The morphological characteristics of the placenta of Yankasa and Balami ewes were evaluated. Uteri of 20 pregnant Yankasa and Balami ewes were collected as abattoir waste from Maiduguri Municipal abattoir and were placed in containers containing 10% neutral buffered formalin. Using the crown-rump length (CRL) method of estimating the ages of the foetuses, they were grouped into three gestational stages. In both breeds, 50% of pregnancy occurred in the left uterine horn; in the Yankasa, 20% and 30% occur in the right uterine horn, and both (twining), respectively. While in the Balami, 40% and 10% occurred in the right and both (twinning) uterine horns, respectively. The results showed that the placenta-maternal contact in both breeds was fragile in the first stage, firm in the second stage, and loose in the third stage. The results showed that there were significant changes (P<0.001) in the mean weight, length, and width of the placentomes in all three stages. Three types of placenta appearances were identified in the Yankasa ewe: concave, convex, and flat, while two types of appearances in the Balami ewe were concave and convex. In the light microscopy evaluation, the trophoblastic epithelia of both ewes were composed of mononucleated, binucleated cells and syncytia. Endometrial glands were also observed in the inter-placental space. In conclusion, this study has shown that in both breeds, the cotyledonary surfaces of the placentae were mostly concave, followed by convex, and a mixture of the two (concave/convex). The trophoblast epithelia are positioned to control the movement of substances across foetal and maternal tissues. Even though little is still known about the regulation of these cells in the trophoblast epithelia, they are believed to be responsible for the synthesis of hormones such as lactogen for the maintenance of the pregnancy before parturition.
{"title":"Morphological characteristics of the placenta of Balami and Yankasa ewes at different stages of gestation in Maiduguri, Nigeria","authors":"Y. Gazali, B. Gambo, M. Zakariah, M. Sonfada","doi":"10.4314/sokjvs.v21i1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v21i1.2","url":null,"abstract":"The morphological characteristics of the placenta of Yankasa and Balami ewes were evaluated. Uteri of 20 pregnant Yankasa and Balami ewes were collected as abattoir waste from Maiduguri Municipal abattoir and were placed in containers containing 10% neutral buffered formalin. Using the crown-rump length (CRL) method of estimating the ages of the foetuses, they were grouped into three gestational stages. In both breeds, 50% of pregnancy occurred in the left uterine horn; in the Yankasa, 20% and 30% occur in the right uterine horn, and both (twining), respectively. While in the Balami, 40% and 10% occurred in the right and both (twinning) uterine horns, respectively. The results showed that the placenta-maternal contact in both breeds was fragile in the first stage, firm in the second stage, and loose in the third stage. The results showed that there were significant changes (P<0.001) in the mean weight, length, and width of the placentomes in all three stages. Three types of placenta appearances were identified in the Yankasa ewe: concave, convex, and flat, while two types of appearances in the Balami ewe were concave and convex. In the light microscopy evaluation, the trophoblastic epithelia of both ewes were composed of mononucleated, binucleated cells and syncytia. Endometrial glands were also observed in the inter-placental space. In conclusion, this study has shown that in both breeds, the cotyledonary surfaces of the placentae were mostly concave, followed by convex, and a mixture of the two (concave/convex). The trophoblast epithelia are positioned to control the movement of substances across foetal and maternal tissues. Even though little is still known about the regulation of these cells in the trophoblast epithelia, they are believed to be responsible for the synthesis of hormones such as lactogen for the maintenance of the pregnancy before parturition.","PeriodicalId":253894,"journal":{"name":"Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116863732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Asuku, I. Alkali, R. Ali, U. Bamanga, A. Mustapha, M. Bukar, M. Waziri
Semen collection in birds was initially achieved either via post-mortem drainage of the vas deferens or by cloacal retrieval after natural mating. Current techniques do not exclude stress and risk of injury during restraint or milking, especially in domestic turkeys. The present study was designed to develop more convenient methods of semen collection in turkeys. It involved five (n = 5) matured turkey toms weighing approximately 12 – 15 kg and two (n = 2) turkey hens. In the improved collection method, toms were stimulated by exposing them to hens, covered using a locally constructed wooden box. They were allowed to mount until there was evidence of ejaculatory response, demonstrated by increased abdominal pressure and cloacal contraction. After mounting, the tail feathers were lifted, and a collection vial was placed immediately below the cloaca to collect the ejaculates. In the modified abdominal massage, the turkey toms were restrained on sterna recumbency while the ejaculatory response was initiated by gently massaging the soft part of the abdomen and backward massage of the tail feathers. This is continued by rubbing either side of the cloaca till erection is achieved and semen is milked into a collection vial by gently squeezing the cloaca. Collections were made twice a week for four weeks using each method independently. The mean semen volume in the improved collection method was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the modified abdominal massage. There was no significant (p > 0.05) difference in motility, abnormalities and concentration between both methods. The results from this study suggest that both collection methods were satisfactory for practical use and may offset some challenges associated with the most widely used abdominal massage technique of semen collection in turkeys.
{"title":"Modified collection methods and quality of semen in Nigerian local turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo)","authors":"S. Asuku, I. Alkali, R. Ali, U. Bamanga, A. Mustapha, M. Bukar, M. Waziri","doi":"10.4314/sokjvs.v20i4.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v20i4.6","url":null,"abstract":"Semen collection in birds was initially achieved either via post-mortem drainage of the vas deferens or by cloacal retrieval after natural mating. Current techniques do not exclude stress and risk of injury during restraint or milking, especially in domestic turkeys. The present study was designed to develop more convenient methods of semen collection in turkeys. It involved five (n = 5) matured turkey toms weighing approximately 12 – 15 kg and two (n = 2) turkey hens. In the improved collection method, toms were stimulated by exposing them to hens, covered using a locally constructed wooden box. They were allowed to mount until there was evidence of ejaculatory response, demonstrated by increased abdominal pressure and cloacal contraction. After mounting, the tail feathers were lifted, and a collection vial was placed immediately below the cloaca to collect the ejaculates. In the modified abdominal massage, the turkey toms were restrained on sterna recumbency while the ejaculatory response was initiated by gently massaging the soft part of the abdomen and backward massage of the tail feathers. This is continued by rubbing either side of the cloaca till erection is achieved and semen is milked into a collection vial by gently squeezing the cloaca. Collections were made twice a week for four weeks using each method independently. The mean semen volume in the improved collection method was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the modified abdominal massage. There was no significant (p > 0.05) difference in motility, abnormalities and concentration between both methods. The results from this study suggest that both collection methods were satisfactory for practical use and may offset some challenges associated with the most widely used abdominal massage technique of semen collection in turkeys.","PeriodicalId":253894,"journal":{"name":"Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122100157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AA Bakre, OD Adelakun, U. Dauda, RO Adesola, O. Oladele
Since the report of the first case of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in Nigeria, surveillance of the disease has mostly been in chickens, with minimal focus on ducks. This work aimed to conduct a longitudinal study to determine the prevalence and temporal patterns of antibodies against Avian Influenza viruses (AIV) in healthy, unvaccinated scavenging ducks in some Local Governments Areas (LGAs) in Oyo State. We used a competitive ELISA to identify AI virus antibodies in a total of 200 duck sera collected from different households in Akinyele, Iseyin and Ibarapa Central Local government areas (LGAs) during dry and wet seasons as part of ongoing research on AI in the southwest, Nigeria. The overall seroprevalence obtained by ELISA was 42.5% (85/200). A significantly higher seroprevalence of 60% (60/100) of AI was found in the dry season than in the wet season with 25% (25/100). This study provides evidence of ongoing circulation of Avian influenza in the indigenous duck population in some selected local government areas in Oyo State, which may be a risk factor for future outbreaks of AI in chickens and possibly humans. Proper biosecurity and continuous surveillance are hereby advocated for effective prevention and control. Additionally, keeping ducks and chickens together should be discouraged both on farms and in households, particularly during the dry season.
{"title":"Seroprevalence of avian influenza in free-range domestic ducks in some selected households in Oyo State, southwestern Nigeria","authors":"AA Bakre, OD Adelakun, U. Dauda, RO Adesola, O. Oladele","doi":"10.4314/sokjvs.v20i4.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v20i4.7","url":null,"abstract":"Since the report of the first case of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in Nigeria, surveillance of the disease has mostly been in chickens, with minimal focus on ducks. This work aimed to conduct a longitudinal study to determine the prevalence and temporal patterns of antibodies against Avian Influenza viruses (AIV) in healthy, unvaccinated scavenging ducks in some Local Governments Areas (LGAs) in Oyo State. We used a competitive ELISA to identify AI virus antibodies in a total of 200 duck sera collected from different households in Akinyele, Iseyin and Ibarapa Central Local government areas (LGAs) during dry and wet seasons as part of ongoing research on AI in the southwest, Nigeria. The overall seroprevalence obtained by ELISA was 42.5% (85/200). A significantly higher seroprevalence of 60% (60/100) of AI was found in the dry season than in the wet season with 25% (25/100). This study provides evidence of ongoing circulation of Avian influenza in the indigenous duck population in some selected local government areas in Oyo State, which may be a risk factor for future outbreaks of AI in chickens and possibly humans. Proper biosecurity and continuous surveillance are hereby advocated for effective prevention and control. Additionally, keeping ducks and chickens together should be discouraged both on farms and in households, particularly during the dry season.","PeriodicalId":253894,"journal":{"name":"Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128687691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Luka, A. Peter, M. Zango, J. Musa, EA Malgwi, H. Pindar, CM Alfred, YD Medugu
Ectoparasitic fauna of 397 conveniently sampled domestic birds consisting of 213 chickens, 128 turkeys, 21 ducks, 19 guinea fowls, 8 pigeons and 8 geese were investigated in Maiduguri, Borno State. A total of one hundred and fifty-two 152 (38.29%) birds were infested with one ectoparasitic species or the other comprising of 115 (54.00%) chickens, 33 (25.78%) turkeys, 1 (5.26%) guinea fowl and 3 (37.50%) pigeons. No infestation was encountered among geese and ducks examined. The infestation rate differed significantly based on sex and age (p<0.05), but not the management system. Similarly, the occurrence varied significantly (p<0.05) based on locations of sampling (p<0.00001) and species of poultry examined (p<0.000049). Furthermore, 116 (29.21%) of the total birds examined had a single infestation with either louse, tick or mite species, while 36(9.06%) birds had mixed infestation with species from two or more of these ectoparasitic groups. Among the parasites encountered, lice present on 146 (36.77%) birds were the most prevalent, followed by mites 28(7.05%) and ticks 15(3.78%). Nine different species of ectoparasites belonging to the orders Mallophaga and Acarina were identified in the study. Menopon gallinae, Lipeurus caponis, Menacanthus stramineus, Goniodes gigas, Goniocotes gallinae and Columbicola columbae were the lice identified, while Cnemidocoptes mutans and Ornithonyssus bursa were the only species of mite identified. The poultry tick, Argas persicus was the only tick species found. Conclusively, the study revealed a high but variable burden of ectoparasitic infestation among poultry species examined, and that ectoparasites are common in minor poultry species as they do occur in chickens under different management systems in the study area. The need to investigate the diverse effects of ectoparasitism on the different poultry species is suggested here.
{"title":"Ectoparasitic fauna of poultry species in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria","authors":"J. Luka, A. Peter, M. Zango, J. Musa, EA Malgwi, H. Pindar, CM Alfred, YD Medugu","doi":"10.4314/sokjvs.v20i4.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v20i4.2","url":null,"abstract":"Ectoparasitic fauna of 397 conveniently sampled domestic birds consisting of 213 chickens, 128 turkeys, 21 ducks, 19 guinea fowls, 8 pigeons and 8 geese were investigated in Maiduguri, Borno State. A total of one hundred and fifty-two 152 (38.29%) birds were infested with one ectoparasitic species or the other comprising of 115 (54.00%) chickens, 33 (25.78%) turkeys, 1 (5.26%) guinea fowl and 3 (37.50%) pigeons. No infestation was encountered among geese and ducks examined. The infestation rate differed significantly based on sex and age (p<0.05), but not the management system. Similarly, the occurrence varied significantly (p<0.05) based on locations of sampling (p<0.00001) and species of poultry examined (p<0.000049). Furthermore, 116 (29.21%) of the total birds examined had a single infestation with either louse, tick or mite species, while 36(9.06%) birds had mixed infestation with species from two or more of these ectoparasitic groups. Among the parasites encountered, lice present on 146 (36.77%) birds were the most prevalent, followed by mites 28(7.05%) and ticks 15(3.78%). Nine different species of ectoparasites belonging to the orders Mallophaga and Acarina were identified in the study. Menopon gallinae, Lipeurus caponis, Menacanthus stramineus, Goniodes gigas, Goniocotes gallinae and Columbicola columbae were the lice identified, while Cnemidocoptes mutans and Ornithonyssus bursa were the only species of mite identified. The poultry tick, Argas persicus was the only tick species found. Conclusively, the study revealed a high but variable burden of ectoparasitic infestation among poultry species examined, and that ectoparasites are common in minor poultry species as they do occur in chickens under different management systems in the study area. The need to investigate the diverse effects of ectoparasitism on the different poultry species is suggested here.","PeriodicalId":253894,"journal":{"name":"Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122579595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Ukwueze, P. Akpa, R. Odo, C. Ezema, B.M. Anene, K. Idika
Trypanosomosis is a debilitating, fatal disease of man and animals often associated with anaemia. The trypanocides currently used in the management of the disease are far from giving desired results. This study investigated changes in haematological indices and the treatment outcome of diminazene aceturate (DA) against Trypanosoma brucei in dogs supplemented with resveratrol. A total of twenty (20) male Nigerian local breed of dogs (NBD) aged 6 to 12 months were used for the study. The dogs were randomly assigned into five groups (I-V) of four dogs per group. Group I was uninfected and unsupplemented; group II, was infected, untreated, and unsupplemented; group III, infected unsupplemented, treated with DA, group IV was infected and supplemented but untreated with DA, and group V was infected and supplemented DA-treated. The mean pre-patent period of Trypanosoma infection was 5.75±0.96 and 9.00±0.82 days for the infected unsupplemented and the infected resveratrol-supplemented groups, respectively. There was a complete parasite clearance from peripheral blood within 24-48 hours following treatment with DA on day 10 post-treatment (PT) in the supplemented and 24-72 hours in the unsupplemented treated groups. The supplemented treated did not show any relapse of infection, whereas the un-supplemented, DA-treated showed relapse on day 25 PT. It was concluded that resveratrol supplementation enhanced the efficacy of diminazene aceturate with no risk of relapse, minimized the effects of the parasite in the animals, and increased survival time.
{"title":"The effect of resveratrol supplementation on haematological parameters and trypanocidal efficacy of diminazene aceturate in dogs","authors":"C. Ukwueze, P. Akpa, R. Odo, C. Ezema, B.M. Anene, K. Idika","doi":"10.4314/sokjvs.v20i4.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v20i4.3","url":null,"abstract":"Trypanosomosis is a debilitating, fatal disease of man and animals often associated with anaemia. The trypanocides currently used in the management of the disease are far from giving desired results. This study investigated changes in haematological indices and the treatment outcome of diminazene aceturate (DA) against Trypanosoma brucei in dogs supplemented with resveratrol. A total of twenty (20) male Nigerian local breed of dogs (NBD) aged 6 to 12 months were used for the study. The dogs were randomly assigned into five groups (I-V) of four dogs per group. Group I was uninfected and unsupplemented; group II, was infected, untreated, and unsupplemented; group III, infected unsupplemented, treated with DA, group IV was infected and supplemented but untreated with DA, and group V was infected and supplemented DA-treated. The mean pre-patent period of Trypanosoma infection was 5.75±0.96 and 9.00±0.82 days for the infected unsupplemented and the infected resveratrol-supplemented groups, respectively. There was a complete parasite clearance from peripheral blood within 24-48 hours following treatment with DA on day 10 post-treatment (PT) in the supplemented and 24-72 hours in the unsupplemented treated groups. The supplemented treated did not show any relapse of infection, whereas the un-supplemented, DA-treated showed relapse on day 25 PT. It was concluded that resveratrol supplementation enhanced the efficacy of diminazene aceturate with no risk of relapse, minimized the effects of the parasite in the animals, and increased survival time.","PeriodicalId":253894,"journal":{"name":"Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123859008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PN Tanko, ES Idogo, GP Karaye, GY Gurumyen, Ev Tizhe, Mb Biallah, MM Sati, JJ Kalang, DM Buba, G. Bilbonga
Dipylidium caninum, a zoonotic parasite, is known to be widely spread across the globe. In this case, we present a report of dipylidiasis in a puppy with the associated pathological lesions. A two-month-old German shepherd puppy was presented to the University of Jos Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Polo, with a complaint of loss of weight and inappetence. The puppy died shortly before treatment could be instituted, and the carcass was submitted for postmortem examination. A flea (Ctenocephalides canis) was identified on the body during the postmortem examination. The lungs were severely pale, and the intestinal mucosae had petechial haemorrhages with multiple button-like ulcers. Live worms were seen within the intestinal lumen, identified as Dipylidium caninum. Histopathological lesions include cellular necrosis in the submucosa and muscularis, obliteration of goblet cells and intestinal crypts in the colon. Based on the intestinal lesions observed in this report, it was concluded that dipylidiasis could be considered as a differential diagnosis in dogs at postmortem.
{"title":"Pathological manifestations of dipylidiasis in a 2-month-old German shepherd puppy","authors":"PN Tanko, ES Idogo, GP Karaye, GY Gurumyen, Ev Tizhe, Mb Biallah, MM Sati, JJ Kalang, DM Buba, G. Bilbonga","doi":"10.4314/sokjvs.v20i4.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v20i4.8","url":null,"abstract":"Dipylidium caninum, a zoonotic parasite, is known to be widely spread across the globe. In this case, we present a report of dipylidiasis in a puppy with the associated pathological lesions. A two-month-old German shepherd puppy was presented to the University of Jos Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Polo, with a complaint of loss of weight and inappetence. The puppy died shortly before treatment could be instituted, and the carcass was submitted for postmortem examination. A flea (Ctenocephalides canis) was identified on the body during the postmortem examination. The lungs were severely pale, and the intestinal mucosae had petechial haemorrhages with multiple button-like ulcers. Live worms were seen within the intestinal lumen, identified as Dipylidium caninum. Histopathological lesions include cellular necrosis in the submucosa and muscularis, obliteration of goblet cells and intestinal crypts in the colon. Based on the intestinal lesions observed in this report, it was concluded that dipylidiasis could be considered as a differential diagnosis in dogs at postmortem.","PeriodicalId":253894,"journal":{"name":"Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134404716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Saulawa, A. Magaji, AI Musawa, K. Ibrahim, H. Saulawa, ZM Ahmad, M. Mohammed
Cryptosporidium species are one of the most common causes of gastrointestinal infection in humans around the world. This study aimed at the characterization of Cryptosporidium species in humans using the 18S rRNA gene. Among the 368 human faecal samples screened using Cryptosporidium antigen Copro-ELISA kit, 61 (16.6%) were positive. The positive faecal samples were subjected to Nested PCR for the amplification of 830 bp fragments of small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene and followed by nucleotide sequencing. Out of the 61 copro-ELISA positive samples, 5 (8.2%) were PCR positive for Cryptosporidium species (3 (4.9%) of C. parvum and 2 (3.3%) of C. hominis). Two HIV patients were found to be harbouring C. parvum and C. hominis, so also as hypertensive and diarrheic patients harbouring C. parvum and C. hominis, respectively. Higher prevalence rates of Cryptosporidium was found in young children (11.1%), males (8.7%), loose faeces (42.9%) than older age groups (8.7%), females (7.9%) and well-formed (3.1%) or mucoid/pasty faeces (0%) based on the data gathered from the close-ended questionnaire also used on each human subject. This study was the first to report C. parvum and C. hominis infecting humans in Sokoto state, Northwestern Nigeria. It is suggested that a multi-locus study of Cryptosporidium species in developing countries would be necessary to determine the extent of transmission of Cryptosporidium in the populations.
{"title":"Serological and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium species from humans in Sokoto State, Nigeria","authors":"M. Saulawa, A. Magaji, AI Musawa, K. Ibrahim, H. Saulawa, ZM Ahmad, M. Mohammed","doi":"10.4314/sokjvs.v20i4.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v20i4.1","url":null,"abstract":"Cryptosporidium species are one of the most common causes of gastrointestinal infection in humans around the world. This study aimed at the characterization of Cryptosporidium species in humans using the 18S rRNA gene. Among the 368 human faecal samples screened using Cryptosporidium antigen Copro-ELISA kit, 61 (16.6%) were positive. The positive faecal samples were subjected to Nested PCR for the amplification of 830 bp fragments of small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene and followed by nucleotide sequencing. Out of the 61 copro-ELISA positive samples, 5 (8.2%) were PCR positive for Cryptosporidium species (3 (4.9%) of C. parvum and 2 (3.3%) of C. hominis). Two HIV patients were found to be harbouring C. parvum and C. hominis, so also as hypertensive and diarrheic patients harbouring C. parvum and C. hominis, respectively. Higher prevalence rates of Cryptosporidium was found in young children (11.1%), males (8.7%), loose faeces (42.9%) than older age groups (8.7%), females (7.9%) and well-formed (3.1%) or mucoid/pasty faeces (0%) based on the data gathered from the close-ended questionnaire also used on each human subject. This study was the first to report C. parvum and C. hominis infecting humans in Sokoto state, Northwestern Nigeria. It is suggested that a multi-locus study of Cryptosporidium species in developing countries would be necessary to determine the extent of transmission of Cryptosporidium in the populations.","PeriodicalId":253894,"journal":{"name":"Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134543847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Abdulazeez, AI Ja'afaru, N. Suleiman, AJ Bamaiyi
Considering the importance of sheep, economically and in research, it is necessary to explain what normal sheep electrocardiogram values are, and the factors that can cause variations in ECG parameters. The present study, therefore, sought to verify the differences that exist in ECG time scaling between different sub-groupings of sheep. To achieve this, 60 normal sheep were evaluated for the ECG. We reported that at normal ranges of electrolytes and ECG intervals/durations, with mean weights: Ouda = 41.6 ± 7.2 kg (27.8 – 54.0 kg), Balami = 33.2 ± 6.4 kg (22.2 – 43.5 kg); the ewes showed significantly long timing of ECG waves than the rams (P <0.001), the lambs lower than the adult sheep (P <0.001), the Ouda beyond the Balami breed (P <0.001) and the semi-intensive sheep more than the intensively managed (P <0.001). However, when the sub-groups were evaluated for the variations in the PR interval and QTc, with every increase in a unit of the weight, calcium or potassium ions, no discernable difference was noticed between the two sexes. In this, the lambs showed a better slope of these relationships compared to the adult sheep (PR interval: β- coefficient = 0.0010 – 0.0086 v -0.0001- 0.0005 and QTc: 0.0006 – 0.0215 v -0.0001 – 0.0143). The Ouda correlated better than the Balami breed, (PR interval: β- coefficient =0.0062 – 0.2527 v -0.0007 – 0.0033 and QTc: 0.0008 – 0.0264 v 0.0001 – 0.0064). And the semi-intensively managed sheep had an enhanced relationship than sheep managed intensively (PR interval: β- coefficient =0.0002 – 0.0123 v 0.0001 – 0,0071 and QTc: 0.0006 – 0.0197 v 0.0001 – 0.0108). We, therefore, conclude from this result, that within the normal serum electrolytes range, both body weight and habitual physical activity may influence atrial and ventricular depolarization and repolarization timing, with the physical activity level playing an overall dominant role.
考虑到羊在经济上和研究上的重要性，有必要解释什么是正常的羊心电图值，以及引起心电图参数变化的因素。因此，本研究试图验证不同亚组绵羊在ECG时间尺度上存在的差异。为此，我们对60只正常羊的心电图进行了评估。我们报道了在正常电解质和ECG间隔/持续时间范围内，平均体重:Ouda = 41.6±7.2 kg (27.8 - 54.0 kg)， Balami = 33.2±6.4 kg (22.2 - 43.5 kg);母羊的心电图波时间明显长于公羊(P <0.001)，羔羊低于成年羊(P <0.001)，乌达羊优于巴拉米羊(P <0.001)，半集约化羊高于集约化羊(P <0.001)。然而，当评估亚组的PR间隔和QTc的变化时，体重、钙离子或钾离子每增加一个单位，两性之间没有明显的差异。与成年羊相比，羔羊表现出更好的斜率(PR区间:β-系数= 0.0010 - 0.0086 v -0.0001- 0.0005, QTc: 0.0006 - 0.0215 v -0.0001- 0.0143)。乌达品种的相关性优于巴拉米品种(PR区间:β系数=0.0062 - 0.2527 v -0.0007 - 0.0033, QTc = 0.0008 - 0.0264 v 0.0001 - 0.0064)。半集约化管理的绵羊与集约化管理的绵羊之间存在显著的相关性(PR区间:β-系数=0.0002 ~ 0.0123 v 0.0001 ~ 0.0071, QTc = 0.0006 ~ 0.0197 v 0.0001 ~ 0.0108)。因此，我们由此得出结论，在正常的血清电解质范围内，体重和习惯性体力活动都可能影响心房和心室去极化和复极化时间，体力活动水平在总体上起主导作用。
{"title":"Influence of body weight and serum electrolyte status on sheep electrocardiography","authors":"N. Abdulazeez, AI Ja'afaru, N. Suleiman, AJ Bamaiyi","doi":"10.4314/sokjvs.v20i4.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v20i4.5","url":null,"abstract":"Considering the importance of sheep, economically and in research, it is necessary to explain what normal sheep electrocardiogram values are, and the factors that can cause variations in ECG parameters. The present study, therefore, sought to verify the differences that exist in ECG time scaling between different sub-groupings of sheep. To achieve this, 60 normal sheep were evaluated for the ECG. We reported that at normal ranges of electrolytes and ECG intervals/durations, with mean weights: Ouda = 41.6 ± 7.2 kg (27.8 – 54.0 kg), Balami = 33.2 ± 6.4 kg (22.2 – 43.5 kg); the ewes showed significantly long timing of ECG waves than the rams (P <0.001), the lambs lower than the adult sheep (P <0.001), the Ouda beyond the Balami breed (P <0.001) and the semi-intensive sheep more than the intensively managed (P <0.001). However, when the sub-groups were evaluated for the variations in the PR interval and QTc, with every increase in a unit of the weight, calcium or potassium ions, no discernable difference was noticed between the two sexes. In this, the lambs showed a better slope of these relationships compared to the adult sheep (PR interval: β- coefficient = 0.0010 – 0.0086 v -0.0001- 0.0005 and QTc: 0.0006 – 0.0215 v -0.0001 – 0.0143). The Ouda correlated better than the Balami breed, (PR interval: β- coefficient =0.0062 – 0.2527 v -0.0007 – 0.0033 and QTc: 0.0008 – 0.0264 v 0.0001 – 0.0064). And the semi-intensively managed sheep had an enhanced relationship than sheep managed intensively (PR interval: β- coefficient =0.0002 – 0.0123 v 0.0001 – 0,0071 and QTc: 0.0006 – 0.0197 v 0.0001 – 0.0108). We, therefore, conclude from this result, that within the normal serum electrolytes range, both body weight and habitual physical activity may influence atrial and ventricular depolarization and repolarization timing, with the physical activity level playing an overall dominant role.","PeriodicalId":253894,"journal":{"name":"Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences","volume":"85 9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116306470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study was designed to determine the testicular abnormalities in rams slaughtered in Sokoto, Nigeria. The testicles of rams presented for slaughter were examined, and the age, breed, position, and sites of testicular abnormalities were noted. Out of 638 rams examined, 3 had testicular abnormalities, representing a prevalence of 0.47%, comprising 2 (0.31%) unilateral cryptorchidism and 1 (0.16%) unilateral hypoplasia. The prevalence of (0.58% (2/342) and 0.34% (1/296) were obtained at the Sokoto metropolitan abattoir and Batta Shuni slaughter slab, respectively. Two (0.31%) of the rams with abnormality were 1 < - ≤ 2 years old, comprising 1(0.16%) cryptorchid ram and testicular hypoplasia. There was 1 (0.16%) ram 2 < - ≤ 3 years with testicular hypoplasia. Based on breed, there was 1(0.16%) each of Yankasa, crosses (cryptorchidism) and Uda (testicular hypoplasia). The abnormalities were all on the right testis, while one cryptorchid testis each was in the subcutis and abdomen. There was a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the testicular weight and mid-testicular circumference of the abnormal testis compared to the normal. The longitudinal length of the abnormal testis was smaller than the normal, although this was not significantly (p > 0.05) different. There was atrophy of the seminiferous tubules with a poorly developed tubular lumen in the cryptorchid ram. In addition, the epididymis was devoid of spermatogenic cells. The hypoplastic testis had reduced spermatogenic activity and slight testicular degeneration which were absent in the normal testis. The study shows that rams with testicular abnormalities are rare among rams slaughtered in Sokoto although those with abnormalities may be infertile, rendering them unfit for breeding.
{"title":"Testicular abnormalities of rams in two slaughterhouses in Sokoto, Nigeria","authors":"A. Adeyeye, T. Odo, A. Isiyaku","doi":"10.4314/sokjvs.v20i4.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v20i4.4","url":null,"abstract":"This study was designed to determine the testicular abnormalities in rams slaughtered in Sokoto, Nigeria. The testicles of rams presented for slaughter were examined, and the age, breed, position, and sites of testicular abnormalities were noted. Out of 638 rams examined, 3 had testicular abnormalities, representing a prevalence of 0.47%, comprising 2 (0.31%) unilateral cryptorchidism and 1 (0.16%) unilateral hypoplasia. The prevalence of (0.58% (2/342) and 0.34% (1/296) were obtained at the Sokoto metropolitan abattoir and Batta Shuni slaughter slab, respectively. Two (0.31%) of the rams with abnormality were 1 < - ≤ 2 years old, comprising 1(0.16%) cryptorchid ram and testicular hypoplasia. There was 1 (0.16%) ram 2 < - ≤ 3 years with testicular hypoplasia. Based on breed, there was 1(0.16%) each of Yankasa, crosses (cryptorchidism) and Uda (testicular hypoplasia). The abnormalities were all on the right testis, while one cryptorchid testis each was in the subcutis and abdomen. There was a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the testicular weight and mid-testicular circumference of the abnormal testis compared to the normal. The longitudinal length of the abnormal testis was smaller than the normal, although this was not significantly (p > 0.05) different. There was atrophy of the seminiferous tubules with a poorly developed tubular lumen in the cryptorchid ram. In addition, the epididymis was devoid of spermatogenic cells. The hypoplastic testis had reduced spermatogenic activity and slight testicular degeneration which were absent in the normal testis. The study shows that rams with testicular abnormalities are rare among rams slaughtered in Sokoto although those with abnormalities may be infertile, rendering them unfit for breeding.","PeriodicalId":253894,"journal":{"name":"Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127941320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Gana, P. Onyeyili, B. Umaru, Hyellavala Joseph Fomnya, S. Ngulde, A. L. Karatu
Serum kinetics of diminazene aceturate following intramuscular (IM) administration of diminazene aceturate alone at 3.5 mg/kg and its combination with oxytetracycline at 20 mg/kg were evaluated in 6 healthy male Sahel goats to ascertain the effect of oxytetracycline on serum concentration and pharmacokinetic parameters of diminazene aceturate. Two groups (A and B) of three goats each were used, and oxytetracycline was administered 30 minutes prior to diminazene aceturate administration. Blood samples were collected at various intervals (0.17 h – 72 h) post-drug administration, and diminazene serum concentrations were measured using the method of Klatt and Hadju. Kinetic determinants were calculated employing a two-compartment open model. Mean serum concentrations of diminazene aceturate of 2.43 ± 0.95 μg/ml and 1.73 ± 0.44 μg/ml at 0.17 h were measured in groups A and B, respectively. These serum concentrations were found to increase until a peak concentration of 6.91 ± 0.59 μg/ml and 7.55 ± 1.20 μg/ml were reached at 2.0 h in groups A and B, respectively. The peak concentrations subsequently decreased at 72 h post diminazene aceturate administration with serum concentrations of 0.00 ± 0.00 and 0.32 ± 0.28 μg/ml in groups A and B, respectively. Pharmacokinetics parameters like the volume of distribution (Vd), elimination half-life (T½β), concentration maximum (Cmax), absorption rate constant (α), and area under the curve from 0 to 72 h (AUC0 – 72) were significantly higher in goats treated with diminazene aceturate and oxytetracycline combination while total body clearance (Cl), and elimination rate constant (β), were significantly higher in goats treated with diminazene aceturate alone. The mean residence time (MRT) of diminazene aceturate increased from 19.70 ± 2.53 h in diminazene aceturate treatment to 25.11 ± 1.81 h in diminazene aceturate and oxytetracycline treatment. Oxytetracycline was therefore found to alter the elimination pattern of diminazene aceturate in oxytetracycline pre-treated goats.
{"title":"Effect of intramuscular administration of oxytetracycline on serum kinetics of diminazene aceturate in healthy male Sahel goats","authors":"S. Gana, P. Onyeyili, B. Umaru, Hyellavala Joseph Fomnya, S. Ngulde, A. L. Karatu","doi":"10.4314/sokjvs.v20i3.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v20i3.6","url":null,"abstract":"Serum kinetics of diminazene aceturate following intramuscular (IM) administration of diminazene aceturate alone at 3.5 mg/kg and its combination with oxytetracycline at 20 mg/kg were evaluated in 6 healthy male Sahel goats to ascertain the effect of oxytetracycline on serum concentration and pharmacokinetic parameters of diminazene aceturate. Two groups (A and B) of three goats each were used, and oxytetracycline was administered 30 minutes prior to diminazene aceturate administration. Blood samples were collected at various intervals (0.17 h – 72 h) post-drug administration, and diminazene serum concentrations were measured using the method of Klatt and Hadju. Kinetic determinants were calculated employing a two-compartment open model. Mean serum concentrations of diminazene aceturate of 2.43 ± 0.95 μg/ml and 1.73 ± 0.44 μg/ml at 0.17 h were measured in groups A and B, respectively. These serum concentrations were found to increase until a peak concentration of 6.91 ± 0.59 μg/ml and 7.55 ± 1.20 μg/ml were reached at 2.0 h in groups A and B, respectively. The peak concentrations subsequently decreased at 72 h post diminazene aceturate administration with serum concentrations of 0.00 ± 0.00 and 0.32 ± 0.28 μg/ml in groups A and B, respectively. Pharmacokinetics parameters like the volume of distribution (Vd), elimination half-life (T½β), concentration maximum (Cmax), absorption rate constant (α), and area under the curve from 0 to 72 h (AUC0 – 72) were significantly higher in goats treated with diminazene aceturate and oxytetracycline combination while total body clearance (Cl), and elimination rate constant (β), were significantly higher in goats treated with diminazene aceturate alone. The mean residence time (MRT) of diminazene aceturate increased from 19.70 ± 2.53 h in diminazene aceturate treatment to 25.11 ± 1.81 h in diminazene aceturate and oxytetracycline treatment. Oxytetracycline was therefore found to alter the elimination pattern of diminazene aceturate in oxytetracycline pre-treated goats.","PeriodicalId":253894,"journal":{"name":"Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128358562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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