Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/18186874.2021.1979895
S. Zantsi, Stephen Mulanda, Lunathi Hlakanyane
Abstract In the post-apartheid era, agricultural support has been focused on small-scale farmers. Although the support manifests through an array of initiatives, the largest expenditure is on land reform and the Comprehensive Agricultural Support Programme (CASP). However, the impact has been minimal, with few farmers benefiting. This systematic literature review study argues that the design of the government initiatives directed at small-scale farmers contains loopholes that allow the manifestation of certain behaviours explainable by three theoretical concepts from the field of economics of information, namely adverse selection, moral hazard, and opportunistic behaviour. After a comprehensive review and discussion of these concepts, we identify, through a systematic literature review, cases that illustrate the behaviour explained by these concepts within CASP and in the land redistribution programme. Our findings show that agents (service providers, farmers, and government officials) involved in the process of rendering support to small-scale farmers act on these existing loopholes in a manner that is beneficial to themselves. We recommend that efforts be made to minimise such behaviours in order to reduce transaction costs and improve the effectiveness of the support initiatives. We also identify potential future research avenues and how they can be approached.
{"title":"Small-Scale Agriculture, Land Reform, and Government Support in South Africa: Identifying Moral Hazard, Opportunistic Behaviour, and Adverse Selection","authors":"S. Zantsi, Stephen Mulanda, Lunathi Hlakanyane","doi":"10.1080/18186874.2021.1979895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18186874.2021.1979895","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the post-apartheid era, agricultural support has been focused on small-scale farmers. Although the support manifests through an array of initiatives, the largest expenditure is on land reform and the Comprehensive Agricultural Support Programme (CASP). However, the impact has been minimal, with few farmers benefiting. This systematic literature review study argues that the design of the government initiatives directed at small-scale farmers contains loopholes that allow the manifestation of certain behaviours explainable by three theoretical concepts from the field of economics of information, namely adverse selection, moral hazard, and opportunistic behaviour. After a comprehensive review and discussion of these concepts, we identify, through a systematic literature review, cases that illustrate the behaviour explained by these concepts within CASP and in the land redistribution programme. Our findings show that agents (service providers, farmers, and government officials) involved in the process of rendering support to small-scale farmers act on these existing loopholes in a manner that is beneficial to themselves. We recommend that efforts be made to minimise such behaviours in order to reduce transaction costs and improve the effectiveness of the support initiatives. We also identify potential future research avenues and how they can be approached.","PeriodicalId":256939,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of African Renaissance Studies - Multi-, Inter- and Transdisciplinarity","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122672768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/18186874.2021.1979897
Anton M. Pillay, C. Landsberg
In the Shadows of the American Century: The Rise and Decline of US Global Power is an essential text for understanding geopolitics shaped by American hegemony. A professor of history at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Alfred W. McCoy has produced a well-researched book that often reads like a good detective novel instead of a serious historical structural analysis of the rise and fall of empires. The writing style is simple, transforming complex and multi-layered issues and dynamics into an easily understandable text accessible to all—an impressive feat considering the author’s focus on 100 years of American foreign policy. What makes McCoy’s knowledge of US foreign policy stand out among his contemporaries is that two of his research interests, the illegal drug trade and CIA covert operations, are, as he shows, two pillars which have solidified the USA’s hard-powered hegemony.
《在美国世纪的阴影下:美国全球权力的兴衰》是理解美国霸权所塑造的地缘政治的重要文本。作为威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校(University of Wisconsin-Madison)的历史学教授，阿尔弗雷德·w·麦考伊(Alfred W. McCoy)写了一本研究深入的书，读起来更像是一本优秀的侦探小说，而不是对帝国兴衰的严肃历史结构分析。写作风格简单，将复杂的、多层次的问题和动态转化为易于理解的文本——考虑到作者关注的是100年来美国外交政策，这是一项令人印象深刻的壮举。使麦考伊对美国外交政策的了解在他的同龄人中脱颖而出的是，他的两个研究兴趣，非法毒品交易和中央情报局的秘密行动，正如他所展示的那样，是巩固美国硬实力霸权的两大支柱。
{"title":"In the Shadows of the American Century: The Rise and Decline of US Global Power","authors":"Anton M. Pillay, C. Landsberg","doi":"10.1080/18186874.2021.1979897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18186874.2021.1979897","url":null,"abstract":"In the Shadows of the American Century: The Rise and Decline of US Global Power is an essential text for understanding geopolitics shaped by American hegemony. A professor of history at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Alfred W. McCoy has produced a well-researched book that often reads like a good detective novel instead of a serious historical structural analysis of the rise and fall of empires. The writing style is simple, transforming complex and multi-layered issues and dynamics into an easily understandable text accessible to all—an impressive feat considering the author’s focus on 100 years of American foreign policy. What makes McCoy’s knowledge of US foreign policy stand out among his contemporaries is that two of his research interests, the illegal drug trade and CIA covert operations, are, as he shows, two pillars which have solidified the USA’s hard-powered hegemony.","PeriodicalId":256939,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of African Renaissance Studies - Multi-, Inter- and Transdisciplinarity","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126404714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/18186874.2021.1950558
O. Ikeanyibe, Chuka E. Ugwu, I. Nzekwe, J. Obioji
Abstract Self-determination campaigns remain a critical cause of ethno-linguistic conflicts and resultant humanitarian crises in many countries in Africa and other parts of the world. While the United Nations (UN), its agencies, and the international community at large are ever ready to intervene in humanitarian crises arising from self-determination conflicts, it has remained difficult to adopt criteria and procedures to proactively decide and resolve self-determination campaigns in a way that encourages non-violent approaches, and to nip violent approaches to self-determination agitation in the bud. This article argues that the role of the UN in the maintenance of international peace and security should include adopting certain criteria for implementing its declarations relating to the right to self-determination. The article avers that such measures would better enhance peace and nation-building in Africa than the current approach of non-action, which consists of waiting to intervene in ethno-linguistic conflicts and the consequent humanitarian crises. The article is based on the use of documentary data and desk research.
{"title":"The United Nations, the Political Economy of International Organisations, and Managing Self-Determination Struggles in Africa","authors":"O. Ikeanyibe, Chuka E. Ugwu, I. Nzekwe, J. Obioji","doi":"10.1080/18186874.2021.1950558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18186874.2021.1950558","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Self-determination campaigns remain a critical cause of ethno-linguistic conflicts and resultant humanitarian crises in many countries in Africa and other parts of the world. While the United Nations (UN), its agencies, and the international community at large are ever ready to intervene in humanitarian crises arising from self-determination conflicts, it has remained difficult to adopt criteria and procedures to proactively decide and resolve self-determination campaigns in a way that encourages non-violent approaches, and to nip violent approaches to self-determination agitation in the bud. This article argues that the role of the UN in the maintenance of international peace and security should include adopting certain criteria for implementing its declarations relating to the right to self-determination. The article avers that such measures would better enhance peace and nation-building in Africa than the current approach of non-action, which consists of waiting to intervene in ethno-linguistic conflicts and the consequent humanitarian crises. The article is based on the use of documentary data and desk research.","PeriodicalId":256939,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of African Renaissance Studies - Multi-, Inter- and Transdisciplinarity","volume":"283 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131954342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/18186874.2021.1915170
M. Rammala
Abstract The importance of traditional dispute resolution is embedded in the culture of a people. Idiomatic expressions seek to harmonise the process of lekgotla and to heal the families involved in disputes. As a cultural system and a process that is different from the Western courts, lekgotla relies heavily on the use of idiomatic expressions as important guidelines and tenets that are utilised to unravel the complexities and challenges presented by participants in the lekgotla processes. Lekgotla is an African system of dispute resolution in its own right; however, it is subsumed in the South African national legal system, which is colonial in letter and spirit. This article aims to discuss the interrelations between lekgotla and idiomatic expressions in traditional dispute resolution as used by the Bakgatla Ba Mosetlha traditional council in Makapanstad village, North West province, South Africa. The interrelations between lekgotla and idiomatic expressions constitute a complex process with the aim of bringing families together to negotiate, confess, forgive, compensate, heal, and engage in a ceremony that restores harmony in the community. Culture is at the core of this interaction between lekgotla and idiomatic expressions, with the goal of enhancing traditional dispute resolution. Fifteen key village leaders (traditional council members) in the community of Makapanstad were the primary sources for this study. The key idiomatic expressions shared in this article, and as utilised by these village leaders, focus on maintaining the human relationships in the community.
传统纠纷解决的重要性根植于一个民族的文化之中。习惯用语旨在协调和解进程，并治愈卷入纠纷的家庭。作为一种不同于西方法院的文化体系和过程，法律诉讼在很大程度上依赖于使用成语表达作为重要的指导方针和原则，用来揭示法律诉讼过程中参与者所面临的复杂性和挑战。Lekgotla本身就是一个非洲争端解决机制;然而，它被纳入南非的国家法律体系，在文字和精神上都是殖民主义的。本文旨在探讨南非西北省Makapanstad村Bakgatla Ba Mosetlha传统理事会在传统争端解决中使用的lekgotla和习语表达之间的相互关系。lekgotla和习语表达之间的相互关系构成了一个复杂的过程，其目的是将家庭聚集在一起协商、忏悔、原谅、补偿、治愈，并参与一个恢复社区和谐的仪式。文化是语法和习惯表达之间互动的核心，其目的是增强传统的争端解决方式。Makapanstad社区的15位关键村长(传统理事会成员)是本研究的主要来源。本文中分享的关键习语，以及这些村领导使用的习语，重点是维护社区中的人际关系。
{"title":"Lekgotla and Idiomatic Expressions in Traditional Dispute Resolution: The Case of Makapanstad, North West Province, South Africa","authors":"M. Rammala","doi":"10.1080/18186874.2021.1915170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18186874.2021.1915170","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The importance of traditional dispute resolution is embedded in the culture of a people. Idiomatic expressions seek to harmonise the process of lekgotla and to heal the families involved in disputes. As a cultural system and a process that is different from the Western courts, lekgotla relies heavily on the use of idiomatic expressions as important guidelines and tenets that are utilised to unravel the complexities and challenges presented by participants in the lekgotla processes. Lekgotla is an African system of dispute resolution in its own right; however, it is subsumed in the South African national legal system, which is colonial in letter and spirit. This article aims to discuss the interrelations between lekgotla and idiomatic expressions in traditional dispute resolution as used by the Bakgatla Ba Mosetlha traditional council in Makapanstad village, North West province, South Africa. The interrelations between lekgotla and idiomatic expressions constitute a complex process with the aim of bringing families together to negotiate, confess, forgive, compensate, heal, and engage in a ceremony that restores harmony in the community. Culture is at the core of this interaction between lekgotla and idiomatic expressions, with the goal of enhancing traditional dispute resolution. Fifteen key village leaders (traditional council members) in the community of Makapanstad were the primary sources for this study. The key idiomatic expressions shared in this article, and as utilised by these village leaders, focus on maintaining the human relationships in the community.","PeriodicalId":256939,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of African Renaissance Studies - Multi-, Inter- and Transdisciplinarity","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128676281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/18186874.2021.1958693
Thomas Adino Taye
Abstract Pan-African ideology assisted African people to realise political independence and achieve national sovereignty in the time of colonialism. From 1900 to 1960, Pan-African ideology brought a dramatic change in the social, political, and cultural lives of African people and black diasporans who were living in Europe and North America. Pan-African ideology resolved the cultural and political questions of black people at the time of slavery and colonialism. However, since the 1960s the cultural, political, psychological, social, and scientific movements of Pan-Africanism have ceased and become stagnant, without the ability to properly address the economic and governance problems of the continent. And today, neo-colonial tendencies, from both the West and the East, continue to challenge the continent. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is three-fold: first, to suggest the possibility and potential of the neo-Pan-African movement for realising supra-national sovereignty in Africa; second, to show how rethinking Pan-African ideology can help to overcome the apparent economic crisis of Africa; and third, to capitalise on the significance of Pan-Africanism as a panacea to block neo-colonial tendencies in contemporary Africa. The study used interviews with key informants, books, and published articles as sources from which to draw important inferences.
{"title":"Rethinking Pan-Africanism: The Quest for Supra-State Formation and Authentic Development in Africa","authors":"Thomas Adino Taye","doi":"10.1080/18186874.2021.1958693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18186874.2021.1958693","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Pan-African ideology assisted African people to realise political independence and achieve national sovereignty in the time of colonialism. From 1900 to 1960, Pan-African ideology brought a dramatic change in the social, political, and cultural lives of African people and black diasporans who were living in Europe and North America. Pan-African ideology resolved the cultural and political questions of black people at the time of slavery and colonialism. However, since the 1960s the cultural, political, psychological, social, and scientific movements of Pan-Africanism have ceased and become stagnant, without the ability to properly address the economic and governance problems of the continent. And today, neo-colonial tendencies, from both the West and the East, continue to challenge the continent. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is three-fold: first, to suggest the possibility and potential of the neo-Pan-African movement for realising supra-national sovereignty in Africa; second, to show how rethinking Pan-African ideology can help to overcome the apparent economic crisis of Africa; and third, to capitalise on the significance of Pan-Africanism as a panacea to block neo-colonial tendencies in contemporary Africa. The study used interviews with key informants, books, and published articles as sources from which to draw important inferences.","PeriodicalId":256939,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of African Renaissance Studies - Multi-, Inter- and Transdisciplinarity","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129337451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/18186874.2021.1950559
Omar Ben Haman
Abstract This article draws on the existing literature to critically analyse the issue of youth unemployment in Morocco. The author argues that youth unemployment policy has to be understood in the context of neoliberalism and its austerity policies, as youth unemployment can never be overcome while the state keeps decreasing public expenditure and privatising public resources. And more importantly, it is the World Bank and other international development agencies that design and control models of development, establishing rankings, metrics, norms, and best practices of development in Morocco. They look at the Global South through their eyes rather than through local eyes. These models, unsuitable for the realities of the Global South, have always resulted in a distorted development model, due to the failure to take into consideration the conditions of the Global South's societies, cultures, and history.
{"title":"The Reality of Youth Unemployment and Unsuitable Development Models in the Global South: Evidence from Morocco","authors":"Omar Ben Haman","doi":"10.1080/18186874.2021.1950559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18186874.2021.1950559","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article draws on the existing literature to critically analyse the issue of youth unemployment in Morocco. The author argues that youth unemployment policy has to be understood in the context of neoliberalism and its austerity policies, as youth unemployment can never be overcome while the state keeps decreasing public expenditure and privatising public resources. And more importantly, it is the World Bank and other international development agencies that design and control models of development, establishing rankings, metrics, norms, and best practices of development in Morocco. They look at the Global South through their eyes rather than through local eyes. These models, unsuitable for the realities of the Global South, have always resulted in a distorted development model, due to the failure to take into consideration the conditions of the Global South's societies, cultures, and history.","PeriodicalId":256939,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of African Renaissance Studies - Multi-, Inter- and Transdisciplinarity","volume":"2436 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127476127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/18186874.2021.1949361
Itai Kabonga, K. Zvokuomba
Abstract The greater part of Robert Mugabe’s reign was characterised by attempts to silence and curtail civil activism. His rule crystallised in the banning of civil society organisations (CSOs) and wanton arrests of CSO representatives. The fall of Mugabe marked the genesis of the “Second Republic”, led by President Emmerson Mnangagwa. Euphoria gripped Zimbabweans as the new president promised a significant break with the old regime through re-engaging with the international community and opening up the democratic space. However, an analysis of relations between civil society and the state in the Second Republic reveals continuous threats against CSOs, the maintenance of restrictive laws, and superficial reforms. The Second Republic seems to be sympathetic to development- and welfare-oriented CSOs, considering those focusing on advocacy and governance as enemies bent on destabilising the state.
{"title":"State–Civil Society Relations in Zimbabwe’s “Second Republic”","authors":"Itai Kabonga, K. Zvokuomba","doi":"10.1080/18186874.2021.1949361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18186874.2021.1949361","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The greater part of Robert Mugabe’s reign was characterised by attempts to silence and curtail civil activism. His rule crystallised in the banning of civil society organisations (CSOs) and wanton arrests of CSO representatives. The fall of Mugabe marked the genesis of the “Second Republic”, led by President Emmerson Mnangagwa. Euphoria gripped Zimbabweans as the new president promised a significant break with the old regime through re-engaging with the international community and opening up the democratic space. However, an analysis of relations between civil society and the state in the Second Republic reveals continuous threats against CSOs, the maintenance of restrictive laws, and superficial reforms. The Second Republic seems to be sympathetic to development- and welfare-oriented CSOs, considering those focusing on advocacy and governance as enemies bent on destabilising the state.","PeriodicalId":256939,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of African Renaissance Studies - Multi-, Inter- and Transdisciplinarity","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116286609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/18186874.2021.1949363
George Katete
Abstract This article is inspired by studies on digital trust at the workplace. The article seeks to bridge the gap created by the lack of explanations in academic studies and theorising on why, even though elections can be held in African countries using technology and digital tools, the outcomes continue to be contested, as in the past. Blame is laid on the electoral institution, the people running the institution, and the technology applied during the election process. The study provides background regarding the Kenyan context, and benefits from a wide theorisation and generalisations taken from the literature on trust in the functions of institutions, people, and technology. The article also links these three in the broader framework of the project of digital trust at the workplace. It concludes that the holding of elections using digital technology did not yield the desired results of solidifying trust in the Kenyan electoral process and in the political domain as a whole. The context of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) involves liquid trust and a great deal of frustration, meaning that the decision to make use of technology does not necessarily lead to better results. Liquid trust is a type of trust which is short-lived, ephemeral, access-based, and dematerialised, while solid trust is an enduring and materialised type of trust. Modern liquid trust generates its other: the digital non-trustworthy or ethics-less design of a digital world.
{"title":"Digital Elections and the Problem of Liquid Trust in the Kenyan Electoral Management Institution","authors":"George Katete","doi":"10.1080/18186874.2021.1949363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18186874.2021.1949363","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article is inspired by studies on digital trust at the workplace. The article seeks to bridge the gap created by the lack of explanations in academic studies and theorising on why, even though elections can be held in African countries using technology and digital tools, the outcomes continue to be contested, as in the past. Blame is laid on the electoral institution, the people running the institution, and the technology applied during the election process. The study provides background regarding the Kenyan context, and benefits from a wide theorisation and generalisations taken from the literature on trust in the functions of institutions, people, and technology. The article also links these three in the broader framework of the project of digital trust at the workplace. It concludes that the holding of elections using digital technology did not yield the desired results of solidifying trust in the Kenyan electoral process and in the political domain as a whole. The context of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) involves liquid trust and a great deal of frustration, meaning that the decision to make use of technology does not necessarily lead to better results. Liquid trust is a type of trust which is short-lived, ephemeral, access-based, and dematerialised, while solid trust is an enduring and materialised type of trust. Modern liquid trust generates its other: the digital non-trustworthy or ethics-less design of a digital world.","PeriodicalId":256939,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of African Renaissance Studies - Multi-, Inter- and Transdisciplinarity","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126477380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/18186874.2021.1973258
Siphamandla Zondi, Z. Cakata, Nokuthula Hlabangane
{"title":"Continuity and Consolidation","authors":"Siphamandla Zondi, Z. Cakata, Nokuthula Hlabangane","doi":"10.1080/18186874.2021.1973258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18186874.2021.1973258","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":256939,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of African Renaissance Studies - Multi-, Inter- and Transdisciplinarity","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126613193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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