Pub Date : 2015-12-04DOI: 10.1109/icue.2015.7280244
J. L. Buys, J. L. Buys, Deon Arndt, Lodewyk van der Zee, Alistair Holman, Riaan Deysel
The platinum mining sector of South Africa (SA) has been hit by the combined impacts of falling Platinum Group Metals (PGM) prices, labour strikes and escalating production costs. Therefore, in order for mines in the platinum sector to remain competitive, they need to reduce the energy consumption of electrical intensive mining equipment.
{"title":"Optimising the refrigeration and cooling system of a platinum mine","authors":"J. L. Buys, J. L. Buys, Deon Arndt, Lodewyk van der Zee, Alistair Holman, Riaan Deysel","doi":"10.1109/icue.2015.7280244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icue.2015.7280244","url":null,"abstract":"The platinum mining sector of South Africa (SA) has been hit by the combined impacts of falling Platinum Group Metals (PGM) prices, labour strikes and escalating production costs. Therefore, in order for mines in the platinum sector to remain competitive, they need to reduce the energy consumption of electrical intensive mining equipment.","PeriodicalId":251065,"journal":{"name":"2015 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE)","volume":"82 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120998291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280263
F. G. Jansen van Rensburg, R. Pelzer, A. Schutte
Mathematical analysis indicated that possibilities exist for load shifting projects on a Large Potable Water Utility (LPWU) in South Africa. The primary concern was that the load variation would have an effect on the water quality. Extensive simulation and testing aim to prove the project will not affect the water quality. In South Africa, the highest standard for drinking water is the Blue Drop award. The LPWU has received this award and strives to keep it. An investigation is launched to determine if this load shifting project would influence the quality of the drinking water. The potable water supplier adheres to the SANS 241. The investigation includes a simulation in a pumping simulation package to determine how the system would react to the changes. Results are compared to the normal operating parameters of the Water Treatment Works (WTW). Studies are done on each area of the plant. Site personnel confirmed and tests revealed that the pumped volume of water reduced during the two hours will not affect the water quality. It is established that it would be possible to use the sumps of the WTW to achieve a 20 MW load shift. The planned load shift is feasible and has no effect on any aspect of the water quality.
{"title":"Effects of load shifting on water quality in a Large Potable Water network","authors":"F. G. Jansen van Rensburg, R. Pelzer, A. Schutte","doi":"10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280263","url":null,"abstract":"Mathematical analysis indicated that possibilities exist for load shifting projects on a Large Potable Water Utility (LPWU) in South Africa. The primary concern was that the load variation would have an effect on the water quality. Extensive simulation and testing aim to prove the project will not affect the water quality. In South Africa, the highest standard for drinking water is the Blue Drop award. The LPWU has received this award and strives to keep it. An investigation is launched to determine if this load shifting project would influence the quality of the drinking water. The potable water supplier adheres to the SANS 241. The investigation includes a simulation in a pumping simulation package to determine how the system would react to the changes. Results are compared to the normal operating parameters of the Water Treatment Works (WTW). Studies are done on each area of the plant. Site personnel confirmed and tests revealed that the pumped volume of water reduced during the two hours will not affect the water quality. It is established that it would be possible to use the sumps of the WTW to achieve a 20 MW load shift. The planned load shift is feasible and has no effect on any aspect of the water quality.","PeriodicalId":251065,"journal":{"name":"2015 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE)","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127611832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280257
Mariska van Heerden, M. Kleingeld, J. Vosloo
Energy service companies (ESCos) have been assisting Eskom, South Africa's leading electricity utility, in implementing and managing energy projects around the country. However, the need for a sustainable energy management system (EnMS) within the Demand Side Management (DSM) projects does exist. An EnMS was designed to achieve the maximum possible energy savings performance on these projects. Three relevant International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards were integrated into the development and implementation of this system. It provides a framework for project engineers and industrial clients to apply before, during and after project implementation. The Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle was applied throughout this article and follows the basic steps recommended by the relevant ISO standards. This cycle emphasises the concept of continual improvement. This article illustrates that the continual improvement of an ISO based EnMS will result in a sustainable increase in electricity savings. An overall increase in project quality can thus be defined and measured according to the electricity consumptions and electricity cost savings. The proposed EnMS was thus implemented and studied on five mines. The electricity cost savings from the selected projects resulted to nearly Rl8-million during project implementation. The EnMS therefore indicates that a continually controlled framework can improve the quality of DSM project implementation and sustainability. With the flexibility of changing the system according to impulsive constraints and client demands, the system can be used with various DSM projects.
{"title":"Improving DSM project implementation and sustainability through ISO standards","authors":"Mariska van Heerden, M. Kleingeld, J. Vosloo","doi":"10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280257","url":null,"abstract":"Energy service companies (ESCos) have been assisting Eskom, South Africa's leading electricity utility, in implementing and managing energy projects around the country. However, the need for a sustainable energy management system (EnMS) within the Demand Side Management (DSM) projects does exist. An EnMS was designed to achieve the maximum possible energy savings performance on these projects. Three relevant International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards were integrated into the development and implementation of this system. It provides a framework for project engineers and industrial clients to apply before, during and after project implementation. The Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle was applied throughout this article and follows the basic steps recommended by the relevant ISO standards. This cycle emphasises the concept of continual improvement. This article illustrates that the continual improvement of an ISO based EnMS will result in a sustainable increase in electricity savings. An overall increase in project quality can thus be defined and measured according to the electricity consumptions and electricity cost savings. The proposed EnMS was thus implemented and studied on five mines. The electricity cost savings from the selected projects resulted to nearly Rl8-million during project implementation. The EnMS therefore indicates that a continually controlled framework can improve the quality of DSM project implementation and sustainability. With the flexibility of changing the system according to impulsive constraints and client demands, the system can be used with various DSM projects.","PeriodicalId":251065,"journal":{"name":"2015 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125996915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280246
H. Groenewald, M. Kleingeld, J. Vosloo
Underperformance of industrial DSM projects is often caused by a lack of proper maintenance practices. This results in wasted electricity cost-savings opportunities and an increased demand for electricity on the national grid. A solution to the problem of underperforming industrial DSM projects is to apply a performance-centered maintenance (PCM) strategy. The various aspects of the PCM strategy are presented in this paper. It is based on the plan-do-check-act (PDCA) cycle for continuous improvement, which also forms part of the ISO 50001 energy management standard. Results show that the application of the PCM strategy could result in a performance increase of up to 70% when applied to underperforming industrial DSM projects. This proves the value of the PCM strategy to maximise and sustain the performance of industrial DSM projects.
{"title":"A performance-centred maintenance strategy for industrial DSM projects","authors":"H. Groenewald, M. Kleingeld, J. Vosloo","doi":"10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280246","url":null,"abstract":"Underperformance of industrial DSM projects is often caused by a lack of proper maintenance practices. This results in wasted electricity cost-savings opportunities and an increased demand for electricity on the national grid. A solution to the problem of underperforming industrial DSM projects is to apply a performance-centered maintenance (PCM) strategy. The various aspects of the PCM strategy are presented in this paper. It is based on the plan-do-check-act (PDCA) cycle for continuous improvement, which also forms part of the ISO 50001 energy management standard. Results show that the application of the PCM strategy could result in a performance increase of up to 70% when applied to underperforming industrial DSM projects. This proves the value of the PCM strategy to maximise and sustain the performance of industrial DSM projects.","PeriodicalId":251065,"journal":{"name":"2015 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127515505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280276
S. Szewczuk
The South Africa transport sector is a major user of energy, in particular liquid fossil fuels that contribute to Green House Gas emissions. South Africa is committed to developing a Green Economy, but South Africa has significant challenges that will need to be overcome to realise Green Economy development opportunities. Population growth, and the rapid urbanisation and development, has resulted in urban sprawl with the marginalisation and degradation of land parcels. Large metropolitan areas are regional transport hubs and transportation accounts for a significant portion of local pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Population growth and the increased need for mobility have placed increased demands on the transport infrastructure; and there is an urgent need to develop clean, low-carbon mass transport options that are accessible and affordable A legacy of mining has resulted in mine-dumps, with air-, water- and soil- contamination and degraded land. These lands are unutilised or underutilised and currently present socio-economic burdens to society. These mining impacted lands could grow energy crops to complement other sources of organic waste. Anaerobic digestion of these organic wastes and energy crops could produce biogas as a fuel for the transport sector. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the various issues that impact on the potential use of biogas a fuel for the transport sector.
{"title":"Biogas as a fuel source for the transport sector","authors":"S. Szewczuk","doi":"10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280276","url":null,"abstract":"The South Africa transport sector is a major user of energy, in particular liquid fossil fuels that contribute to Green House Gas emissions. South Africa is committed to developing a Green Economy, but South Africa has significant challenges that will need to be overcome to realise Green Economy development opportunities. Population growth, and the rapid urbanisation and development, has resulted in urban sprawl with the marginalisation and degradation of land parcels. Large metropolitan areas are regional transport hubs and transportation accounts for a significant portion of local pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Population growth and the increased need for mobility have placed increased demands on the transport infrastructure; and there is an urgent need to develop clean, low-carbon mass transport options that are accessible and affordable A legacy of mining has resulted in mine-dumps, with air-, water- and soil- contamination and degraded land. These lands are unutilised or underutilised and currently present socio-economic burdens to society. These mining impacted lands could grow energy crops to complement other sources of organic waste. Anaerobic digestion of these organic wastes and energy crops could produce biogas as a fuel for the transport sector. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the various issues that impact on the potential use of biogas a fuel for the transport sector.","PeriodicalId":251065,"journal":{"name":"2015 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE)","volume":"50 12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123399557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280275
P. Maina, Z. Huan
A CO2 water to water heat pump system was used to investigate the effects of cooling and chilling water inlet temperature at reduced charge capacity (approximately 75% of the full charge). The temperature were adjusted between 10 °C to 30 °C in nine steps while the throttle valve opening adjusted between 100%, 50% and 25%. It was observed that the as the cooling water inlet temperature increased, the heat output and general performance of the system diminished but as the chilling water temperature increased, there was an improvement of the system performance. Therefore, the best temperature combination was cooling - chilling water temperature of 10 °C - 30 °C. The opposite, i.e. cooling - chilling water temperature of 30 °C - 10 °C was the worst. Nevertheless, the effects of the cooling water temperature were higher on the system performance than the effect of the chilling water temperature. These observations were true in all throttle valve settings, where, the smaller the throttle valve opening, the higher the performance.
{"title":"Performance of a CO2 water to water heat pump with less charge: Inlet temperature effects","authors":"P. Maina, Z. Huan","doi":"10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280275","url":null,"abstract":"A CO2 water to water heat pump system was used to investigate the effects of cooling and chilling water inlet temperature at reduced charge capacity (approximately 75% of the full charge). The temperature were adjusted between 10 °C to 30 °C in nine steps while the throttle valve opening adjusted between 100%, 50% and 25%. It was observed that the as the cooling water inlet temperature increased, the heat output and general performance of the system diminished but as the chilling water temperature increased, there was an improvement of the system performance. Therefore, the best temperature combination was cooling - chilling water temperature of 10 °C - 30 °C. The opposite, i.e. cooling - chilling water temperature of 30 °C - 10 °C was the worst. Nevertheless, the effects of the cooling water temperature were higher on the system performance than the effect of the chilling water temperature. These observations were true in all throttle valve settings, where, the smaller the throttle valve opening, the higher the performance.","PeriodicalId":251065,"journal":{"name":"2015 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133525774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280242
J. I. Bredenkamp, A. Schutte, J. V. van Rensburg
Various challenges influence the implementation of an energy savings project on mine compressed air systems. These include, among others, operational changes, control limitations, industrial actions and installation delays. These challenges often lead to a project exceeding scheduled implementation time, exceeding the project budget and reduced quality of the achieved results. This study investigates and addresses the challenges faced during the implementation of a compressed air energy savings project on a gold mine. The study shows that although these problems have an impact on the implementation deliverables of the project, significant savings remain possible. An optimisation project is implemented on a gold mine's compressed air network. Despite the challenges that occur during the implementation of the project, an average evening peak-clip saving of 2.61 MW is achieved during the project's consecutive three-month performance assessment period. The power saving produces an annual cost saving of RI.46 million, calculated with the aid of the 201412015 Eskom tariffs.
{"title":"Challenges faced during implementation of a compressed air energy savings project on a gold mine","authors":"J. I. Bredenkamp, A. Schutte, J. V. van Rensburg","doi":"10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280242","url":null,"abstract":"Various challenges influence the implementation of an energy savings project on mine compressed air systems. These include, among others, operational changes, control limitations, industrial actions and installation delays. These challenges often lead to a project exceeding scheduled implementation time, exceeding the project budget and reduced quality of the achieved results. This study investigates and addresses the challenges faced during the implementation of a compressed air energy savings project on a gold mine. The study shows that although these problems have an impact on the implementation deliverables of the project, significant savings remain possible. An optimisation project is implemented on a gold mine's compressed air network. Despite the challenges that occur during the implementation of the project, an average evening peak-clip saving of 2.61 MW is achieved during the project's consecutive three-month performance assessment period. The power saving produces an annual cost saving of RI.46 million, calculated with the aid of the 201412015 Eskom tariffs.","PeriodicalId":251065,"journal":{"name":"2015 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE)","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133458206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280277
Hm Janse van Rensburg, R. Maneschijn, W. Booysen
Energy cost inflation, volatility surrounding the precious metal market and carbon taxes have placed pressure on South African mining companies to remain competitive. By investing in energy efficiency projects, mining companies lower both energy costs and their environmental impact. Section l2L of the Income Tax Act, 1962 (Act No 58 of 1962) has been implemented specifically to stimulate this energy efficiency investment. It allows companies a 45 cent per kWh tax deduction for energy savings verified in accordance with the SANS 50010 standard. Measurement boundary selection and data integrity both play an important role in this standard. However, the complex and integrated use of energy in the mining industry results in a time consuming trial and error operation to find a compliant measurement boundary. Therefore, in this paper a methodology is presented for simplifying the selection of a measurement boundary. An innovative way is thus used to determine SANS 50010 compliance. This enables the user to reduce the complexity of the process and also find the most feasible boundary in the shortest amount of time. Case studies are also presented by using a bird's eye view of the relevant components' measurement points.
{"title":"Selecting measurement boundaries for Section 12L energy efficiency tax applications: A mining case study","authors":"Hm Janse van Rensburg, R. Maneschijn, W. Booysen","doi":"10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280277","url":null,"abstract":"Energy cost inflation, volatility surrounding the precious metal market and carbon taxes have placed pressure on South African mining companies to remain competitive. By investing in energy efficiency projects, mining companies lower both energy costs and their environmental impact. Section l2L of the Income Tax Act, 1962 (Act No 58 of 1962) has been implemented specifically to stimulate this energy efficiency investment. It allows companies a 45 cent per kWh tax deduction for energy savings verified in accordance with the SANS 50010 standard. Measurement boundary selection and data integrity both play an important role in this standard. However, the complex and integrated use of energy in the mining industry results in a time consuming trial and error operation to find a compliant measurement boundary. Therefore, in this paper a methodology is presented for simplifying the selection of a measurement boundary. An innovative way is thus used to determine SANS 50010 compliance. This enables the user to reduce the complexity of the process and also find the most feasible boundary in the shortest amount of time. Case studies are also presented by using a bird's eye view of the relevant components' measurement points.","PeriodicalId":251065,"journal":{"name":"2015 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130289552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280250
D. Uys, M. Kleingeld, C. Cilliers
20% of the annual energy usage on a deep-level gold mine is consumed by the refrigeration system. Underground cooling demand also increases significantly with deeper mining activities due to high virgin rock temperatures (VRT). This study therefore focuses on the electricity usage of an ice storage system versus a chilled water system for underground cooling. A savings approach of converting an ice storage system to a chilled water system and varying the water flow through the system was thus implemented. The water flow was controlled by installing variable speed drives (VSDs) on the evaporator and condenser water pumps. The feasibility of the energy-efficiency approach was then simulated with a verified model. Simulation results indicated the feasibility of converting the thermal ice storage to a chilled water system and implementing the energy-efficiency approach on Mine M. An electricity saving of 9% when using a chilled water system was indicated by the simulation. Various problems encountered by the mine with the thermal ice storage system were also a motivation. Further, converting the glycol plant to a chilled water plant gave the mine an additional chiller to sufficiently meet underground demand. An annual summer power saving of 1.5 MW was achieved through the conversion and control strategy.
{"title":"Converting an ice storage facility to a chilled water system for energy efficiency on a deep level gold mine","authors":"D. Uys, M. Kleingeld, C. Cilliers","doi":"10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280250","url":null,"abstract":"20% of the annual energy usage on a deep-level gold mine is consumed by the refrigeration system. Underground cooling demand also increases significantly with deeper mining activities due to high virgin rock temperatures (VRT). This study therefore focuses on the electricity usage of an ice storage system versus a chilled water system for underground cooling. A savings approach of converting an ice storage system to a chilled water system and varying the water flow through the system was thus implemented. The water flow was controlled by installing variable speed drives (VSDs) on the evaporator and condenser water pumps. The feasibility of the energy-efficiency approach was then simulated with a verified model. Simulation results indicated the feasibility of converting the thermal ice storage to a chilled water system and implementing the energy-efficiency approach on Mine M. An electricity saving of 9% when using a chilled water system was indicated by the simulation. Various problems encountered by the mine with the thermal ice storage system were also a motivation. Further, converting the glycol plant to a chilled water plant gave the mine an additional chiller to sufficiently meet underground demand. An annual summer power saving of 1.5 MW was achieved through the conversion and control strategy.","PeriodicalId":251065,"journal":{"name":"2015 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129116331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280266
T. Ramathe, Z. Huan, A. Mwesigye
Refrigeration systems play paramount roles in life quality of human beings and social development in terms of food security, environmental impact, and energy efficiency. The traditional CFC, HCFC, and HFC refrigerants have been in the process of phase-out and being replaced by the sustainable working fluids. In this paper, the experimental thermodynamic performance evaluation of the hydrocarbons R600a, R290 and their mixtures used in a vapour compression refrigeration system that utilizes R134a as a working fluid was carried out. Firstly, a theoretical analysis was developed to evaluate the feasibility of the retrofit by employing the vapour compression refrigeration cycle. The evaporation temperatures were ranging from -25 °C to 3 °C, and the condensation temperatures ranging from 25 °C to 65 °C with superheating and subcooling degrees constant at 5 °C. The thermodynamic and thermophysical properties were obtained using REFPROP software. Lastly, based on the results obtained from the theoretical analysis, the experimental comparison of the refrigeration cycle performance was conducted using a refrigeration system designed for R134a. The results show that both pure R600a and R290 cannot be recommended as drop-in substitutes for R134a due to their significant differences in thermophysical properties. A mixture of R600a/R290 50%/50% composition was found to be the most appropriate alternative refrigerant for the R134a system retrofit with a comparative thermal performance.
{"title":"Experimental study on the thermal performance of R600a, R290 and R600a/R290 mixtures in a retrofit R134a refrigeration system","authors":"T. Ramathe, Z. Huan, A. Mwesigye","doi":"10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280266","url":null,"abstract":"Refrigeration systems play paramount roles in life quality of human beings and social development in terms of food security, environmental impact, and energy efficiency. The traditional CFC, HCFC, and HFC refrigerants have been in the process of phase-out and being replaced by the sustainable working fluids. In this paper, the experimental thermodynamic performance evaluation of the hydrocarbons R600a, R290 and their mixtures used in a vapour compression refrigeration system that utilizes R134a as a working fluid was carried out. Firstly, a theoretical analysis was developed to evaluate the feasibility of the retrofit by employing the vapour compression refrigeration cycle. The evaporation temperatures were ranging from -25 °C to 3 °C, and the condensation temperatures ranging from 25 °C to 65 °C with superheating and subcooling degrees constant at 5 °C. The thermodynamic and thermophysical properties were obtained using REFPROP software. Lastly, based on the results obtained from the theoretical analysis, the experimental comparison of the refrigeration cycle performance was conducted using a refrigeration system designed for R134a. The results show that both pure R600a and R290 cannot be recommended as drop-in substitutes for R134a due to their significant differences in thermophysical properties. A mixture of R600a/R290 50%/50% composition was found to be the most appropriate alternative refrigerant for the R134a system retrofit with a comparative thermal performance.","PeriodicalId":251065,"journal":{"name":"2015 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123611709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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