can accommodate 33% of the common industrial processes heat applications in totality and 51% partly. Finally, three international case studies of CO2 heat pumps are discussed showing the potential savings obtainable. From these studies it was found that although CO2 heat pumps have a relative high Coefficient of Performance (COP) and save up to 30% of the CO2 emissions, the straight payback may still be long due to the units not being mass produced at this point in time.","PeriodicalId":251065,"journal":{"name":"2015 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125153399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280293
W. Maisiri, L. van Dyke, J. D. de Kock, D. Krueger
Grate incineration is a widely used waste-to-energy (WtE) technology, which has the potential of contributing significantly to clean energy production and sustainable waste management systems. Various research studies have shown that WtE grate incineration in developed countries has contributed to the goal of economic, social and environmentally sustainable development. The purpose of this study is to carry out a financial analysis of a WtE grate incineration power plant for a small South African city of North-West Province. Municipal solid waste (MSW) data used in this study was collected from a small municipality in North-West Province. A financial model with four different scenarios was formulated. Net present value and internal rate of return were used as financial feasibility indicators. Sensitivity analysis was performed to see how electricity price and MSW accumulation rate affected the financial feasibility of the model. The results proved that the major revenue stream of a WtE plant is electricity sales and medical waste gate fees. High capital cost is the main drawback in implementing a WtE grate incineration power plant. A WtE grate incineration power plant also makes a significant contribution to the goal of recycling. The conclusion reached is that WtE could be economically viable if medical waste is diverted to the grate incineration power plant and 150 000 tonnes to 220 000 tonnes of residual MSW is generated annually.
{"title":"Financial analysis of waste-to-energy grate incineration power plant for a small city","authors":"W. Maisiri, L. van Dyke, J. D. de Kock, D. Krueger","doi":"10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280293","url":null,"abstract":"Grate incineration is a widely used waste-to-energy (WtE) technology, which has the potential of contributing significantly to clean energy production and sustainable waste management systems. Various research studies have shown that WtE grate incineration in developed countries has contributed to the goal of economic, social and environmentally sustainable development. The purpose of this study is to carry out a financial analysis of a WtE grate incineration power plant for a small South African city of North-West Province. Municipal solid waste (MSW) data used in this study was collected from a small municipality in North-West Province. A financial model with four different scenarios was formulated. Net present value and internal rate of return were used as financial feasibility indicators. Sensitivity analysis was performed to see how electricity price and MSW accumulation rate affected the financial feasibility of the model. The results proved that the major revenue stream of a WtE plant is electricity sales and medical waste gate fees. High capital cost is the main drawback in implementing a WtE grate incineration power plant. A WtE grate incineration power plant also makes a significant contribution to the goal of recycling. The conclusion reached is that WtE could be economically viable if medical waste is diverted to the grate incineration power plant and 150 000 tonnes to 220 000 tonnes of residual MSW is generated annually.","PeriodicalId":251065,"journal":{"name":"2015 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE)","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133399679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280262
P. Goosen, R. Pelzer, Hendri du Plessis
Electricity accounts for a significant portion of the total operating cost of many industries. It is therefore important for companies to accurately estimate future electricity cost. The increasing electricity tariffs greatly affect the consumers in South Africa. The annual active energy cost on an Eskom Megatlex tariff structure is 465% higher in 2015 than it was in 2007. It is therefore important for industries to measure and compare their daily electricity cost to an accurate electricity cost budget. Accurate cost budgeting is also a vital part of energy management. However, the electricity budgets that some consumers select are often over-simplified and can lead to misperceptions regarding system performance. A new method to calculate electricity budgets was therefore developed. This method uses additional parameters to calculate the electricity cost budgets. The most important parameter is time-of-use. The method is also expanded to calculate accurate cost budgets for sub-systems. A case study was conducted on a South African gold mine to analyse the performance and accuracy of the new method. The current method used by some consumers is also analysed and compared to this new method. For this case study the new method was 19 times more accurate than the method used by the consumer. This method uses a specific technique to calculate the electricity usage budget. Other techniques can be explored which might be more effective for different industries.
{"title":"A method for accurate electricity budget cost calculations for a deep mine","authors":"P. Goosen, R. Pelzer, Hendri du Plessis","doi":"10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280262","url":null,"abstract":"Electricity accounts for a significant portion of the total operating cost of many industries. It is therefore important for companies to accurately estimate future electricity cost. The increasing electricity tariffs greatly affect the consumers in South Africa. The annual active energy cost on an Eskom Megatlex tariff structure is 465% higher in 2015 than it was in 2007. It is therefore important for industries to measure and compare their daily electricity cost to an accurate electricity cost budget. Accurate cost budgeting is also a vital part of energy management. However, the electricity budgets that some consumers select are often over-simplified and can lead to misperceptions regarding system performance. A new method to calculate electricity budgets was therefore developed. This method uses additional parameters to calculate the electricity cost budgets. The most important parameter is time-of-use. The method is also expanded to calculate accurate cost budgets for sub-systems. A case study was conducted on a South African gold mine to analyse the performance and accuracy of the new method. The current method used by some consumers is also analysed and compared to this new method. For this case study the new method was 19 times more accurate than the method used by the consumer. This method uses a specific technique to calculate the electricity usage budget. Other techniques can be explored which might be more effective for different industries.","PeriodicalId":251065,"journal":{"name":"2015 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE)","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125240284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280252
J. A. Deysel, M. Kleingeld, C. Kriel
Labour disruptions, increase in operational costs and mineral price decreases are only a few of the financial risks faced by mining companies in South Africa. Platinum mining companies are reviewing all possible cost savings strategies because the Platinum Group Metals (PGM) is significantly affected by these risks. Eskom's Demand Side Management (DSM) programmes assisted in the investigation and implementation of various electricity cost savings strategies. However, not all of these strategies delivered sustainable savings. There is a need to evaluate the feasibility of these strategies, specifically applicable to underground platinum mines. This study reviews several plausible DSM strategies for the largest utilities including compressed air, refrigeration, ventilation, water reticulation and dewatering systems on underground platinum mines. Insight is provided to select the most feasible electricity cost savings strategy according to the layout and design of different platinum mines. Three feasible DSM strategies were selected with the developed methodology and implemented on the utilities of a platinum mine. The average annual electricity cost savings, as a result of the implementation of the three DSM strategies, was approximately R14.5 million.
{"title":"DSM strategies to reduce electricity costs on platinum mines","authors":"J. A. Deysel, M. Kleingeld, C. Kriel","doi":"10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280252","url":null,"abstract":"Labour disruptions, increase in operational costs and mineral price decreases are only a few of the financial risks faced by mining companies in South Africa. Platinum mining companies are reviewing all possible cost savings strategies because the Platinum Group Metals (PGM) is significantly affected by these risks. Eskom's Demand Side Management (DSM) programmes assisted in the investigation and implementation of various electricity cost savings strategies. However, not all of these strategies delivered sustainable savings. There is a need to evaluate the feasibility of these strategies, specifically applicable to underground platinum mines. This study reviews several plausible DSM strategies for the largest utilities including compressed air, refrigeration, ventilation, water reticulation and dewatering systems on underground platinum mines. Insight is provided to select the most feasible electricity cost savings strategy according to the layout and design of different platinum mines. Three feasible DSM strategies were selected with the developed methodology and implemented on the utilities of a platinum mine. The average annual electricity cost savings, as a result of the implementation of the three DSM strategies, was approximately R14.5 million.","PeriodicalId":251065,"journal":{"name":"2015 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125192610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280269
Sybrand G. J. van Niekerk, J. Vosloo, E. Mathews
Accurate energy measurement and quantification is essential for energy reporting, carbon tax reporting and the claiming of energy incentives such as Section 121 and Section I2L of the South African Income Tax Act. With regards to this measurement and quantification, the reporting of both electricity and gas consumption is relatively simple compared to that of coal. However, coal makes up a large percentage of a steel manufacturing plants' total energy consumption. Due to the existence of multiple suppliers and different compositions and qualities of coal, it is difficult to accurately quantity the energy content of said coal without complex analyses. However, current methods use inaccurate and outdated data sources, models and methodologies in this process. The need therefore exists for a practical, dynamic, reliable and accurate method to quantity the coal energy consumption of a plant. As part of this study, an investigation was done on the availability of all metering data, both on- and off-site. This data was then analysed based on availability, traceability and accuracy. Based on the criteria set in current standards a model was developed to calculate the coal energy content using verifiable data and information. A further model was then developed for the collection, verification and modelling of a plant's total coal energy consumption. Three case studies of South African based steel manufacturing facilities are presented. The plants' different coal sources and types were collected from verified data. This data includes invoices, calibration and verification certificates, coal analyses and measurements from weighing equipment. The methodology presented was used to quantity the coal energy consumption of the facilities and this was compared to the traditional way of quantification.
{"title":"Practical quantification of coal energy consumption in large manufacturing industries for verifiable energy reporting and energy incentive applications","authors":"Sybrand G. J. van Niekerk, J. Vosloo, E. Mathews","doi":"10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280269","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate energy measurement and quantification is essential for energy reporting, carbon tax reporting and the claiming of energy incentives such as Section 121 and Section I2L of the South African Income Tax Act. With regards to this measurement and quantification, the reporting of both electricity and gas consumption is relatively simple compared to that of coal. However, coal makes up a large percentage of a steel manufacturing plants' total energy consumption. Due to the existence of multiple suppliers and different compositions and qualities of coal, it is difficult to accurately quantity the energy content of said coal without complex analyses. However, current methods use inaccurate and outdated data sources, models and methodologies in this process. The need therefore exists for a practical, dynamic, reliable and accurate method to quantity the coal energy consumption of a plant. As part of this study, an investigation was done on the availability of all metering data, both on- and off-site. This data was then analysed based on availability, traceability and accuracy. Based on the criteria set in current standards a model was developed to calculate the coal energy content using verifiable data and information. A further model was then developed for the collection, verification and modelling of a plant's total coal energy consumption. Three case studies of South African based steel manufacturing facilities are presented. The plants' different coal sources and types were collected from verified data. This data includes invoices, calibration and verification certificates, coal analyses and measurements from weighing equipment. The methodology presented was used to quantity the coal energy consumption of the facilities and this was compared to the traditional way of quantification.","PeriodicalId":251065,"journal":{"name":"2015 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114439626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280289
A. Almaktoof, A. Raji, M. Kahn
This paper focuses on the model predictive current control of power converters with the aim of indicating the influence of some system parameters used in predictive control on the load current and load voltage. A model predictive current control algorithm is proposed, specifically directed at the utilization of power obtained from renewable energy systems (RESs). In this study the renewable energy systems model is used to investigate system performance when power is supplied to a resistive-inductive load (RL-load). A finite set-model predictive current control (FS-MPCC) method is developed to control the output current of three-phase, voltage source inverter (VSI). The approximation methods for the derivatives of the model differential equations and delay compensation of model predictive control (MPC) system for power converters are assessed. Simulation results of a two-level, three-phase VSI using FS-MPCC are carried out to show the effects of different approximation methods on the load current and voltage regulation as well as on the predictive current control operation with and without delay compensation for different sampling times. It has been noticed that the ripple in the load currents is considerable when the delay compensation is not accounted for and the delay compensation method that reduces the ripple and operation is similar to the ideal case. It is confirmed that for larger sampling times the delay is noticeable, but when the sampling time is smaller it is not visible.
{"title":"Effects and compensations of computational delay in finite set-model predictive control in renewable energy system","authors":"A. Almaktoof, A. Raji, M. Kahn","doi":"10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280289","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on the model predictive current control of power converters with the aim of indicating the influence of some system parameters used in predictive control on the load current and load voltage. A model predictive current control algorithm is proposed, specifically directed at the utilization of power obtained from renewable energy systems (RESs). In this study the renewable energy systems model is used to investigate system performance when power is supplied to a resistive-inductive load (RL-load). A finite set-model predictive current control (FS-MPCC) method is developed to control the output current of three-phase, voltage source inverter (VSI). The approximation methods for the derivatives of the model differential equations and delay compensation of model predictive control (MPC) system for power converters are assessed. Simulation results of a two-level, three-phase VSI using FS-MPCC are carried out to show the effects of different approximation methods on the load current and voltage regulation as well as on the predictive current control operation with and without delay compensation for different sampling times. It has been noticed that the ripple in the load currents is considerable when the delay compensation is not accounted for and the delay compensation method that reduces the ripple and operation is similar to the ideal case. It is confirmed that for larger sampling times the delay is noticeable, but when the sampling time is smaller it is not visible.","PeriodicalId":251065,"journal":{"name":"2015 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127649560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280245
J. D. du Plessis, R. Pelzer, J. Vosloo
Energy management systems (EMSs) form an important part of many Demand-Side Management (DSM) projects implemented on South African mines. Sustained EMS performance is only possible with proper system maintenance. However, it is challenging to maintain a large number of EMSs remotely. One of the main challenges associated with sustained EMS performance is changing production strategies. Although these changes require prompt revision of the EMS control strategy, energy services companies (ESCOs) typically use the daily EMS performance to assess the need for corrective maintenance. Thus, to improve the efficiency of EMS maintenance, a supervisory system was developed to facilitate reactive maintenance of different EMS technologies. This system prompts EMS maintenance based on diagnostics of key EMS components, the specific control strategy, and overall EMS performance. Results from two case studies using the system showed an increase in the EMS operational availability from 87% to 97%. The average EMS performance also increased from 1.7 MW to 2.6 MW. Seven additional implementations also improved average EMS operational availability from 72% to 95%, resulting in a combined performance of 19.2 MW compared to the 15.5 MW target. The abovementioned results prove that the developed supervisory system is able to facilitate sustained performance of a growing number of EMSs, by increasing the efficiency of the maintenance process.
{"title":"Sustaining the performance of diverse energy management systems through reactive maintenance","authors":"J. D. du Plessis, R. Pelzer, J. Vosloo","doi":"10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280245","url":null,"abstract":"Energy management systems (EMSs) form an important part of many Demand-Side Management (DSM) projects implemented on South African mines. Sustained EMS performance is only possible with proper system maintenance. However, it is challenging to maintain a large number of EMSs remotely. One of the main challenges associated with sustained EMS performance is changing production strategies. Although these changes require prompt revision of the EMS control strategy, energy services companies (ESCOs) typically use the daily EMS performance to assess the need for corrective maintenance. Thus, to improve the efficiency of EMS maintenance, a supervisory system was developed to facilitate reactive maintenance of different EMS technologies. This system prompts EMS maintenance based on diagnostics of key EMS components, the specific control strategy, and overall EMS performance. Results from two case studies using the system showed an increase in the EMS operational availability from 87% to 97%. The average EMS performance also increased from 1.7 MW to 2.6 MW. Seven additional implementations also improved average EMS operational availability from 72% to 95%, resulting in a combined performance of 19.2 MW compared to the 15.5 MW target. The abovementioned results prove that the developed supervisory system is able to facilitate sustained performance of a growing number of EMSs, by increasing the efficiency of the maintenance process.","PeriodicalId":251065,"journal":{"name":"2015 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE)","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120945567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280270
A. Ayeleso, M. Kahn, A. Raji
In the conventional conversion system, a large amount of energy (about 60%) is required to generate electric power for industrial applications and commercial usage. As a result, there is a need for more energy conversion systems which can be used to produce reliable and efficient electrical power. In this paper, the present study focuses on the direct energy conversion systems such as magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and plasmadynamic (PDC). In these systems, a plasma source is directly converted into electrical energy without the use of any mechanical energy. Furthermore, the electrical power generated from these systems is very efficient and large loss of energy is greatly minimised. The objective of the present study is to develop an improved MHD energy conversion system based on the principle of Faraday's Law of electromagnetism and plasma physics. The testing of this system will be explored using the available plasma sources in the Western Cape, South Africa. These sources may include gas discharge fluorescent light, flames, gas laser, solar wind, aurora and earth's ionosphere. Another objective of the study is to use numerical simulations (1-dimensional and 2-dimensional MHD models) to study the dynamics of plasma fluid flowing through a rectangular MHD generator channel and a conducting magnetic field.
{"title":"Plasma energy conversion system for electric power generation","authors":"A. Ayeleso, M. Kahn, A. Raji","doi":"10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280270","url":null,"abstract":"In the conventional conversion system, a large amount of energy (about 60%) is required to generate electric power for industrial applications and commercial usage. As a result, there is a need for more energy conversion systems which can be used to produce reliable and efficient electrical power. In this paper, the present study focuses on the direct energy conversion systems such as magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and plasmadynamic (PDC). In these systems, a plasma source is directly converted into electrical energy without the use of any mechanical energy. Furthermore, the electrical power generated from these systems is very efficient and large loss of energy is greatly minimised. The objective of the present study is to develop an improved MHD energy conversion system based on the principle of Faraday's Law of electromagnetism and plasma physics. The testing of this system will be explored using the available plasma sources in the Western Cape, South Africa. These sources may include gas discharge fluorescent light, flames, gas laser, solar wind, aurora and earth's ionosphere. Another objective of the study is to use numerical simulations (1-dimensional and 2-dimensional MHD models) to study the dynamics of plasma fluid flowing through a rectangular MHD generator channel and a conducting magnetic field.","PeriodicalId":251065,"journal":{"name":"2015 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126364546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-08-01DOI: 10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280283
S. Krishnamurthy, G. F. Noudjiep Djiepkop
Rural electrification is achieved by increasing the power generation while minimizing the transmission losses. Alternative ways of improving the capability of the transmission line power flows is by using the newly developed power electronics controllers and integrating them into the power system networks. Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is one of the latest technologies of the Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS). It is used to compensate reactive power, control the power flow and to enhance the stability of the transmission system. This paper proposes an approach of integrating the UPFC-based FACTS power electronics controller into the transmission system in order to use it for estimation of the performance of the power system transmission network. Then the UPFC is used to resolve the load flow problem and provide voltage regulation in the power system network. The performance of the power system network with/without UPFC is investigated in this paper and the simulation results are presented.
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