S. Asuku, RI Ali, I. Alkali, U. Bamanga, AR Mustapha, ZA Algoni, MU Abdulrahman, A. Abba
This study aimed to isolate bacteria flora in fresh semen of helmeted guinea cock (Numidia meleagris) and Nigeria local turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) and determine the sensitivity of the semen microbes to antibiotics with further assessment of sperm quality characteristics in the freshly collected semen. Five matured guinea cocks weighing approximately 3 – 4kg and five matured turkey toms of 10 – 14kg body weights were selected for the study as sperm donors. Semen collection was done twice a week for five weeks using a modified abdominal massage method and ejaculates were pooled independently based on the animal group. The pooled ejaculates in each species were further divided into aliquot A for spermiogram analysis and aliquot B for microbes and antimicrobial sensitivity analysis using standard methods. Results showed that freshly collected semen from both donor birds were contaminated; although, presented good qualities when evaluated for sperm characteristics such as progressive motility (%), livability (%), morphologic abnormalities (%) and concentration (cell×109/ml). Isolated contaminants included Escherichia coli, Shigella spp, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus spp in fresh semen of the helmeted guinea cocks, similar in turkeys except for Shigella spp. The organisms were all sensitive to streptomycin, gentamycin and pefloxacin except the Staph aureus which showed resistance to pefloxacin and Bacillus spp which was resistant to gentamycin. It was then concluded, that whereas freshly collected semen of guinea cock and turkey toms were contaminated during collection, they still possessed good quality traits when evaluated for semen characteristics and antibiotics like streptomycin, pefloxacin or gentamycin are recommended for use during in-vitro processing and extension of semen from both poultry species.
{"title":"Spermiogram, microbial contaminants and sensitivity to antibiotics in fresh semen of two poultry lines","authors":"S. Asuku, RI Ali, I. Alkali, U. Bamanga, AR Mustapha, ZA Algoni, MU Abdulrahman, A. Abba","doi":"10.4314/sokjvs.v21i2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v21i2.2","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to isolate bacteria flora in fresh semen of helmeted guinea cock (Numidia meleagris) and Nigeria local turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) and determine the sensitivity of the semen microbes to antibiotics with further assessment of sperm quality characteristics in the freshly collected semen. Five matured guinea cocks weighing approximately 3 – 4kg and five matured turkey toms of 10 – 14kg body weights were selected for the study as sperm donors. Semen collection was done twice a week for five weeks using a modified abdominal massage method and ejaculates were pooled independently based on the animal group. The pooled ejaculates in each species were further divided into aliquot A for spermiogram analysis and aliquot B for microbes and antimicrobial sensitivity analysis using standard methods. Results showed that freshly collected semen from both donor birds were contaminated; although, presented good qualities when evaluated for sperm characteristics such as progressive motility (%), livability (%), morphologic abnormalities (%) and concentration (cell×109/ml). Isolated contaminants included Escherichia coli, Shigella spp, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus spp in fresh semen of the helmeted guinea cocks, similar in turkeys except for Shigella spp. The organisms were all sensitive to streptomycin, gentamycin and pefloxacin except the Staph aureus which showed resistance to pefloxacin and Bacillus spp which was resistant to gentamycin. It was then concluded, that whereas freshly collected semen of guinea cock and turkey toms were contaminated during collection, they still possessed good quality traits when evaluated for semen characteristics and antibiotics like streptomycin, pefloxacin or gentamycin are recommended for use during in-vitro processing and extension of semen from both poultry species.","PeriodicalId":253894,"journal":{"name":"Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121911240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peste des petit ruminants virus (PPRv) and Mannheimia haemolytica have been commonly implicated in naturally occurring pneumonia in sub-Saharan Africa and account for huge economic losses as they are associated with high morbidity and mortality. The Nigerian 75/1 PPR vaccine has been proven to be efficacious in the control of PPR. However, there is a paucity of information on the ability of this live attenuated vaccine to modulate bacteria of the nasal flora to control or confer protection against secondary bacterial infection induced especially by M. haemolytica. Nasal swabs and blood samples were collected for bacterial count and serology respectively. This study describes the effect of the N/75/1 PPR vaccine on the nasal bacteria flora and clinical indices of Red Sokoto goats. Ten (10) Red Sokoto goats were divided into two groups of five animals each. In one group, 1ml of PPR vaccine (2.5 TCID50) was administered subcutaneously while the other group served as control and 1ml of normal saline was administered subcutaneously. The results showed that for the PPR vaccinated group, although there was a significant decrease (p≤0.05) in nasal bacteria counts for Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida and Escherichia coli compared to the control group it was not sufficient to clear out these potentially pathogenic bacteria from the nasal flora. Also, in the PPR-vaccinated group, the only clinical symptom observed was a mild transient and self-limiting hyperthermia at about 2 weeks post-vaccination which may be attributed to the initiation and enhancement of immune responses. Hence, it can be deduced that the PPR vaccine may moderately inhibit the colonization of certain pathogenic bacteria of the nasal microbial flora but however, it is incapable of conferring total immunity against the secondary bacterial infection in naturally occurring pneumonia.
{"title":"Effects of peste des petit ruminants N/75/1 vaccine on nasal bacterial flora and clinical indices in Red Sokoto goats","authors":"O. Tenuche, B. Emikpe, E. Godwin, G. Egwu","doi":"10.4314/sokjvs.v21i2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v21i2.5","url":null,"abstract":"Peste des petit ruminants virus (PPRv) and Mannheimia haemolytica have been commonly implicated in naturally occurring pneumonia in sub-Saharan Africa and account for huge economic losses as they are associated with high morbidity and mortality. The Nigerian 75/1 PPR vaccine has been proven to be efficacious in the control of PPR. However, there is a paucity of information on the ability of this live attenuated vaccine to modulate bacteria of the nasal flora to control or confer protection against secondary bacterial infection induced especially by M. haemolytica. Nasal swabs and blood samples were collected for bacterial count and serology respectively. This study describes the effect of the N/75/1 PPR vaccine on the nasal bacteria flora and clinical indices of Red Sokoto goats. Ten (10) Red Sokoto goats were divided into two groups of five animals each. In one group, 1ml of PPR vaccine (2.5 TCID50) was administered subcutaneously while the other group served as control and 1ml of normal saline was administered subcutaneously. The results showed that for the PPR vaccinated group, although there was a significant decrease (p≤0.05) in nasal bacteria counts for Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida and Escherichia coli compared to the control group it was not sufficient to clear out these potentially pathogenic bacteria from the nasal flora. Also, in the PPR-vaccinated group, the only clinical symptom observed was a mild transient and self-limiting hyperthermia at about 2 weeks post-vaccination which may be attributed to the initiation and enhancement of immune responses. Hence, it can be deduced that the PPR vaccine may moderately inhibit the colonization of certain pathogenic bacteria of the nasal microbial flora but however, it is incapable of conferring total immunity against the secondary bacterial infection in naturally occurring pneumonia.","PeriodicalId":253894,"journal":{"name":"Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116752813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dermatophytes are a group of related fungi in the genera Tricophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton. Infection with any member of these genera results in dermatophytosis, an economically important skin disease of man and animals. The aim of this work was to determine the occurrence of dermatophytosis among sheep and goats in Zaria. Ninety-four goats and 63 sheep skin scrapings were aseptically collected. Each specimen was divided into two parts for direct microscopy and culture respectively. The portion for direct microscopic examination was cleared in 10% potassium hydroxide and examined microscopically. The presence of hyaline septate hyphae in skin scales or spores inside or outside the hair shafts was presumptively considered positive for dermatophytes. The part for culture was inoculated onto Sabouraud’s dextrose agar incorporated with cycloheximide and chloramphenicol and incubated for 2 to 3 weeks. The isolates were stained in lactophenol cotton blue and identified microscopically based on the size, shape and attachment of their macoconidia and microconidia. Twenty-four (25.5%) and 15 (23.8%) of goat and sheep samples respectively were positive for dermatophytes by direct microscopy. Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. verrucosum were the two dermatophytes isolated from both sheep and goats. The isolation rates were 22.3% (21/94) and 20.0% (13/63) in goats and sheep respectively. Trichophyton mentagrophytes was more frequently (66.7%) isolated than T. verrucosum (33.3%) from goats. Similarly, T. mentagrophytes was more frequently (69.2%) isolated than T. verrucosum (30.8%) from sheep. Dermatophytosis is a health problem among sheep and goats in Zaria with T. mentagrophytes being more commonly isolated than T. verrucosum in both species of animals. In view of the high zoonotic potential of the disease, we recommend the use of protective equipment when handling infected animals.
{"title":"Occurrence of dermatophytosis among sheep and goats in Zaria, Nigeria","authors":"Js Dalis, HM Kazeem, KF Chah","doi":"10.4314/sokjvs.v21i2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v21i2.6","url":null,"abstract":"Dermatophytes are a group of related fungi in the genera Tricophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton. Infection with any member of these genera results in dermatophytosis, an economically important skin disease of man and animals. The aim of this work was to determine the occurrence of dermatophytosis among sheep and goats in Zaria. Ninety-four goats and 63 sheep skin scrapings were aseptically collected. Each specimen was divided into two parts for direct microscopy and culture respectively. The portion for direct microscopic examination was cleared in 10% potassium hydroxide and examined microscopically. The presence of hyaline septate hyphae in skin scales or spores inside or outside the hair shafts was presumptively considered positive for dermatophytes. The part for culture was inoculated onto Sabouraud’s dextrose agar incorporated with cycloheximide and chloramphenicol and incubated for 2 to 3 weeks. The isolates were stained in lactophenol cotton blue and identified microscopically based on the size, shape and attachment of their macoconidia and microconidia. Twenty-four (25.5%) and 15 (23.8%) of goat and sheep samples respectively were positive for dermatophytes by direct microscopy. Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. verrucosum were the two dermatophytes isolated from both sheep and goats. The isolation rates were 22.3% (21/94) and 20.0% (13/63) in goats and sheep respectively. Trichophyton mentagrophytes was more frequently (66.7%) isolated than T. verrucosum (33.3%) from goats. Similarly, T. mentagrophytes was more frequently (69.2%) isolated than T. verrucosum (30.8%) from sheep. Dermatophytosis is a health problem among sheep and goats in Zaria with T. mentagrophytes being more commonly isolated than T. verrucosum in both species of animals. In view of the high zoonotic potential of the disease, we recommend the use of protective equipment when handling infected animals.","PeriodicalId":253894,"journal":{"name":"Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences","volume":"217 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124087827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An interactive semi-structured interview and sessions of participatory ranking exercises were conducted among three groups of poultry farmers from Gongoro, Jalam and Kutaru communities in Bauchi State, Nigeria. Following a general introduction, farmers were asked to list and rank by population the most common poultry species being raised in their respective communities. They also participated in listing and ranking the extent of gender involvement in raising the predominant poultry species identified in their respective communities. Village chicken was ranked as the predominant species reared in all three communities. Women were significantly more involved in some checklist activities in raising village chickens than men (Chi-square = 24.102; p-value <0.0001). The study highlights the possibility of using participatory approaches to identify the predominant poultry species farmers rear in their communities, to prioritize it in programs aimed at improving poultry health; to recognize and effectively utilize the roles played by men and women to promote village poultry farming.
{"title":"A participatory assessment of gender activities in raising the most dominant village poultry species in Bauchi State, Nigeria","authors":"A. Sule, PA Abdu, AG Balami","doi":"10.4314/sokjvs.v21i2.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v21i2.7","url":null,"abstract":"An interactive semi-structured interview and sessions of participatory ranking exercises were conducted among three groups of poultry farmers from Gongoro, Jalam and Kutaru communities in Bauchi State, Nigeria. Following a general introduction, farmers were asked to list and rank by population the most common poultry species being raised in their respective communities. They also participated in listing and ranking the extent of gender involvement in raising the predominant poultry species identified in their respective communities. Village chicken was ranked as the predominant species reared in all three communities. Women were significantly more involved in some checklist activities in raising village chickens than men (Chi-square = 24.102; p-value <0.0001). The study highlights the possibility of using participatory approaches to identify the predominant poultry species farmers rear in their communities, to prioritize it in programs aimed at improving poultry health; to recognize and effectively utilize the roles played by men and women to promote village poultry farming.","PeriodicalId":253894,"journal":{"name":"Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128276511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite the degradation and threat of ubiquitous contaminants, such as heavy metals, in Warri River, Southern Nigeria, little is known about the ecological effects of such pollution using pro-oxidant variables. This study investigated oxidative stress responses to heavy metals (lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni) and copper (Cu)) burden in the heart, kidney, liver and gills of African catfish inhabiting Warri River. Fish (N=30) were collected during August-September, 2018 from two contaminated sites along the course of Warri River and a fish farm which was considered a reference site. The concentrations of Pb, Cd and Ni in the two contaminated sites were above the WHO permissible limits and significantly higher (p<0.05) as compared to the fish collected from the reference site. The trend of accumulation of the metals followed the order: Reference site (site 1)-Mn>Ni>Cu>Pb>Cd; site 2-Pb>Cu>Cd>Mn>Ni and site 3-Ni>Mn>Cu>Cd and Pb respectively. The activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the organs of fish caught at the two contaminated sites. Malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly elevated (p<0.05), in the liver and heart of fish obtained from site 3, relative to sites 2 and 1. Fish obtained from the two contaminated sites had significantly decreased (p<0.05) levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) in their organs, however, the reduction was more in site 2. The results of this study confirm that environmental stressors, such as heavy metals, can alter antioxidant enzymes and glutathione systems, as well as induce lipid peroxidation, leading to oxidative stress in aquatic organisms.
{"title":"Oxidative stress responses to heavy metal burden in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) from Warri River, Niger-Delta, Southern Nigeria","authors":"I. Iyorah, BJ Enagbonma, O. Abu, E. Biose","doi":"10.4314/sokjvs.v21i2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v21i2.4","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the degradation and threat of ubiquitous contaminants, such as heavy metals, in Warri River, Southern Nigeria, little is known about the ecological effects of such pollution using pro-oxidant variables. This study investigated oxidative stress responses to heavy metals (lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni) and copper (Cu)) burden in the heart, kidney, liver and gills of African catfish inhabiting Warri River. Fish (N=30) were collected during August-September, 2018 from two contaminated sites along the course of Warri River and a fish farm which was considered a reference site. The concentrations of Pb, Cd and Ni in the two contaminated sites were above the WHO permissible limits and significantly higher (p<0.05) as compared to the fish collected from the reference site. The trend of accumulation of the metals followed the order: Reference site (site 1)-Mn>Ni>Cu>Pb>Cd; site 2-Pb>Cu>Cd>Mn>Ni and site 3-Ni>Mn>Cu>Cd and Pb respectively. The activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the organs of fish caught at the two contaminated sites. Malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly elevated (p<0.05), in the liver and heart of fish obtained from site 3, relative to sites 2 and 1. Fish obtained from the two contaminated sites had significantly decreased (p<0.05) levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) in their organs, however, the reduction was more in site 2. The results of this study confirm that environmental stressors, such as heavy metals, can alter antioxidant enzymes and glutathione systems, as well as induce lipid peroxidation, leading to oxidative stress in aquatic organisms.","PeriodicalId":253894,"journal":{"name":"Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131558249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abattoirs are imperative surveillance points for early detection, monitoring and disease control along the meat supply chain. However, their function in this regard has remained underdeveloped in Nigeria even in the midst of pre-disposing factors of disease spread. In view of this, a descriptive study on the status of Ikpa slaughterhouse, Nsukka on the provision of physical facilities and the competency of workers for adequate meat inspection, good hygiene practices and waste management were evaluated by observation and interview of key stakeholders. Dilapidated facilities, poor waste management, poor knowledge and attitudes of butchers on hygiene and zoonosis as identified, pose limitations for meat inspection, hygiene standards and disease reporting practice at Ikpa slaughterhouse, Nsukka, Nigeria. The slaughterhouse is of very poor standard as a meat safety and disease surveillance point, hence the urgent need for the establishment of a contemporary abattoir, regular training and equipping of skilled staff to the ideals of abattoirs as meat safety and disease surveillance points in Nigeria.
{"title":"Abattoirs as meat safety and disease surveillance points in Nigeria: The case of Ikpa slaughterhouse, Nsukka, Nigeria","authors":"I. Nwankwo, J. Nwanta, J. Onunkwo","doi":"10.4314/sokjvs.v21i1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v21i1.6","url":null,"abstract":"Abattoirs are imperative surveillance points for early detection, monitoring and disease control along the meat supply chain. However, their function in this regard has remained underdeveloped in Nigeria even in the midst of pre-disposing factors of disease spread. In view of this, a descriptive study on the status of Ikpa slaughterhouse, Nsukka on the provision of physical facilities and the competency of workers for adequate meat inspection, good hygiene practices and waste management were evaluated by observation and interview of key stakeholders. Dilapidated facilities, poor waste management, poor knowledge and attitudes of butchers on hygiene and zoonosis as identified, pose limitations for meat inspection, hygiene standards and disease reporting practice at Ikpa slaughterhouse, Nsukka, Nigeria. The slaughterhouse is of very poor standard as a meat safety and disease surveillance point, hence the urgent need for the establishment of a contemporary abattoir, regular training and equipping of skilled staff to the ideals of abattoirs as meat safety and disease surveillance points in Nigeria. ","PeriodicalId":253894,"journal":{"name":"Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences","volume":"230 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122300318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Konzing, J. Kwaga, G. Kia, H. Kazeem, N. Mkpuma, I. Tekki, Muhammad
Rabies is one of the most dreaded diseases known to mankind and it is endemic in Nigeria. This study was aimed at the detection and molecular characterisation of the rabies virus antigen in trade dogs in Plateau State. A cross-sectional study was performed to determine the prevalence of rabies antigen in the brain tissues of slaughtered dogs, from February to June 2018 using a direct fluorescent antibody test and mouse inoculation technique. Direct Fluorescent Antibody Test, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the identified rabies virus were also undertaken. Phylogenetic analysis was done using molecular evolutionary genetic analysis (MEGA) 10 to determine their evolutionary relationship with other rabies virus sequences deposited in Genbank. Results indicated, out of 450 dog brain samples tested 14(3.1%) were positive for rabies virus antigen. Zoographic data obtained showed 66.3% of dogs were female, and the dogs were kept mainly for security (n=54) and breeding (n=28). Fourteen positive samples were used to inoculate 70 adult mice, only 8 samples were positive and 2 samples were also positive by RT PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences showed that the two rabies virus sequences in this study, sequence MZ148311 had very close identity with EU038106 (99.8% homology) and sequence MZ148312 had perfect identity with EU038087 (100% homology) was most closely related to lyssavirus that has been reported to be circulating previously in Plateau and Nigeria, belonging to the Africa 2 lineage.
{"title":"Molecular characterization of rabies virus in trade dogs from Plateau state, Nigeria","authors":"L. Konzing, J. Kwaga, G. Kia, H. Kazeem, N. Mkpuma, I. Tekki, Muhammad","doi":"10.4314/sokjvs.v21i1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v21i1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Rabies is one of the most dreaded diseases known to mankind and it is endemic in Nigeria. This study was aimed at the detection and molecular characterisation of the rabies virus antigen in trade dogs in Plateau State. A cross-sectional study was performed to determine the prevalence of rabies antigen in the brain tissues of slaughtered dogs, from February to June 2018 using a direct fluorescent antibody test and mouse inoculation technique. Direct Fluorescent Antibody Test, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the identified rabies virus were also undertaken. Phylogenetic analysis was done using molecular evolutionary genetic analysis (MEGA) 10 to determine their evolutionary relationship with other rabies virus sequences deposited in Genbank. Results indicated, out of 450 dog brain samples tested 14(3.1%) were positive for rabies virus antigen. Zoographic data obtained showed 66.3% of dogs were female, and the dogs were kept mainly for security (n=54) and breeding (n=28). Fourteen positive samples were used to inoculate 70 adult mice, only 8 samples were positive and 2 samples were also positive by RT PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences showed that the two rabies virus sequences in this study, sequence MZ148311 had very close identity with EU038106 (99.8% homology) and sequence MZ148312 had perfect identity with EU038087 (100% homology) was most closely related to lyssavirus that has been reported to be circulating previously in Plateau and Nigeria, belonging to the Africa 2 lineage. ","PeriodicalId":253894,"journal":{"name":"Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130831532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Yusuf, S. Dahiru, MP Ameh, J. Oyetunde, G. Ada, ES Idoga, IO Akefe, Cu, Attah, E. Ajagun
Determination of median lethal dose (LD50) is a vital tool adopted by the World Health Organization for pre-clinical assessment of products for use in the management of snakebite envenoming, a condition which is now included among the list of Neglected Tropical Diseases in 2017. The current trend in the determination of LD50 involves the use of laboratory animals, tens or even hundreds of animals are sacrificed to achieve this goal. This study aimed to find reliable alternatives to this sacrificing of laboratory animals for research purposes. This study investigated the comparative similarities or differences in results obtained from the use of laboratory animals and embryonated eggs in the determination of LD50 in snake venom research. The median lethal dose (LD50) was determined using female mice using the up and down method and Probit method as well as embryonated eggs. There was no statistical difference in the LD50 of the venom of Bitis arietans obtained by the up and down method and that of the conventional probit analysis (p≤0.05) (0.325 mg/kg [probit] and 0.351 mg/kg [up and down] respectively). There was also no statistical difference in the LD50 of the venom of Bitis arietans by the up and down method, conventional probit method, and by the use of embryonated eggs (p≤0.05) (0.325 mg/kg [probit], 0.351 mg/kg [up and down], and 0.392 mg/kg [embryonated eggs). The three methods used produced values of LD50 that were within the range reported on the Australian snake and venom database of 2007. The results suggest embryonated eggs can conveniently replace the use of laboratory animals in the determination of LD50 in snake venom research to ease the ethical challenges posed by excessive use of laboratory animals in snake venom research.
{"title":"Embryonated eggs as an alternative to animals in the determination of median lethal dose (LD50) in bitis venom","authors":"P. Yusuf, S. Dahiru, MP Ameh, J. Oyetunde, G. Ada, ES Idoga, IO Akefe, Cu, Attah, E. Ajagun","doi":"10.4314/sokjvs.v21i1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v21i1.5","url":null,"abstract":"Determination of median lethal dose (LD50) is a vital tool adopted by the World Health Organization for pre-clinical assessment of products for use in the management of snakebite envenoming, a condition which is now included among the list of Neglected Tropical Diseases in 2017. The current trend in the determination of LD50 involves the use of laboratory animals, tens or even hundreds of animals are sacrificed to achieve this goal. This study aimed to find reliable alternatives to this sacrificing of laboratory animals for research purposes. This study investigated the comparative similarities or differences in results obtained from the use of laboratory animals and embryonated eggs in the determination of LD50 in snake venom research. The median lethal dose (LD50) was determined using female mice using the up and down method and Probit method as well as embryonated eggs. There was no statistical difference in the LD50 of the venom of Bitis arietans obtained by the up and down method and that of the conventional probit analysis (p≤0.05) (0.325 mg/kg [probit] and 0.351 mg/kg [up and down] respectively). There was also no statistical difference in the LD50 of the venom of Bitis arietans by the up and down method, conventional probit method, and by the use of embryonated eggs (p≤0.05) (0.325 mg/kg [probit], 0.351 mg/kg [up and down], and 0.392 mg/kg [embryonated eggs). The three methods used produced values of LD50 that were within the range reported on the Australian snake and venom database of 2007. The results suggest embryonated eggs can conveniently replace the use of laboratory animals in the determination of LD50 in snake venom research to ease the ethical challenges posed by excessive use of laboratory animals in snake venom research. ","PeriodicalId":253894,"journal":{"name":"Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116979836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M.H. Dahiru, S. Saidu, L. Tekdek, H. Buhari, B. Kaltungo, M. Babashani, A. Y. Baba
A questionnaire survey was conducted on the knowledge, attitude and practices of butchers on tuberculosis in small ruminants in selected areas of Katsina State, Nigeria. All respondents had some level of formal education. Animals slaughtered included cattle (18.0%), sheep (34.0%), goats (53.0%) and camels (4.0%). Animals were slaughtered in the countryside (23.0%), within the village (24.0%) and in community areas (57.0%). The butchers knew small ruminants could acquire tuberculosis and that tuberculosis could infect humans along with its signs and modes of transmission in animals and humans. Eighteen percent knew small ruminants could acquire tuberculosis from humans while 80.0% knew humans could acquire tuberculosis from animals. Thirty percent of respondents knew people with tuberculosis, while 10.0% each reported their family members having tuberculosis and living with tuberculosis-infected persons respectively. The butchers handled their tuberculosis-infected animals by taking such animals to Veterinary Clinic (52.0%), selling (21.0%) or leaving them in the flock (15.0%). The butchers reported socializing at night with friends (44.0%), brothers (14.0%), sisters (8.0%) and wives (34.0%). The butchers allowed dogs into the slaughter facilities and this was highly significant. Some of the butchers (62.0%) accepted childhood vaccination which included BCG (40.0%), Polio (28.0%) and Measles (27.0%). The study concluded that the butchers were aware of tuberculosis in both humans and animals, the signs and symptoms of the disease as well as its mode of transmission. The study has demonstrated poor attitudes and practices among the butchers about tuberculosis. The study recommends the need for greater education of butchers to enhance better practices and attitudes towards the disease to control it in themselves and the public they serve.
{"title":"Knowledge, attitude and practices of small ruminant butchers on tuberculosis in selected areas of Katsina State, Nigeria","authors":"M.H. Dahiru, S. Saidu, L. Tekdek, H. Buhari, B. Kaltungo, M. Babashani, A. Y. Baba","doi":"10.4314/sokjvs.v21i1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v21i1.3","url":null,"abstract":"A questionnaire survey was conducted on the knowledge, attitude and practices of butchers on tuberculosis in small ruminants in selected areas of Katsina State, Nigeria. All respondents had some level of formal education. Animals slaughtered included cattle (18.0%), sheep (34.0%), goats (53.0%) and camels (4.0%). Animals were slaughtered in the countryside (23.0%), within the village (24.0%) and in community areas (57.0%). The butchers knew small ruminants could acquire tuberculosis and that tuberculosis could infect humans along with its signs and modes of transmission in animals and humans. Eighteen percent knew small ruminants could acquire tuberculosis from humans while 80.0% knew humans could acquire tuberculosis from animals. Thirty percent of respondents knew people with tuberculosis, while 10.0% each reported their family members having tuberculosis and living with tuberculosis-infected persons respectively. The butchers handled their tuberculosis-infected animals by taking such animals to Veterinary Clinic (52.0%), selling (21.0%) or leaving them in the flock (15.0%). The butchers reported socializing at night with friends (44.0%), brothers (14.0%), sisters (8.0%) and wives (34.0%). The butchers allowed dogs into the slaughter facilities and this was highly significant. Some of the butchers (62.0%) accepted childhood vaccination which included BCG (40.0%), Polio (28.0%) and Measles (27.0%). The study concluded that the butchers were aware of tuberculosis in both humans and animals, the signs and symptoms of the disease as well as its mode of transmission. The study has demonstrated poor attitudes and practices among the butchers about tuberculosis. The study recommends the need for greater education of butchers to enhance better practices and attitudes towards the disease to control it in themselves and the public they serve. ","PeriodicalId":253894,"journal":{"name":"Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115363191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AY Baba, Sna Shehu, A. Sackey, E. Okolocha, B. Kaltungo, M. Babashani, H. Buhari, YM Sanusi, O. Ahmed, N. Elelu
Brucellosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease with worldwide distribution. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the serological prevalence of brucellosis in horses within Kano Metropolis. A total of 328 serum samples were collected for the study. Modified Rose Bengal Plate Test (mRBPT) was conducted on all the samples while the Serum Agglutination Test with EDTA (SAT-EDTA) was conducted on the mRBPT-positive samples. The prevalence of brucellosis in horses within the Kano metropolis was found to be 24.09 % (79/328) and 11.89 % (39/328) with mRBPT and SAT-EDTA respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the seropositivity by the tests used. From the study, 37 (23.27%) out of the 159 mares were seropositive for Brucella antibodies using mRBPT while 16 (43.24 %) were positive using SAT-EDTA. Similarly, of the 169 stallions, 38 (22.4 %) were positive using mRBPT and of these 22(57.89 %) were further positive by using SAT-EDTA. Unlike the age and use of the horses; location, sex, and breed were not significantly associated with the seroprevalence rate obtained in the study using mRBPT P<0.05. This study showed that Brucella antibodies were circulating in the horses in the study area. Further study is recommended to determine the Brucella species circulating in these horses, particularly that brucellosis is zoonotic with serious public health significance. There is also the need to examine the horse owners and grooms for possible Brucella antibodies because equine brucellosis has serious public health significance.
{"title":"Serological survey of Brucella infection in horses in Kano Metropolis, Kano State, Nigeria","authors":"AY Baba, Sna Shehu, A. Sackey, E. Okolocha, B. Kaltungo, M. Babashani, H. Buhari, YM Sanusi, O. Ahmed, N. Elelu","doi":"10.4314/sokjvs.v21i1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v21i1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Brucellosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease with worldwide distribution. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the serological prevalence of brucellosis in horses within Kano Metropolis. A total of 328 serum samples were collected for the study. Modified Rose Bengal Plate Test (mRBPT) was conducted on all the samples while the Serum Agglutination Test with EDTA (SAT-EDTA) was conducted on the mRBPT-positive samples. The prevalence of brucellosis in horses within the Kano metropolis was found to be 24.09 % (79/328) and 11.89 % (39/328) with mRBPT and SAT-EDTA respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the seropositivity by the tests used. From the study, 37 (23.27%) out of the 159 mares were seropositive for Brucella antibodies using mRBPT while 16 (43.24 %) were positive using SAT-EDTA. Similarly, of the 169 stallions, 38 (22.4 %) were positive using mRBPT and of these 22(57.89 %) were further positive by using SAT-EDTA. Unlike the age and use of the horses; location, sex, and breed were not significantly associated with the seroprevalence rate obtained in the study using mRBPT P<0.05. This study showed that Brucella antibodies were circulating in the horses in the study area. Further study is recommended to determine the Brucella species circulating in these horses, particularly that brucellosis is zoonotic with serious public health significance. There is also the need to examine the horse owners and grooms for possible Brucella antibodies because equine brucellosis has serious public health significance.","PeriodicalId":253894,"journal":{"name":"Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130312049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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