Healthcare waste (HCW) is generated from hospitals or healthcare related facilities and is considered a major source of environmental contamination because it is made up of potentially harmful substances. In developing countries, especially Nigeria, management of HCW is becoming an issue of concern. The main objective of this study was to assess the current HCW management practices at two hospitals in Abuja, Nigeria. This cross-sectional study was conducted from June to July 2018 among randomly selected healthcare workers (HWs) practising at two hospitals in Abuja, Nigeria, using an electronic interviewer-administered questionnaire installed on a smartphone via an open data tool kit. We evaluated the waste segregation practices and assessed the knowledge of HWs regarding HCW in one public secondary and one private tertiary health facility. The status of waste management practice in the health facilities was carried out using the following criteria: waste management (responsibility, segregation, storage and packaging); waste transport; waste recycling and reuse; waste treatment and final disposal. Data gathered were analysed by performing descriptive statistics. Of the 105 health workers interviewed, 69 (65.7%) were females and mostly (44.8%) were within the age group 31-40 years. The proportion of respondents who had received specific training in the management of HCW was 17.1% (18/105). The level of HCW management practices in both facilities was found to be level 2: operating in a manner with some aspects that are considered sustainable. HCW management (HCWM) in Abuja is worth sustainable, especially in resource-limited settings. Hospital Management Board needs to ensure that measures needed to improve the HCWM at hospitals are provided.
{"title":"Assessment of healthcare waste management practices among healthcare workers at two hospitals in Abuja, Nigeria","authors":"MK Aworh, J. Kwaga, E. Okolocha","doi":"10.4314/sokjvs.v20i5.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v20i5.17","url":null,"abstract":"Healthcare waste (HCW) is generated from hospitals or healthcare related facilities and is considered a major source of environmental contamination because it is made up of potentially harmful substances. In developing countries, especially Nigeria, management of HCW is becoming an issue of concern. The main objective of this study was to assess the current HCW management practices at two hospitals in Abuja, Nigeria. This cross-sectional study was conducted from June to July 2018 among randomly selected healthcare workers (HWs) practising at two hospitals in Abuja, Nigeria, using an electronic interviewer-administered questionnaire installed on a smartphone via an open data tool kit. We evaluated the waste segregation practices and assessed the knowledge of HWs regarding HCW in one public secondary and one private tertiary health facility. The status of waste management practice in the health facilities was carried out using the following criteria: waste management (responsibility, segregation, storage and packaging); waste transport; waste recycling and reuse; waste treatment and final disposal. Data gathered were analysed by performing descriptive statistics. Of the 105 health workers interviewed, 69 (65.7%) were females and mostly (44.8%) were within the age group 31-40 years. The proportion of respondents who had received specific training in the management of HCW was 17.1% (18/105). The level of HCW management practices in both facilities was found to be level 2: operating in a manner with some aspects that are considered sustainable. HCW management (HCWM) in Abuja is worth sustainable, especially in resource-limited settings. Hospital Management Board needs to ensure that measures needed to improve the HCWM at hospitals are provided.","PeriodicalId":253894,"journal":{"name":"Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115234821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effects of experimental acute Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection on the function and structure of the adrenal gland of Sahel bucks were studied for forty days. Eight Sahel bucks aged between 8 and 15 months were used. They were divided into two groups of five (infected) and three (uninfected) bucks. Group I were inoculated with 1ml containing about 1×10⁶ trypanosomes (Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Federe strain) via the jugular vein. Group II was uninfected control. Parasitaemia in the infected bucks appeared 3-4 days post-infection. The mean serum cortisol concentrations of the uninfected control and the infected groups at day 0 were 3.33 ± 0.44 μg/dl and 2.4 ± 0.29μg/dl, respectively. By day 4 post-infection, the mean serum cortisol concentration of the infected group increased to its peak value of 21.8 ± 6.25μg/dl compared to 3.0 ± 0.86 μg/dl of the uninfected control on the day all infected bucks became parasitaemic. Grossly, the adrenal glands of the infected group were enlarged. Histopathologically, there was adrenal cortical hypertrophy in the infected group. The results indicate that acute trypanosomosis due to experimental T. brucei brucei infection in Sahel buck caused hypertrophy of the adrenal gland and a significant increase in the circulatory cortisol concentration of the infected bucks at the onset of parasitaemia followed by a decrease to pre-infection cortisol concentration till the end of the 40 days duration of the experiment. Further study on the long-term effect of experimental Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection on the adrenal gland of Sahel bucks is recommended.
{"title":"Changes in the adrenal gland and cortisol secretions in experimental acute Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection in Sahel bucks","authors":"E. Nyillah, N. Ibrahim, B. Mohammed","doi":"10.4314/sokjvs.v20i5.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v20i5.21","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of experimental acute Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection on the function and structure of the adrenal gland of Sahel bucks were studied for forty days. Eight Sahel bucks aged between 8 and 15 months were used. They were divided into two groups of five (infected) and three (uninfected) bucks. Group I were inoculated with 1ml containing about 1×10⁶ trypanosomes (Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Federe strain) via the jugular vein. Group II was uninfected control. Parasitaemia in the infected bucks appeared 3-4 days post-infection. The mean serum cortisol concentrations of the uninfected control and the infected groups at day 0 were 3.33 ± 0.44 μg/dl and 2.4 ± 0.29μg/dl, respectively. By day 4 post-infection, the mean serum cortisol concentration of the infected group increased to its peak value of 21.8 ± 6.25μg/dl compared to 3.0 ± 0.86 μg/dl of the uninfected control on the day all infected bucks became parasitaemic. Grossly, the adrenal glands of the infected group were enlarged. Histopathologically, there was adrenal cortical hypertrophy in the infected group. The results indicate that acute trypanosomosis due to experimental T. brucei brucei infection in Sahel buck caused hypertrophy of the adrenal gland and a significant increase in the circulatory cortisol concentration of the infected bucks at the onset of parasitaemia followed by a decrease to pre-infection cortisol concentration till the end of the 40 days duration of the experiment. Further study on the long-term effect of experimental Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection on the adrenal gland of Sahel bucks is recommended.","PeriodicalId":253894,"journal":{"name":"Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128694234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Ogbu, CI Chukwudi, MT Tion, UU Eze, IC Nwosuh, B.M. Anene
Canine parvovirus is a deadly virus affecting the Canid family, causing virus-induced destruction of rapidly dividing haemopoietic precursor cells such as crypts of intestinal epithelial cells, thymus, lymph nodes, bone marrow precursor cells, blood cells and cardiac cells leading to multi-organ dysfunctions. The aim of this study was to determine the haematological, serum biochemical and electrolytic changes associated with canine parvovirus (CPV) -2 infection. An immunochromatographic test was used to differentiate the virus-positive and negative dogs using faecal samples. One hundred and sixty whole blood and serum samples were collected from apparently healthy and CPV-2-positive dogs in Plateau State, Nigeria. Haematological, serum biochemical and electrolytic analyses were done using standard methods. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a student t-test. Significance was accepted at probability values of p < 0.05. The haematological effect of CPV-2 showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in mean Packed Cell Volume (PCV), total red blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration, total white blood cell count, neutrophils, lymphocytes and platelet count. In addition, the CPV-2 significantly (P < 0.05) increased the mean aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, urea, creatinine, triglyceride and malondialdehyde, while the mean total protein, sodium, potassium, chloride and cholesterol significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in the infected dogs. From the findings, CPV infection variably and significantly affected some haematological and serum biochemical parameters of infected dogs. Therefore, clinicians should endeavour to incorporate haematinics, haptatonics and immune-modulators during the management of canine parvoviral infection as supportive drugs with fluid therapy to improve the survivability of infected animals.
{"title":"Haematology and serum biochemistry of dogs naturally infected with canine parvovirus-2","authors":"K. Ogbu, CI Chukwudi, MT Tion, UU Eze, IC Nwosuh, B.M. Anene","doi":"10.4314/sokjvs.v20i5.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v20i5.16","url":null,"abstract":"Canine parvovirus is a deadly virus affecting the Canid family, causing virus-induced destruction of rapidly dividing haemopoietic precursor cells such as crypts of intestinal epithelial cells, thymus, lymph nodes, bone marrow precursor cells, blood cells and cardiac cells leading to multi-organ dysfunctions. The aim of this study was to determine the haematological, serum biochemical and electrolytic changes associated with canine parvovirus (CPV) -2 infection. An immunochromatographic test was used to differentiate the virus-positive and negative dogs using faecal samples. One hundred and sixty whole blood and serum samples were collected from apparently healthy and CPV-2-positive dogs in Plateau State, Nigeria. Haematological, serum biochemical and electrolytic analyses were done using standard methods. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a student t-test. Significance was accepted at probability values of p < 0.05. The haematological effect of CPV-2 showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in mean Packed Cell Volume (PCV), total red blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration, total white blood cell count, neutrophils, lymphocytes and platelet count. In addition, the CPV-2 significantly (P < 0.05) increased the mean aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, urea, creatinine, triglyceride and malondialdehyde, while the mean total protein, sodium, potassium, chloride and cholesterol significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in the infected dogs. From the findings, CPV infection variably and significantly affected some haematological and serum biochemical parameters of infected dogs. Therefore, clinicians should endeavour to incorporate haematinics, haptatonics and immune-modulators during the management of canine parvoviral infection as supportive drugs with fluid therapy to improve the survivability of infected animals.","PeriodicalId":253894,"journal":{"name":"Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences","volume":"9 7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134574852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Industries use zinc oxide nano-particles (ZnO-NPs) to produce most commercial and medicinal goods, but indiscriminate discharge of their effluents into the aquatic environment may accumulate in the tissues of the fish. The ability of these metal oxides to accumulate in the tissue of fish due to their nano size could lead to a reduction in the nutritional value of the fish. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the rate of zinc bioaccumulation in tissues of Heterobranchus longifilis. Juveniles of H. longifilis were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations (0.0, 6.00, 8.00, 10.00, 12.00 mg/l) of ZnO-NPs for 60 d and depurated for 30 d. At the end of each experiment, fish were sacrificed and analyzed for bioaccumulation. The increasing order of concentration of zinc was as follow: bone< muscle < blood < skin < kidney < liver < GIT < gills having 0.068mg/g to 0.263 mg/g from muscle to gills. That was above the permissible limits (0.050 mg/g) in fish tissues, except in the bone with 0.054 mg/g, which was still within the acceptable limits. Gills accumulated the highest (0.263 mg/g) content of zinc, and bone had the lowest (0.054 mg/g). After the depuration period, the content of zinc in the tissues decreased in all the tissues but still remained above the maximum permissible limits in gills, GIT, kidney, liver and skin (0.175 mg/g, 0.162 mg/g, 0.066 mg/g, 0.071 mg/g and 0.073 mg/g respectively). However, the bone, blood and muscle were able to depurate the zinc content to values (0.031 mg/g, 0.034 mg/g, and 0.044 mg/g, respectively) below the acceptable limits of Zn in fish tissues. The results indicated that zinc from ZnO-NPs bioaccumulated in H. longifilis tissues, but the fish could depurate the metal naturally. However, the ability to depurate the bioaccumulated metal is time-dependent.
{"title":"Bioaccumulation and depuration of zinc in the tissues of Heterobranchus longifilis exposed to zinc oxide nano-particles","authors":"S. Abdulkareem, O. Owolabi","doi":"10.4314/sokjvs.v20i5.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v20i5.19","url":null,"abstract":"Industries use zinc oxide nano-particles (ZnO-NPs) to produce most commercial and medicinal goods, but indiscriminate discharge of their effluents into the aquatic environment may accumulate in the tissues of the fish. The ability of these metal oxides to accumulate in the tissue of fish due to their nano size could lead to a reduction in the nutritional value of the fish. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the rate of zinc bioaccumulation in tissues of Heterobranchus longifilis. Juveniles of H. longifilis were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations (0.0, 6.00, 8.00, 10.00, 12.00 mg/l) of ZnO-NPs for 60 d and depurated for 30 d. At the end of each experiment, fish were sacrificed and analyzed for bioaccumulation. The increasing order of concentration of zinc was as follow: bone< muscle < blood < skin < kidney < liver < GIT < gills having 0.068mg/g to 0.263 mg/g from muscle to gills. That was above the permissible limits (0.050 mg/g) in fish tissues, except in the bone with 0.054 mg/g, which was still within the acceptable limits. Gills accumulated the highest (0.263 mg/g) content of zinc, and bone had the lowest (0.054 mg/g). After the depuration period, the content of zinc in the tissues decreased in all the tissues but still remained above the maximum permissible limits in gills, GIT, kidney, liver and skin (0.175 mg/g, 0.162 mg/g, 0.066 mg/g, 0.071 mg/g and 0.073 mg/g respectively). However, the bone, blood and muscle were able to depurate the zinc content to values (0.031 mg/g, 0.034 mg/g, and 0.044 mg/g, respectively) below the acceptable limits of Zn in fish tissues. The results indicated that zinc from ZnO-NPs bioaccumulated in H. longifilis tissues, but the fish could depurate the metal naturally. However, the ability to depurate the bioaccumulated metal is time-dependent.","PeriodicalId":253894,"journal":{"name":"Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133795676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Adekunle, Syafrison Idris, AE Sijuwola, AJ Jubril, V. Taiwo
This study investigated the impact of poultry management systems (intensive and extensive) on selenium and zinc concentrations and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio in chickens. Sixty chickens comprising 20 broilers, 20 local chickens and 20 layers obtained from poultry markets and houses around Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria were used in this study. Five millilitres of blood were collected through the brachial vein to analyse for selenium, zinc and complete blood count using atomic absorption spectrophotometry and standard haematological methods, respectively. There was a significantly (P<0.05) higher red blood cell, haemoglobin and pack cell volume values in local chickens raised in the extensive management system compared to broilers and layers raised in the intensive management system. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the white blood cell count between layers and local chickens. However, layers had higher white blood cell counts than local chickens. In contrast, local chickens had significantly (P<0.05) lower white blood cell count than broilers. The respective lymphocyte and heterophil counts were significantly (P<0.05) higher and lower in local chickens raised extensively compared to layers raised intensively. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in monocyte, eosinophil and basophil count in chickens raised from both management systems. Chickens raised in the extensive management system had a significantly (P<0.05) higher selenium concentration with a lower heterophil to lymphocyte ratio than those raised in the intensive management system but had a significantly (P<0.05) lower zinc concentration. Therefore, high selenium levels and low heterophil to lymphocyte ratio could contribute to the resistance of chickens to various stressors associated with an extensive management system as selenium is a known immunomodulator.
{"title":"Impact of management systems on selenium and zinc levels, heterophil: Lymphocyte ratio as biomarkers of immunity in chickens","authors":"L. Adekunle, Syafrison Idris, AE Sijuwola, AJ Jubril, V. Taiwo","doi":"10.4314/sokjvs.v20i5.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v20i5.13","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the impact of poultry management systems (intensive and extensive) on selenium and zinc concentrations and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio in chickens. Sixty chickens comprising 20 broilers, 20 local chickens and 20 layers obtained from poultry markets and houses around Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria were used in this study. Five millilitres of blood were collected through the brachial vein to analyse for selenium, zinc and complete blood count using atomic absorption spectrophotometry and standard haematological methods, respectively. There was a significantly (P<0.05) higher red blood cell, haemoglobin and pack cell volume values in local chickens raised in the extensive management system compared to broilers and layers raised in the intensive management system. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the white blood cell count between layers and local chickens. However, layers had higher white blood cell counts than local chickens. In contrast, local chickens had significantly (P<0.05) lower white blood cell count than broilers. The respective lymphocyte and heterophil counts were significantly (P<0.05) higher and lower in local chickens raised extensively compared to layers raised intensively. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in monocyte, eosinophil and basophil count in chickens raised from both management systems. Chickens raised in the extensive management system had a significantly (P<0.05) higher selenium concentration with a lower heterophil to lymphocyte ratio than those raised in the intensive management system but had a significantly (P<0.05) lower zinc concentration. Therefore, high selenium levels and low heterophil to lymphocyte ratio could contribute to the resistance of chickens to various stressors associated with an extensive management system as selenium is a known immunomodulator.","PeriodicalId":253894,"journal":{"name":"Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130161791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Aliyu, Az Hassan, G. Ochube, BN Umar, M. Lawal, A. Ibrahim
Femoral diaphyseal fractures are usually amenable to reduction with the use of orthodox fixation implants, which in most cases are expensive and cause intense stress to the patient, hence the need for safer, new biomaterials. This study assessed the use of allo-cadaveric bone plates (CBP-A) and conventional bone plates in managing femoral fractures in dogs. A total of four 8-12 kg Nigerian indigenous dogs were randomly divided into two groups, with each consisting of a male and female dog. Sterilized osteotome wire was employed to surgically create transverse mid-shaft femoral fractures in all the dogs. The fractures in Group I dogs were managed using Vitallium-alloy bone plates and served as control, while Group II fractures were reduced and fixed using CBP-A. Clinical and radiographic assessments for three months were carried out to compare the fracture healing between the groups. Results showed an early stabilization of vital parameters with a premature attempt to use the operated limb on days 4 and 5 post-reduction in groups I and II, respectively. The radiographs revealed good fracture reduction and fixation in all the dogs with the gradual disappearance of the fracture line, as well as progressive bone remodelling as the fracture healing advanced through the sixth week. At 12 weeks, there was distinct medullary and cortical continuity in all the dogs. Therefore, the novel CBP-A used in this study has effectively provided the needed fixation stability with minimal external immobilization for the repair of dog femoral fractures; hence, it should be recommended for use.
{"title":"Clinical and radiographic evaluations of healing femoral fractures managed with conventional and novel allo-cadaveric bone plates in dogs","authors":"B. Aliyu, Az Hassan, G. Ochube, BN Umar, M. Lawal, A. Ibrahim","doi":"10.4314/sokjvs.v20i5.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v20i5.14","url":null,"abstract":"Femoral diaphyseal fractures are usually amenable to reduction with the use of orthodox fixation implants, which in most cases are expensive and cause intense stress to the patient, hence the need for safer, new biomaterials. This study assessed the use of allo-cadaveric bone plates (CBP-A) and conventional bone plates in managing femoral fractures in dogs. A total of four 8-12 kg Nigerian indigenous dogs were randomly divided into two groups, with each consisting of a male and female dog. Sterilized osteotome wire was employed to surgically create transverse mid-shaft femoral fractures in all the dogs. The fractures in Group I dogs were managed using Vitallium-alloy bone plates and served as control, while Group II fractures were reduced and fixed using CBP-A. Clinical and radiographic assessments for three months were carried out to compare the fracture healing between the groups. Results showed an early stabilization of vital parameters with a premature attempt to use the operated limb on days 4 and 5 post-reduction in groups I and II, respectively. The radiographs revealed good fracture reduction and fixation in all the dogs with the gradual disappearance of the fracture line, as well as progressive bone remodelling as the fracture healing advanced through the sixth week. At 12 weeks, there was distinct medullary and cortical continuity in all the dogs. Therefore, the novel CBP-A used in this study has effectively provided the needed fixation stability with minimal external immobilization for the repair of dog femoral fractures; hence, it should be recommended for use.","PeriodicalId":253894,"journal":{"name":"Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123379772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A comparative study to determine the impact of gas flaring (GF) on some phytoconstituents of five commonly used green leafy vegetables was done. Two locations in south-east states in Nigeria, Ibeno in Akwa Ibom State, a gas flaring (GF) community and Nsukka in Enugu State, a non-gas flaring (NGF) community, were used. Five fresh green leafy vegetable samples were used for this study (Amaranthus hybridus, Gnetum africanum, Talinum triangulare, Telfairia occidentalis, and Vernonia amygdalina) and were obtained from community farmlands during the rainy season between August and November, 2016. After collecting and identifying the green leafy vegetables from five different farmlands in GF and NGF areas and at a distance of about 2km radius from the flare site in GF communities, detailed laboratory analysis was done for alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins. For A. hybridus, the flavonoid and tannin contents in NGF community were significantly (p<0.05) higher than in GF community; G. africanum, the alkaloid and tannin contents were higher in NGF community; T. triangulare, the alkaloid content alone was higher in NGF community; T. occidentalis, the alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin and tannin contents were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the NGF community; V. amygdalina, the tannin content alone was higher in NGF community compared to the GF community. Most green leafy vegetables from NGF community produced higher and better phytoconstituent concentrations than the GF community. This can be attributed to the non-pollution of the former environment.
{"title":"Comparative analysis of phytoconstituents in commonly used vegetables in gas flaring and non-gas flaring communities in southeastern Nigeria","authors":"MK Ijomanta, AO Anaga, I. Asuzu","doi":"10.4314/sokjvs.v20i5.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v20i5.15","url":null,"abstract":"A comparative study to determine the impact of gas flaring (GF) on some phytoconstituents of five commonly used green leafy vegetables was done. Two locations in south-east states in Nigeria, Ibeno in Akwa Ibom State, a gas flaring (GF) community and Nsukka in Enugu State, a non-gas flaring (NGF) community, were used. Five fresh green leafy vegetable samples were used for this study (Amaranthus hybridus, Gnetum africanum, Talinum triangulare, Telfairia occidentalis, and Vernonia amygdalina) and were obtained from community farmlands during the rainy season between August and November, 2016. After collecting and identifying the green leafy vegetables from five different farmlands in GF and NGF areas and at a distance of about 2km radius from the flare site in GF communities, detailed laboratory analysis was done for alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins. For A. hybridus, the flavonoid and tannin contents in NGF community were significantly (p<0.05) higher than in GF community; G. africanum, the alkaloid and tannin contents were higher in NGF community; T. triangulare, the alkaloid content alone was higher in NGF community; T. occidentalis, the alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin and tannin contents were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the NGF community; V. amygdalina, the tannin content alone was higher in NGF community compared to the GF community. Most green leafy vegetables from NGF community produced higher and better phytoconstituent concentrations than the GF community. This can be attributed to the non-pollution of the former environment.","PeriodicalId":253894,"journal":{"name":"Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences","volume":"434 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122692750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The morphological features of the orbit and peri-ocular glands of the herbivorous African grasscutter were evaluated in this study. Heads of the rats were processed using the cold-water maceration technique, while the peri-ocular glands were obtained and processed for light microscopy using the conventional paraffin technique. The orbit was laterally located and associated with an enlarged maxillary infraorbital foramen. This orbital configuration imparted the grasscutter with a panoramic field of vision and a hystricomorphous improved masticatory ability. The Zeis and meibomian glands were located in the eyelid and showed holocrine histological features with myoepithelial cells surrounding their secretory acini. The gland of Moll was a simple coiled tubular gland that, together with the gland of Zeis, were associated with the palpebral cilia. The large harderian gland situated posterior to the eyeball was a lobulated compound exocrine gland whose secretory cells contained basally-displaced nuclei and foamy cytoplasm. The protruding glandular mass located adjacent to the rostral half of the upper eyelid, which we named the suprapalpebral gland had similar histological features as the harderian gland. These peri-ocular glands produced mainly mucoid and lipid secretions required for maintenance of structural and functional integrity of the cornea and eyelid. The qualitative and quantitative data from this study will be useful in the understanding of the biology of the African grasscutter and in the identification of orbital and peri-ocular glandular pathology in this species.
{"title":"Morphological evaluation of the orbit and peri-ocular glands of the African grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus)","authors":"IK Peter-Ajuzie, IC Nwaogu","doi":"10.4314/sokjvs.v20i5.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v20i5.6","url":null,"abstract":"The morphological features of the orbit and peri-ocular glands of the herbivorous African grasscutter were evaluated in this study. Heads of the rats were processed using the cold-water maceration technique, while the peri-ocular glands were obtained and processed for light microscopy using the conventional paraffin technique. The orbit was laterally located and associated with an enlarged maxillary infraorbital foramen. This orbital configuration imparted the grasscutter with a panoramic field of vision and a hystricomorphous improved masticatory ability. The Zeis and meibomian glands were located in the eyelid and showed holocrine histological features with myoepithelial cells surrounding their secretory acini. The gland of Moll was a simple coiled tubular gland that, together with the gland of Zeis, were associated with the palpebral cilia. The large harderian gland situated posterior to the eyeball was a lobulated compound exocrine gland whose secretory cells contained basally-displaced nuclei and foamy cytoplasm. The protruding glandular mass located adjacent to the rostral half of the upper eyelid, which we named the suprapalpebral gland had similar histological features as the harderian gland. These peri-ocular glands produced mainly mucoid and lipid secretions required for maintenance of structural and functional integrity of the cornea and eyelid. The qualitative and quantitative data from this study will be useful in the understanding of the biology of the African grasscutter and in the identification of orbital and peri-ocular glandular pathology in this species.","PeriodicalId":253894,"journal":{"name":"Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126502595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
U.A. Mikaheel, J. Ipinjolu, L. Argungu, W. Hassan, I. Magawata, M. Abubakar
The role of carcass evaluation techniques in aquaculture genetics and breeding cannot be over-emphasized. Knowledge of growth potentials concerning carcass quality has improved genetic selection techniques and management. Therefore, this study was conducted on the carcass yields, by-yields, anatomical separation, and nutritional quality of Clarias gariepinus strains collected from river Rima and two other population groups from two different fish farms with records of a pure cultured strain of C. gariepinus and another farm with a pedigree of artificial crosses. The flesh weight (FW) of the river Rima (55.50±2.97) population strain was higher (p<0.05) than the two cultured population strains. Population strain C (47.79±1.17) recorded the lowest significant (p<0.05) flesh weight (FW). In comparison, B (49.12±2.68) population strain had an intermediately significant (p<0.05) flesh weight. The coefficients of variations (CV) were almost the same for all the three population groups except the gutted weight, where the river Rima (wild) population strains had the highest CV. This study recommended that attention be given to improving the cultured stock/strains in terms of resistance to diseases, heritability for improving healthy growth rate, feed conversion efficiency, and general hardiness, harnessing the diverse wild strains. In addition, this study recommended further investigation, including the amino acid profile and organoleptic characteristics of the wild fish population groups from river Rima for additional knowledge to the interest of Fish Nutritionists.
{"title":"Carcass-waste yields and nutritional composition of strains of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) as index traits for selective breeding","authors":"U.A. Mikaheel, J. Ipinjolu, L. Argungu, W. Hassan, I. Magawata, M. Abubakar","doi":"10.4314/sokjvs.v20i5.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v20i5.8","url":null,"abstract":"The role of carcass evaluation techniques in aquaculture genetics and breeding cannot be over-emphasized. Knowledge of growth potentials concerning carcass quality has improved genetic selection techniques and management. Therefore, this study was conducted on the carcass yields, by-yields, anatomical separation, and nutritional quality of Clarias gariepinus strains collected from river Rima and two other population groups from two different fish farms with records of a pure cultured strain of C. gariepinus and another farm with a pedigree of artificial crosses. The flesh weight (FW) of the river Rima (55.50±2.97) population strain was higher (p<0.05) than the two cultured population strains. Population strain C (47.79±1.17) recorded the lowest significant (p<0.05) flesh weight (FW). In comparison, B (49.12±2.68) population strain had an intermediately significant (p<0.05) flesh weight. The coefficients of variations (CV) were almost the same for all the three population groups except the gutted weight, where the river Rima (wild) population strains had the highest CV. This study recommended that attention be given to improving the cultured stock/strains in terms of resistance to diseases, heritability for improving healthy growth rate, feed conversion efficiency, and general hardiness, harnessing the diverse wild strains. In addition, this study recommended further investigation, including the amino acid profile and organoleptic characteristics of the wild fish population groups from river Rima for additional knowledge to the interest of Fish Nutritionists.","PeriodicalId":253894,"journal":{"name":"Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133697313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The administration of pycnogenol (PYC) prior to physical exertion had earlier shown to improve gait variables after work. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of PYC on kinematic parameters of donkeys subjected to packing during the dry season. Ten male donkeys served as experimental subjects. Five donkeys were administered with PYC (10 mg/kg) in feed (test group) while another five donkeys were given feed only (control group) for one week pre-packing. Thermal environmental parameters of ambient temperature (AT), relative humidity (RH) and temperature humidity index (THI) were recorded. Kinematic parameters of speed (SP), stride length (SL), stride frequency (SF) and stride duration (SD) using videographic recordings 5 minutes post-packing with each animal walking at a self-selected speed were recorded. The THI values obtained pre- (95.4 ± 3.9) and during (85.3 ± 1.6) packing in the cold-dry season were significantly lower than the values of 148.8 ± 1.8 and 134.8 ± 1.1, respectively obtained during the hot-dry season. The speed recorded in test group (2.0 ± 0.3 m/s) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher when compared to the value (1.3 ± 0.2 m/s) obtained in control group during the hot-dry season while, during the cold-dry season, the test group recorded a significantly (P < 0.05) higher speed (1.3 ± 0.3 m/s) when compared with 1.0 ± 0.2 m/s recorded in control group.The increased speed recorded in the test group indicated that the group performed better as they were less fatigued when compared with the control group. Thus, PYC could be used as a potential agent in the management of fatigue in donkeys used for packing purposes in the region.
{"title":"Pycnogenol improves kinematic parameters of donkeys (Equus asinus) subjected to packing during the dry season","authors":"Fh Olaifa, J. Ayo, T. Aluwong, PI Ekwot","doi":"10.4314/sokjvs.v20i5.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v20i5.7","url":null,"abstract":"The administration of pycnogenol (PYC) prior to physical exertion had earlier shown to improve gait variables after work. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of PYC on kinematic parameters of donkeys subjected to packing during the dry season. Ten male donkeys served as experimental subjects. Five donkeys were administered with PYC (10 mg/kg) in feed (test group) while another five donkeys were given feed only (control group) for one week pre-packing. Thermal environmental parameters of ambient temperature (AT), relative humidity (RH) and temperature humidity index (THI) were recorded. Kinematic parameters of speed (SP), stride length (SL), stride frequency (SF) and stride duration (SD) using videographic recordings 5 minutes post-packing with each animal walking at a self-selected speed were recorded. The THI values obtained pre- (95.4 ± 3.9) and during (85.3 ± 1.6) packing in the cold-dry season were significantly lower than the values of 148.8 ± 1.8 and 134.8 ± 1.1, respectively obtained during the hot-dry season. The speed recorded in test group (2.0 ± 0.3 m/s) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher when compared to the value (1.3 ± 0.2 m/s) obtained in control group during the hot-dry season while, during the cold-dry season, the test group recorded a significantly (P < 0.05) higher speed (1.3 ± 0.3 m/s) when compared with 1.0 ± 0.2 m/s recorded in control group.The increased speed recorded in the test group indicated that the group performed better as they were less fatigued when compared with the control group. Thus, PYC could be used as a potential agent in the management of fatigue in donkeys used for packing purposes in the region.","PeriodicalId":253894,"journal":{"name":"Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130333933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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