Pub Date : 2015-08-01DOI: 10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280281
A. C. Adewole, R. Tzoneva
The continuous increase in energy demand without a concomitant increase in generation and transmission capabilities inevitably leads to power system instability and consequently blackouts. This paper proposes and investigates the application of generator-derived Voltage Stability (VS) indices using synchrophasor measurements from dispersed Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) for real-time monitoring and situational awareness in power systems. Three VS indices derived from the capability parameters of synchronous generators in the power system are presented, and used in the prediction of the power system's margin to voltage collapse. The proposed generator-derived VS indices were tested using the New England 39-bus benchmark test system modelled using RSCAD software. Real-time hardware-in-the-loop simulations involving a lab-scale testbed using the Real-Time Digital Simulator (RTDS), PMUs, Phasor Data Concentrators (PDCs), Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), communication network switches, and GPS satellite clock were carried out in order to test the proposed VS indices for various system operating conditions encompassing credible contingencies, increased system loading, operation of transformer Under-Load Tap-Changers (ULTCs), and generator Over Excitation Limiters (OXLs). The results obtained showed that the VS indices provided an exact snap-shot of the grid in real-time. The VS indices would be useful in the design of System Integrity Protection Schemes (SIPS) that are capable of preserving the integrity of the grid during disturbances and parametric changes, thereby preventing system blackouts.
{"title":"Wide area Voltage Stability assessment based on generator-derived indices using Phasor Measurement Units","authors":"A. C. Adewole, R. Tzoneva","doi":"10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280281","url":null,"abstract":"The continuous increase in energy demand without a concomitant increase in generation and transmission capabilities inevitably leads to power system instability and consequently blackouts. This paper proposes and investigates the application of generator-derived Voltage Stability (VS) indices using synchrophasor measurements from dispersed Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) for real-time monitoring and situational awareness in power systems. Three VS indices derived from the capability parameters of synchronous generators in the power system are presented, and used in the prediction of the power system's margin to voltage collapse. The proposed generator-derived VS indices were tested using the New England 39-bus benchmark test system modelled using RSCAD software. Real-time hardware-in-the-loop simulations involving a lab-scale testbed using the Real-Time Digital Simulator (RTDS), PMUs, Phasor Data Concentrators (PDCs), Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), communication network switches, and GPS satellite clock were carried out in order to test the proposed VS indices for various system operating conditions encompassing credible contingencies, increased system loading, operation of transformer Under-Load Tap-Changers (ULTCs), and generator Over Excitation Limiters (OXLs). The results obtained showed that the VS indices provided an exact snap-shot of the grid in real-time. The VS indices would be useful in the design of System Integrity Protection Schemes (SIPS) that are capable of preserving the integrity of the grid during disturbances and parametric changes, thereby preventing system blackouts.","PeriodicalId":251065,"journal":{"name":"2015 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE)","volume":"160 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127307233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-08-01DOI: 10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280274
T. Kivevele, Z. Huan
Heat pump drying (HPD) is an energy efficient and environmentally friendly drying method. Heat pumps (HPs) deliver more heat during the drying process than the work input to the compressor. The performance of HP and the dryer is significantly affected by the surrounding conditions. Therefore, the present study investigates the performance of an open and completely closed air duct HPD systems. Also, the influence of refrigerant charge and condenser fan speed was evaluated. The results demonstrated that, the completely closed air duct HPD system had slightly higher coefficient of performance (COP) and heating capacity than the open HPD system because of the heat from the moist exhausted air from the dryer were recovered at the evaporator. However, the drying air temperatures for the closed HPD system were lower than that of open system. This was due to the circulation of cold air from the evaporator. Also, COP increased with the increase of refrigerant charge in both systems. But, at high refrigerant charge the COP values for both systems were decreased because of the decrease in heating capacity which was possible due to the accumulation of refrigerant in the condenser. Similar trend of results were observed at high condenser fan speed, this was due to the increased fan power consumption. Therefore, for the system developed, the optimum refrigerant charge was observed to be 1650 grams and 840 rpm of condenser fan speed (60% of the full speed) and the obtained COP values at this point were 3.85 and 3.75 for the closed and open HPD system, respectively.
{"title":"Experimental comparative study of an open and completely closed air source heat pump for drying sub-tropical fruits","authors":"T. Kivevele, Z. Huan","doi":"10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280274","url":null,"abstract":"Heat pump drying (HPD) is an energy efficient and environmentally friendly drying method. Heat pumps (HPs) deliver more heat during the drying process than the work input to the compressor. The performance of HP and the dryer is significantly affected by the surrounding conditions. Therefore, the present study investigates the performance of an open and completely closed air duct HPD systems. Also, the influence of refrigerant charge and condenser fan speed was evaluated. The results demonstrated that, the completely closed air duct HPD system had slightly higher coefficient of performance (COP) and heating capacity than the open HPD system because of the heat from the moist exhausted air from the dryer were recovered at the evaporator. However, the drying air temperatures for the closed HPD system were lower than that of open system. This was due to the circulation of cold air from the evaporator. Also, COP increased with the increase of refrigerant charge in both systems. But, at high refrigerant charge the COP values for both systems were decreased because of the decrease in heating capacity which was possible due to the accumulation of refrigerant in the condenser. Similar trend of results were observed at high condenser fan speed, this was due to the increased fan power consumption. Therefore, for the system developed, the optimum refrigerant charge was observed to be 1650 grams and 840 rpm of condenser fan speed (60% of the full speed) and the obtained COP values at this point were 3.85 and 3.75 for the closed and open HPD system, respectively.","PeriodicalId":251065,"journal":{"name":"2015 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125552676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-08-01DOI: 10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280273
P. Venter, S. Terblanche, M. van Eldik
Engineering plants typically have a variety of interlinked production chains, where process flows are dependent on upstream events and operated by default or manual settings. Burnable off-gasses are mostly utilized as energy sources. Raw material feeds may fluctuate over time, resulting in fluctuating off-gas production and potentially in inefficient energy resource usage. It is common practice to generate steam from off-gas, in boiler houses, where excess steam is allocated for power generation. Over time these fluctuating off-gas and therefore steam production may lead to turbine trips. Another problem is that unused off-gasses are burned to atmosphere, where the energy potential is nullified. This paper investigates the more efficient utilization of these off-gasses, through simulating the potential and additional power generation effect that could have occurred for a typical plant's manual operating procedure and an optimization control algorithm. The investigation is founded on the results from these two different simulation approaches. Simulated results showed that operations under the control algorithm would have yielded a 3.67% increase in power generation, when compared to the plant's current operating philosophy. Under the assumption of an additional 65 tonlh boiler house and an extra 15MW turbine, simulation results showed a potential power generation increase of 25.19% under the plant operational procedure, when compared to initial plant set up. The control algorithm yielded an additional 34.39% increase in power generation over the investigated time period. In all but one simulation scenario did the control algorithm result in less turbine trips. All simulations are based on real world data.
{"title":"Improving power generation from fluctuating off-gas productions","authors":"P. Venter, S. Terblanche, M. van Eldik","doi":"10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280273","url":null,"abstract":"Engineering plants typically have a variety of interlinked production chains, where process flows are dependent on upstream events and operated by default or manual settings. Burnable off-gasses are mostly utilized as energy sources. Raw material feeds may fluctuate over time, resulting in fluctuating off-gas production and potentially in inefficient energy resource usage. It is common practice to generate steam from off-gas, in boiler houses, where excess steam is allocated for power generation. Over time these fluctuating off-gas and therefore steam production may lead to turbine trips. Another problem is that unused off-gasses are burned to atmosphere, where the energy potential is nullified. This paper investigates the more efficient utilization of these off-gasses, through simulating the potential and additional power generation effect that could have occurred for a typical plant's manual operating procedure and an optimization control algorithm. The investigation is founded on the results from these two different simulation approaches. Simulated results showed that operations under the control algorithm would have yielded a 3.67% increase in power generation, when compared to the plant's current operating philosophy. Under the assumption of an additional 65 tonlh boiler house and an extra 15MW turbine, simulation results showed a potential power generation increase of 25.19% under the plant operational procedure, when compared to initial plant set up. The control algorithm yielded an additional 34.39% increase in power generation over the investigated time period. In all but one simulation scenario did the control algorithm result in less turbine trips. All simulations are based on real world data.","PeriodicalId":251065,"journal":{"name":"2015 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE)","volume":"174 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123169091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-08-01DOI: 10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280290
K. D. Mananga Bayimissa, A. Raji, M. Adonis
Front-end power converters for satellite application demand better performance in terms of accurate reference tracking because of the wide-range input voltage of the solar panels. The very tight output voltage requirements demand for robust, reliable, and higher efficiency. The control of such converter is very complex and time consuming to design. Two commonly used control modes are current and voltage control. The design and implementation of a voltage controller for power converter is simpler but not do provide for overcurrent protection compared to current mode controller.Single-ended primary inductance converter is selected in this research work because of its ability to buck or boost the input voltage coupled with the ability to provide non-inverting polarity with respect to the input voltage. Parameter values for the studied converter is used to analyse and design both current and voltage mode controllers for performance evaluation. Output voltage reference tracking with step and ramp changes in input voltage is evaluated in terms of the time taken to reach steady-state after the injected disturbances and the overshoot or undershoot of the output voltage reference. Changes in the output voltage reference to load changes are also studied considering the two controllers. The modelling and simulation work was done on PSIM simulation platform. The controllers design and implementation was carried out using the Smart-Control added module on the PSIM simulation platform. Results show that the current mode controller performed better than the voltage mode controller in terms of the reference tracking and disturbance rejection.
{"title":"Performance evaluation of voltage and current control mode controller for SEPIC converter in CubeSats application","authors":"K. D. Mananga Bayimissa, A. Raji, M. Adonis","doi":"10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280290","url":null,"abstract":"Front-end power converters for satellite application demand better performance in terms of accurate reference tracking because of the wide-range input voltage of the solar panels. The very tight output voltage requirements demand for robust, reliable, and higher efficiency. The control of such converter is very complex and time consuming to design. Two commonly used control modes are current and voltage control. The design and implementation of a voltage controller for power converter is simpler but not do provide for overcurrent protection compared to current mode controller.Single-ended primary inductance converter is selected in this research work because of its ability to buck or boost the input voltage coupled with the ability to provide non-inverting polarity with respect to the input voltage. Parameter values for the studied converter is used to analyse and design both current and voltage mode controllers for performance evaluation. Output voltage reference tracking with step and ramp changes in input voltage is evaluated in terms of the time taken to reach steady-state after the injected disturbances and the overshoot or undershoot of the output voltage reference. Changes in the output voltage reference to load changes are also studied considering the two controllers. The modelling and simulation work was done on PSIM simulation platform. The controllers design and implementation was carried out using the Smart-Control added module on the PSIM simulation platform. Results show that the current mode controller performed better than the voltage mode controller in terms of the reference tracking and disturbance rejection.","PeriodicalId":251065,"journal":{"name":"2015 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE)","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128230509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-08-01DOI: 10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280271
M. Budge, W. Booysen, J. Vosloo
South Africa is considered an energy intensive country. To mitigate this, incentives have been made available to encourage the uptake of energy efficiency initiatives. The industrial sector presents several opportunities for these incentives. However, the diversity and complexity of the available options presents a significant challenge when investigating potential incentives. This paper therefore devises a method to aid the industrial sector in identifying and selecting viable incentives. A brief overview of the extensive research conducted is presented to introduce the reader to the applicable industrial incentives. The findings are then summarised, simplified and used to develop a set of defining questions. These questions characterise the incentives into different groups. These groups are then used to formulate a process to determine an applicable energy strategy. The process is then graphically illustrated with the use of a process diagram. This simplified illustration of the research outcome enables other users to quickly identity viable incentive opportunities. The developed process is also validated with case studies from three major industrial sectors: mining, steel and manufacturing.
{"title":"Simplifying the process of identifying viable industrial energy efficiency incentives","authors":"M. Budge, W. Booysen, J. Vosloo","doi":"10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280271","url":null,"abstract":"South Africa is considered an energy intensive country. To mitigate this, incentives have been made available to encourage the uptake of energy efficiency initiatives. The industrial sector presents several opportunities for these incentives. However, the diversity and complexity of the available options presents a significant challenge when investigating potential incentives. This paper therefore devises a method to aid the industrial sector in identifying and selecting viable incentives. A brief overview of the extensive research conducted is presented to introduce the reader to the applicable industrial incentives. The findings are then summarised, simplified and used to develop a set of defining questions. These questions characterise the incentives into different groups. These groups are then used to formulate a process to determine an applicable energy strategy. The process is then graphically illustrated with the use of a process diagram. This simplified illustration of the research outcome enables other users to quickly identity viable incentive opportunities. The developed process is also validated with case studies from three major industrial sectors: mining, steel and manufacturing.","PeriodicalId":251065,"journal":{"name":"2015 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE)","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132981583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-08-01DOI: 10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280264
G. E. Mathews, J. Vosloo
Over the past two decades the world has become much more conscious of the disadvantages of rampant energy use. To this end many countries have adopted strategies and policies meant to reduce their energy usage and consequently reduce their global energy footprint. The German government is often praised for its stance on reducing energy usage. Therefore, this paper will explore the energy efficiency strategy implemented by the German government. The paper will also explore the current energy efficiency strategies implemented by the South African government and industry as well as the results thereof. This should allow for a comparison of whether the current South African policies compare favourably to that of a first world country that is serious about energy efficiency. From this comparison it is obvious that the South African energy efficiency policy strategy compares favourably.
{"title":"The benefits of energy efficiency programs - comparing Germany with South Africa","authors":"G. E. Mathews, J. Vosloo","doi":"10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280264","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past two decades the world has become much more conscious of the disadvantages of rampant energy use. To this end many countries have adopted strategies and policies meant to reduce their energy usage and consequently reduce their global energy footprint. The German government is often praised for its stance on reducing energy usage. Therefore, this paper will explore the energy efficiency strategy implemented by the German government. The paper will also explore the current energy efficiency strategies implemented by the South African government and industry as well as the results thereof. This should allow for a comparison of whether the current South African policies compare favourably to that of a first world country that is serious about energy efficiency. From this comparison it is obvious that the South African energy efficiency policy strategy compares favourably.","PeriodicalId":251065,"journal":{"name":"2015 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE)","volume":"212 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129037145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-08-01DOI: 10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280285
H. Mataifa, A. Raji, R. Tzoneva
Power electronics applications to electric power processing are playing an increasingly indispensable role in the power quality and power reliability enhancement, especially in view of the growing importance of distributed (especially renewable) energy sources' contribution to electric power generation. Grid-interactive distributed generation systems have huge potential to significantly enhance the power supply reliability, especially when effective control of their power electronics interface units enables their efficient operation both when in grid-tie mode and autonomously (i.e. dual-mode operation capability). In this paper, the grid-tie mode operation of a dual-mode power electronic (inverter) interface unit for a distributed generation source is considered. Firstly, requirements underlying the control strategy design for the dual-mode inverter are outlined, highlighting the commonly employed strategies together with their main characteristics. Then the controller design procedure for the grid-tie mode operation is presented, which forms part of the larger-scope dual-mode control strategy design, but not covered in its entirety in this paper. The designed grid-mode controller has been implemented in the Matlab/Simulink software development environment, considering a 15-kVA three-phase power inverter connected to the power utility's distribution network. The results obtained from the computer simulations attest to the designed control system's effectiveness in enabling the distributed generation system to supply high-quality, low-distortion current to the grid.
{"title":"Grid-mode controller design for a dual-mode inverter interface for a distributed generation source","authors":"H. Mataifa, A. Raji, R. Tzoneva","doi":"10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280285","url":null,"abstract":"Power electronics applications to electric power processing are playing an increasingly indispensable role in the power quality and power reliability enhancement, especially in view of the growing importance of distributed (especially renewable) energy sources' contribution to electric power generation. Grid-interactive distributed generation systems have huge potential to significantly enhance the power supply reliability, especially when effective control of their power electronics interface units enables their efficient operation both when in grid-tie mode and autonomously (i.e. dual-mode operation capability). In this paper, the grid-tie mode operation of a dual-mode power electronic (inverter) interface unit for a distributed generation source is considered. Firstly, requirements underlying the control strategy design for the dual-mode inverter are outlined, highlighting the commonly employed strategies together with their main characteristics. Then the controller design procedure for the grid-tie mode operation is presented, which forms part of the larger-scope dual-mode control strategy design, but not covered in its entirety in this paper. The designed grid-mode controller has been implemented in the Matlab/Simulink software development environment, considering a 15-kVA three-phase power inverter connected to the power utility's distribution network. The results obtained from the computer simulations attest to the designed control system's effectiveness in enabling the distributed generation system to supply high-quality, low-distortion current to the grid.","PeriodicalId":251065,"journal":{"name":"2015 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124334038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-08-01DOI: 10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280292
K. Kusakana
In this study, a pumped hydro storage is proposed to be used in conjunction with a standalone hydrokinetic system in off-grid power supply. The techno-economic feasibility of such combination is analyzed and compared to the option where batteries are considered as storage system. The system working principle is presented; the mathematical model and simulation model are also developed. Simulations are performed using two different types of loads in rural South Africa as case study to demonstrate the technical advantages as well as the cost effectiveness of the proposed supply option. The results reveal that the novel combination is a cost-effective, reliable and environmentally friendly solution to achieve 100% energy autonomy in remote and isolated communities.
{"title":"Pumped storage-based standalone hydrokinetic system: Feasibility and techno-economic study","authors":"K. Kusakana","doi":"10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280292","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a pumped hydro storage is proposed to be used in conjunction with a standalone hydrokinetic system in off-grid power supply. The techno-economic feasibility of such combination is analyzed and compared to the option where batteries are considered as storage system. The system working principle is presented; the mathematical model and simulation model are also developed. Simulations are performed using two different types of loads in rural South Africa as case study to demonstrate the technical advantages as well as the cost effectiveness of the proposed supply option. The results reveal that the novel combination is a cost-effective, reliable and environmentally friendly solution to achieve 100% energy autonomy in remote and isolated communities.","PeriodicalId":251065,"journal":{"name":"2015 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114207847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-08-01DOI: 10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280265
R. Murray, J. D. de Kock
In South Africa the current electrical energy crises and the possibility of carbon tax forces ferrochrome smelters to improve the efficiency of the plant and also reduce the carbon emissions at the same time. This can be done by utilising the waste energy available at the plant. This paper presents a technical evaluation of the utilisation of furnace off-gas, rich in carbon monoxide, by using gas engine-generator sets to convert chemical energy into electrical energy - referred to as cogeneration in this paper. Off-gas characteristics and electrical energy generated by such an existing cogeneration plant, at an ilmenite smelter plant, are shown. The ilmenite smelter is used as reference, because of the similarity in gas composition and volume to the off-gas produced by ferrochrome furnaces. Plant efficiency and the reduction in electrical energy bought from Eskom is determined. The results from the existing cogeneration plant is used to determine the possible electrical energy that could be generated by a similar gas engine plant, at a ferrochrome smelter. In this paper the potential of such a cogeneration plant will be evaluated for implementation at a ferrochrome smelter.
{"title":"Potential in utilising furnace off-gas at a ferrochrome smelter with gas engines","authors":"R. Murray, J. D. de Kock","doi":"10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280265","url":null,"abstract":"In South Africa the current electrical energy crises and the possibility of carbon tax forces ferrochrome smelters to improve the efficiency of the plant and also reduce the carbon emissions at the same time. This can be done by utilising the waste energy available at the plant. This paper presents a technical evaluation of the utilisation of furnace off-gas, rich in carbon monoxide, by using gas engine-generator sets to convert chemical energy into electrical energy - referred to as cogeneration in this paper. Off-gas characteristics and electrical energy generated by such an existing cogeneration plant, at an ilmenite smelter plant, are shown. The ilmenite smelter is used as reference, because of the similarity in gas composition and volume to the off-gas produced by ferrochrome furnaces. Plant efficiency and the reduction in electrical energy bought from Eskom is determined. The results from the existing cogeneration plant is used to determine the possible electrical energy that could be generated by a similar gas engine plant, at a ferrochrome smelter. In this paper the potential of such a cogeneration plant will be evaluated for implementation at a ferrochrome smelter.","PeriodicalId":251065,"journal":{"name":"2015 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122555459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-08-01DOI: 10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280278
M. Giraneza, M. Kahn
Electricity is a key factor for creating conditions for economic growth. As such electrification is among African governments' priorities. The electrification rate in Africa compared to the other continents is still low. In addition to that, in electrified areas reliability is a challenge and power black outs are still common and regular in many African urban and rural areas. Grid extension is one of the solutions for increasing Africa's low electrification rate. However, with current approaches that are used for grid extension by utilities, it has been observed that there are challenges likely to slow if not inhibiting completely the process. Finding a new approach that overcomes the shortage of the current ones is important both for the utilities and the users. This paper will introduce a new grid extension approach, which starts from the users' side back to grid through interconnection of sparse generating point using intermediate low voltage direct current (ILVDC) distribution system.
{"title":"Intermediate low voltage direct current based decentralized grid extension","authors":"M. Giraneza, M. Kahn","doi":"10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICUE.2015.7280278","url":null,"abstract":"Electricity is a key factor for creating conditions for economic growth. As such electrification is among African governments' priorities. The electrification rate in Africa compared to the other continents is still low. In addition to that, in electrified areas reliability is a challenge and power black outs are still common and regular in many African urban and rural areas. Grid extension is one of the solutions for increasing Africa's low electrification rate. However, with current approaches that are used for grid extension by utilities, it has been observed that there are challenges likely to slow if not inhibiting completely the process. Finding a new approach that overcomes the shortage of the current ones is important both for the utilities and the users. This paper will introduce a new grid extension approach, which starts from the users' side back to grid through interconnection of sparse generating point using intermediate low voltage direct current (ILVDC) distribution system.","PeriodicalId":251065,"journal":{"name":"2015 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123354354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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