Focusing on fansubbing, the production of unauthorized subtitles by fans of audiovisual media content, this paper calls for a more serious sociolinguistic analysis of the political economy of digital media communication. It argues that fansubbing’s contentious position within regimes of intellectual property and copyright makes it a useful context for considering the crucial role of language ideology in global capitalism’s expanding reach over communicative activity. Through a critical analysis of Korean discourses about fansubbing, this paper considers how tensions between competing ideological conceptions of fansub work shed light on the process by which regimes of intellectual property incorporate digital media communication as a site for profit. Based on this analysis, the paper argues for the need to look beyond the affordances of digital media in terms of translingual, hybrid, and creative linguistic form, to extend our investigations towards language ideologies as a constitutive element in the political economy.
{"title":"Digital media communication, intellectual property, and the commodification of language","authors":"J. Park","doi":"10.1075/lcs.19001.par","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lcs.19001.par","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Focusing on fansubbing, the production of unauthorized subtitles by fans of audiovisual media content, this paper calls for a more serious sociolinguistic analysis of the political economy of digital media communication. It argues that fansubbing’s contentious position within regimes of intellectual property and copyright makes it a useful context for considering the crucial role of language ideology in global capitalism’s expanding reach over communicative activity. Through a critical analysis of Korean discourses about fansubbing, this paper considers how tensions between competing ideological conceptions of fansub work shed light on the process by which regimes of intellectual property incorporate digital media communication as a site for profit. Based on this analysis, the paper argues for the need to look beyond the affordances of digital media in terms of translingual, hybrid, and creative linguistic form, to extend our investigations towards language ideologies as a constitutive element in the political economy.","PeriodicalId":252896,"journal":{"name":"Language, Culture and Society","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126567061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Commentators and analysts in new media studies have taken inspiration from Goffman’s ‘dramaturgical’ approach to interaction as performance, as well as his concepts of ‘face’ and ‘impression management’. Goffman is specifically invoked in discussions of a particular source of interactional trouble that is seen as generated in and by the structure of mediated communication in digital spaces: so-called “context collapse.” Context collapse represents “a crisis of self-presentation” (Wesch, 2008) that is brought about by the ability of digital platforms like Twitter and Facebook to “flatten multiple audiences into one” (Marwick & boyd, 2010, p. 9). Returning to Goffman’s unpublished PhD dissertation (Goffman, 1953) – based on fieldwork on the remote island of Unst in the Shetlands – presents an opportunity to understand more fully both the online phenomenon of “context collapse” and the promise and limitations of Goffman’s work for the study of interaction in digital environments.
新媒体研究的评论员和分析人士从戈夫曼将互动作为表演的“戏剧”方法，以及他的“面孔”和“印象管理”概念中获得了灵感。Goffman在讨论互动问题的特定来源时被特别引用，这种问题被认为是在数字空间中中介沟通的结构中产生的，即所谓的“语境崩溃”。情境崩溃代表了“自我呈现的危机”(Wesch, 2008)，这是由Twitter和Facebook等数字平台“将多个受众扁平为一个”的能力带来的(Marwick & boyd, 2010, p. 9)。回到戈夫曼未发表的博士论文(戈夫曼，1953)——基于在设得兰群岛偏远的昂斯特岛的实地考察——提供了一个机会，让我们更全面地理解“语境崩溃”的在线现象，以及戈夫曼在数字环境中研究互动的工作的希望和局限性。
{"title":"“Context collapse” on a small island","authors":"R. Moore","doi":"10.1075/lcs.00018.moo","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lcs.00018.moo","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Commentators and analysts in new media studies have taken inspiration from Goffman’s ‘dramaturgical’ approach to interaction as performance, as well as his concepts of ‘face’ and ‘impression management’. Goffman is specifically invoked in discussions of a particular source of interactional trouble that is seen as generated in and by the structure of mediated communication in digital spaces: so-called “context collapse.” Context collapse represents “a crisis of self-presentation” (Wesch, 2008) that is brought about by the ability of digital platforms like Twitter and Facebook to “flatten multiple audiences into one” (Marwick & boyd, 2010, p. 9). Returning to Goffman’s unpublished PhD dissertation (Goffman, 1953) – based on fieldwork on the remote island of Unst in the Shetlands – presents an opportunity to understand more fully both the online phenomenon of “context collapse” and the promise and limitations of Goffman’s work for the study of interaction in digital environments.","PeriodicalId":252896,"journal":{"name":"Language, Culture and Society","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125628612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This is a critical analysis of the discourse of an elected state official in the years leading up to the passage of arguably racist legislation. It was submitted to a U.S. court of law to support the plaintiffs’ claim that since the legislator publicly expressed racial bias against the groups of people affected by the law, then his legislation should be voided because the United States Constitution requires that laws treat citizens equally. The fact that critical discourse analytic findings have been entered into the U.S. courts leads to the question whether such analyses of public pronouncements May ever be permitted to serve as legally probative evidence.
{"title":"The senator’s discriminatory intent","authors":"Otto Santa Ana","doi":"10.1075/lcs.00015.san","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lcs.00015.san","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This is a critical analysis of the discourse of an elected state official in the years leading up to the passage of arguably racist legislation. It was submitted to a U.S. court of law to support the plaintiffs’ claim that since the legislator publicly expressed racial bias against the groups of people affected by the law, then his legislation should be voided because the United States Constitution requires that laws treat citizens equally. The fact that critical discourse analytic findings have been entered into the U.S. courts leads to the question whether such analyses of public pronouncements May ever be permitted to serve as legally probative evidence.","PeriodicalId":252896,"journal":{"name":"Language, Culture and Society","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122109217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A tribute to Alexandra Mystra Jaffe","authors":"Shana Walton","doi":"10.1075/lcs.00014.obi","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lcs.00014.obi","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":252896,"journal":{"name":"Language, Culture and Society","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127851532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although the figure of the English language assistant (ELA) dates back a long while, its current popularity is unprecedented in some areas of the world. Such is the case of Spain, where the goal of raising English standards among the younger generations has become a national obsession. Using critical ethnographic methods, this paper examines the experience of three British LAs placed in secondary schools in Barcelona. It draws on a focused case study of one of them – combined with ethnographic snapshots of the other two, interviews with school teachers and regional programme administrators, relevant programme publications, and social media data. The analysis reveals three major tensions shaping the ELA experience in the 21st century revolving around: (a) the underspecified and unskilled nature of the job; (b) its culturalist imagination and state diplomacy mission; and (c) the native speaker ideology constituting itsraison d’être. This paper provides new insights into the intertwining of the ELT infrastructure with global travel and tourism capitalised as skill boosters for employability purposes, and showcases the importance of foreign language education as a soft power tool.
{"title":"English language assistants in the 21st century","authors":"Eva Codó, J. McDaid","doi":"10.1075/lcs.00017.cod","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lcs.00017.cod","url":null,"abstract":"Although the figure of the English language assistant (ELA) dates back a long while, its current popularity is unprecedented in some areas of the world. Such is the case of Spain, where the goal of raising English standards among the younger generations has become a national obsession. Using critical ethnographic methods, this paper examines the experience of three British LAs placed in secondary schools in Barcelona. It draws on a focused case study of one of them – combined with ethnographic snapshots of the other two, interviews with school teachers and regional programme administrators, relevant programme publications, and social media data. The analysis reveals three major tensions shaping the ELA experience in the 21st century revolving around: (a) the underspecified and unskilled nature of the job; (b) its culturalist imagination and state diplomacy mission; and (c) the native speaker ideology constituting itsraison d’être. This paper provides new insights into the intertwining of the ELT infrastructure with global travel and tourism capitalised as skill boosters for employability purposes, and showcases the importance of foreign language education as a soft power tool.","PeriodicalId":252896,"journal":{"name":"Language, Culture and Society","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123801212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article, we explore the imbrication of service work with consumer markets and larger structures of inequality, including gender and class divides as well as social and economic differences. In line with current sociolinguistic scholarship on language and work, we are interested in the activity of serving people – both in the sense of being or becoming people who serve as well as in the practice of providing services to people. To do so, we offer an ethnographic account of the regime of labor surveillance as well as the daily work practices of female workers at a Starbucks coffeehouse in London, UK. We wonder about how employers organize the bodies of workers into signs, codes and messages that appeal to customers’ class expectations of this type of consumption. By documenting the regimentation and surveillance of labor at Starbucks, we inquire into the prescribed rules that guide ‘proper’ presentations of physicality; further, we ask questions about the mechanism through which the body at Starbucks is made to express its positioning within a structure of labor and its relationality to others, especially customers.
{"title":"Serving people","authors":"Mingdan Wu, A. Percio","doi":"10.1075/lcs.00016.wu","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lcs.00016.wu","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In this article, we explore the imbrication of service work with consumer markets and larger structures of inequality, including gender and class divides as well as social and economic differences. In line with current sociolinguistic scholarship on language and work, we are interested in the activity of serving people – both in the sense of being or becoming people who serve as well as in the practice of providing services to people. To do so, we offer an ethnographic account of the regime of labor surveillance as well as the daily work practices of female workers at a Starbucks coffeehouse in London, UK. We wonder about how employers organize the bodies of workers into signs, codes and messages that appeal to customers’ class expectations of this type of consumption. By documenting the regimentation and surveillance of labor at Starbucks, we inquire into the prescribed rules that guide ‘proper’ presentations of physicality; further, we ask questions about the mechanism through which the body at Starbucks is made to express its positioning within a structure of labor and its relationality to others, especially customers.","PeriodicalId":252896,"journal":{"name":"Language, Culture and Society","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133301375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article, I argue that Intercultural Bilingual Education (IBE) in Peru has turned into a depoliticized endeavor, fed by a modernist national frame and a positivist/ modernist linguistics (García et al., 2017). Situating my discussion amid the context of discourses of IBE, I will focus on Quechua-speaking urban youth activists and the way they challenge three key issues that have been historically entrenched in the discourse of IBE and language diversity in general: the restriction of Quechua speakers to “mother tongue” speakers, the dichotomy between local and global identities, and the defensive stance towards neoliberalism and the market economy. In a context of tensions and challenges for multilingualism and of new circumstances for minoritized languages and their speakers (Pietikainen et al., 2016), these young people are questioning the depoliticized, limiting, and fictitious views of Quechua and Quechuaness from the IBE discourse. Put it differently: they are disinventing Quechua as IBE conceives it and reinventing it within a much more inclusive and politicized project, in a way that should interest educators.
{"title":"Youth and the repoliticization of Quechua","authors":"Virginia Zavala","doi":"10.1075/LCS.00004.ZAV","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LCS.00004.ZAV","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In this article, I argue that Intercultural Bilingual Education (IBE) in Peru has turned into a depoliticized endeavor, fed by a modernist national frame and a positivist/ modernist linguistics (García et al., 2017). Situating my discussion amid the context of discourses of IBE, I will focus on Quechua-speaking urban youth activists and the way they challenge three key issues that have been historically entrenched in the discourse of IBE and language diversity in general: the restriction of Quechua speakers to “mother tongue” speakers, the dichotomy between local and global identities, and the defensive stance towards neoliberalism and the market economy. In a context of tensions and challenges for multilingualism and of new circumstances for minoritized languages and their speakers (Pietikainen et al., 2016), these young people are questioning the depoliticized, limiting, and fictitious views of Quechua and Quechuaness from the IBE discourse. Put it differently: they are disinventing Quechua as IBE conceives it and reinventing it within a much more inclusive and politicized project, in a way that should interest educators.","PeriodicalId":252896,"journal":{"name":"Language, Culture and Society","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124459894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
At the University of Toronto (U of T), and at many other institutions in Canada, we increasingly offer Indigenous land acknowledgements at the beginning of each formal event. Orientation events, each conference, the formal installation of new university officials. Public schools in Toronto still sing the national anthem, but it is preceded by a land acknowledgement. These acknowledgements are one of the outcomes of a fraught series of apologies for various forms of colonial violence over Indigenous people (see McElhinny, 2016a, b). I want to think, here, about acknowledgements and about citations which can be another form of problematic acknowledgement, as Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui notes (2012: 101). Failure to cite, and to acknowledge, is a problem, but certain forms of acknowledgement are a problem too (Critical Ethnic Studies Citation Practices Challenge Tumblr, McElhinny et al, 2003). Rivera Cusicanqui notes that “[I]deas run, like rivers, from the south to the north and are transformed into tributaries in major waves of thought... ideas leave the country converted into raw material, which become regurgitated and jumbled in the final product” (2012: 104). She means by this that ideas, people, are extracted from the South, and transformed into products that, yet again, benefit the North. The metaphor does not entirely work for this place, and that is one way we need to acknowledge the land. Here, in Toronto, the rivers mostly run from north to south. So we’re thinking, too, about how to better acknowledge this, a question which is in part about how to better centre Indigenous understandings. Who and what is one supposed to cite? Who or what is not cited? When can a form of citation be a form of honoring? The land acknowledgement, approved in June 2016 by our University’s Governing Council, and its Indigenous Council of Elders, arises, in part, because of a national conversation on Truth and Reconciliation. From the mid-19th century to late into the 20th century, the Canadian government and various churches seized
{"title":"Acknowledging","authors":"B. McElhinny","doi":"10.1075/lcs.00009.mce","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lcs.00009.mce","url":null,"abstract":"At the University of Toronto (U of T), and at many other institutions in Canada, we increasingly offer Indigenous land acknowledgements at the beginning of each formal event. Orientation events, each conference, the formal installation of new university officials. Public schools in Toronto still sing the national anthem, but it is preceded by a land acknowledgement. These acknowledgements are one of the outcomes of a fraught series of apologies for various forms of colonial violence over Indigenous people (see McElhinny, 2016a, b). I want to think, here, about acknowledgements and about citations which can be another form of problematic acknowledgement, as Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui notes (2012: 101). Failure to cite, and to acknowledge, is a problem, but certain forms of acknowledgement are a problem too (Critical Ethnic Studies Citation Practices Challenge Tumblr, McElhinny et al, 2003). Rivera Cusicanqui notes that “[I]deas run, like rivers, from the south to the north and are transformed into tributaries in major waves of thought... ideas leave the country converted into raw material, which become regurgitated and jumbled in the final product” (2012: 104). She means by this that ideas, people, are extracted from the South, and transformed into products that, yet again, benefit the North. The metaphor does not entirely work for this place, and that is one way we need to acknowledge the land. Here, in Toronto, the rivers mostly run from north to south. So we’re thinking, too, about how to better acknowledge this, a question which is in part about how to better centre Indigenous understandings. Who and what is one supposed to cite? Who or what is not cited? When can a form of citation be a form of honoring? The land acknowledgement, approved in June 2016 by our University’s Governing Council, and its Indigenous Council of Elders, arises, in part, because of a national conversation on Truth and Reconciliation. From the mid-19th century to late into the 20th century, the Canadian government and various churches seized","PeriodicalId":252896,"journal":{"name":"Language, Culture and Society","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127191375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Coloniality of knowledge, Ch’ixinakax utxiwa, and intercultural translation","authors":"Clare Keating","doi":"10.1075/LCS.00010.KEA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LCS.00010.KEA","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":252896,"journal":{"name":"Language, Culture and Society","volume":"194 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124924393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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