For the past two years, Raytheon Space and Information Division at Sudbury, Massachusetts has been exploiting the time-sharing environment for the benefit of its scientists and engineers. At first, a single terminal was rented and tied into a remotely located service offered by Bolt, Beranek, and Newman in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It was felt that as usage increased, additional terminals would be added to make use of the central computer. We were wrong. Before we needed a second terminal, the users required a second type of service. As the work load increased, a second terminal was added, but by then users were asking that a third type service be added.
{"title":"Exploiting the time-sharing environment","authors":"T. C. O'Sullivan","doi":"10.1145/800196.805986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800196.805986","url":null,"abstract":"For the past two years, Raytheon Space and Information Division at Sudbury, Massachusetts has been exploiting the time-sharing environment for the benefit of its scientists and engineers. At first, a single terminal was rented and tied into a remotely located service offered by Bolt, Beranek, and Newman in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It was felt that as usage increased, additional terminals would be added to make use of the central computer. We were wrong. Before we needed a second terminal, the users required a second type of service. As the work load increased, a second terminal was added, but by then users were asking that a third type service be added.","PeriodicalId":257203,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1967 22nd national conference","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115720278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper we present an algorithm for the numerical solution of (1.1) which is quadratically convergent and requires only (N2/2 + 3N/2) function evaluations per iterative step as compared with (N2 + N) evaluations for Newton's Method. Brown [1] has formalized the algorithm in terms of an iteration function [1, pp. 8-9] and proved that the method converges locally and that the convergence is quadratic in nature [1, pp. 21-32]. Computer results, obtained by applying an ALGOL procedure based on the method to some specific nonlinear systems, are included and a comparison is made with some of the better recent methods as well as with the classical Newton's Method; these results illustrate the quadratic convergence of the method.
{"title":"The solution of simultaneous nonlinear equations","authors":"K. Brown, S. D. Conte","doi":"10.1145/800196.805981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800196.805981","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we present an algorithm for the numerical solution of (1.1) which is quadratically convergent and requires only (N2/2 + 3N/2) function evaluations per iterative step as compared with (N2 + N) evaluations for Newton's Method. Brown [1] has formalized the algorithm in terms of an iteration function [1, pp. 8-9] and proved that the method converges locally and that the convergence is quadratic in nature [1, pp. 21-32]. Computer results, obtained by applying an ALGOL procedure based on the method to some specific nonlinear systems, are included and a comparison is made with some of the better recent methods as well as with the classical Newton's Method; these results illustrate the quadratic convergence of the method.","PeriodicalId":257203,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1967 22nd national conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114163338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The term “Computer Appreciation” (CA) was coined by Hamming (circa 1960) when he indicated the need for broad scale education about computers. In order to achieve this objective, the computing profession must gain for itself an appreciation of just what CA might be. Undoubtedly, there are many diverse opinions upon the subject, and it is hoped that this paper will provoke a discussion that is long overdue. For example, the authors view of CA is more intense than the usual concept of a broad brush survey and perhaps even approaches introductory programmer training. Although no attempt is made to explicitly define the term, succeeding sections of this paper discuss CA in the following fashion: (1) The need for CA and the responsibility of the computing profession to fulfill it are established, and the nature of the audience is considered. (2) The purpose and content of CA are discussed, and a structure is proposed. (3) A course in CA for Engineers which implements this structure is described. The extension of this approach to other audiences is discussed.
{"title":"An appreciation of computer appreciation","authors":"A. Kahn","doi":"10.1145/800196.806012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800196.806012","url":null,"abstract":"The term “Computer Appreciation” (CA) was coined by Hamming (circa 1960) when he indicated the need for broad scale education about computers. In order to achieve this objective, the computing profession must gain for itself an appreciation of just what CA might be. Undoubtedly, there are many diverse opinions upon the subject, and it is hoped that this paper will provoke a discussion that is long overdue. For example, the authors view of CA is more intense than the usual concept of a broad brush survey and perhaps even approaches introductory programmer training. Although no attempt is made to explicitly define the term, succeeding sections of this paper discuss CA in the following fashion: (1) The need for CA and the responsibility of the computing profession to fulfill it are established, and the nature of the audience is considered. (2) The purpose and content of CA are discussed, and a structure is proposed. (3) A course in CA for Engineers which implements this structure is described. The extension of this approach to other audiences is discussed.","PeriodicalId":257203,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1967 22nd national conference","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132559504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper centers on the issue of efficient use of a transportation vehicle. It focuses on the following question: Given a vehicle of specified speed and capacity, how should it be scheduled in order to attain a high level of passenger satisfaction?
{"title":"Scheduling a vehicle between an origin and a destination to maximize traveler satisfaction","authors":"Dennisr . Young","doi":"10.1145/800196.805993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800196.805993","url":null,"abstract":"This paper centers on the issue of efficient use of a transportation vehicle. It focuses on the following question: Given a vehicle of specified speed and capacity, how should it be scheduled in order to attain a high level of passenger satisfaction?","PeriodicalId":257203,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1967 22nd national conference","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131569388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The role that might be assigned to computers in instructional systems may take many forms. However, after reviewing the literature on the uses of computers in education, the authors could find no clear statement as to what such a role is or should be, when considered within the total context of an instructional system. The failure to find a well-defined role provided the impetus for a paper of this type. The paper is designed to suggest new ways of conceptualizing instructional systems which include a computer component. The authors address themselves to this task by first reviewing briefly the past use of computers in educational settings; second, applying a general systems approach to education; third, developing a model for CAI (computer-assisted-instruction) within the general systems framework and fourth, exploring the implications of the model for research and development of CAI systems.
{"title":"The role of computers in instructional systems: Past and future","authors":"F. Crowell, S. C. Traegde","doi":"10.1145/800196.806010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800196.806010","url":null,"abstract":"The role that might be assigned to computers in instructional systems may take many forms. However, after reviewing the literature on the uses of computers in education, the authors could find no clear statement as to what such a role is or should be, when considered within the total context of an instructional system. The failure to find a well-defined role provided the impetus for a paper of this type. The paper is designed to suggest new ways of conceptualizing instructional systems which include a computer component. The authors address themselves to this task by first reviewing briefly the past use of computers in educational settings; second, applying a general systems approach to education; third, developing a model for CAI (computer-assisted-instruction) within the general systems framework and fourth, exploring the implications of the model for research and development of CAI systems.","PeriodicalId":257203,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1967 22nd national conference","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130792546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The tenet that students taking a computer science course (even, and especially, an introductory one) should get actual machine experience has gradually been accepted in the past few years. The Brown University Student Operating System (SOS) provides: 1) such a “cut-down” assembler; 2) an interpreter for simulating the simplified machine whose code the assembler produces; 3) a control program which optimizes program storage, provides line-by-line program editing, and gathers operating statistics; 4) a grading program for the four major problems in one of the introductory computer science courses using SOS. Our experience in the fall semester of 1966 indicates that we can provide assembly language teaching and processing to students of varying backgrounds at costs comparable to those mentioned for algebraic compilers.
{"title":"The Brown University Student Operating System","authors":"D. Wile, R. Munck, A. V. Dam","doi":"10.1145/800196.806011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800196.806011","url":null,"abstract":"The tenet that students taking a computer science course (even, and especially, an introductory one) should get actual machine experience has gradually been accepted in the past few years. The Brown University Student Operating System (SOS) provides: 1) such a “cut-down” assembler; 2) an interpreter for simulating the simplified machine whose code the assembler produces; 3) a control program which optimizes program storage, provides line-by-line program editing, and gathers operating statistics; 4) a grading program for the four major problems in one of the introductory computer science courses using SOS. Our experience in the fall semester of 1966 indicates that we can provide assembly language teaching and processing to students of varying backgrounds at costs comparable to those mentioned for algebraic compilers.","PeriodicalId":257203,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1967 22nd national conference","volume":"2016 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127404913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper will review the development of numerical control in the United States and Europe, will summarize the growth of NC programming languages in the United States, and will contrast these developments with current efforts in NC language development and standardization in Western Europe.
{"title":"Development of numerical control programming languages in Europe","authors":"B. Mittman","doi":"10.1145/800196.806016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800196.806016","url":null,"abstract":"This paper will review the development of numerical control in the United States and Europe, will summarize the growth of NC programming languages in the United States, and will contrast these developments with current efforts in NC language development and standardization in Western Europe.","PeriodicalId":257203,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1967 22nd national conference","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124383428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is my primary purpose to show that while it is possible to develop a neat, tight, rigorous, standard definition of a programming language, it is not desirable to do so for economic reasons. Some of the problems will be sketched and an attempt will be made to give some of the flavor of the considerations involved.
{"title":"The undesirability of rigid standards for programming languages","authors":"Richard K. Ridgway","doi":"10.1145/800196.806022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800196.806022","url":null,"abstract":"It is my primary purpose to show that while it is possible to develop a neat, tight, rigorous, standard definition of a programming language, it is not desirable to do so for economic reasons. Some of the problems will be sketched and an attempt will be made to give some of the flavor of the considerations involved.","PeriodicalId":257203,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1967 22nd national conference","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124553769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An important consideration in the design of programming systems for the management of large files of data is the method of treating hierarchical data (that is, data among which logical relationships exist at more than two levels). Recent systems have accomplished this by simply duplicating some essential item of data at several levels. Such duplication makes the storage of even small data bases inefficient; for large masses of data, storage becomes economically unfeasible. Other systems have provided the means to specify and construct hierarchies, but none have provided language that affords control over retrieval and output levels, and control over the scope of output. Within the Time-Shared Data Management System (TDMS), currently being produced at System Development Corporation, a method has been devised for maintaining hierarchical associations within logical entries of a data base. Basically, the technique permits the automatic association of related data through a device known as a repeating group. The term “repeating group” is not new, but the TDMS treatment of the repeating group concept is. This paper describes how this technique is implemented in the language and tables of TDMS.
{"title":"Treating hierarchical data structures in the SDC Time-Shared Data Management System (TDMS)","authors":"Robert E. Bleier","doi":"10.1145/800196.805973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800196.805973","url":null,"abstract":"An important consideration in the design of programming systems for the management of large files of data is the method of treating hierarchical data (that is, data among which logical relationships exist at more than two levels). Recent systems have accomplished this by simply duplicating some essential item of data at several levels. Such duplication makes the storage of even small data bases inefficient; for large masses of data, storage becomes economically unfeasible. Other systems have provided the means to specify and construct hierarchies, but none have provided language that affords control over retrieval and output levels, and control over the scope of output. Within the Time-Shared Data Management System (TDMS), currently being produced at System Development Corporation, a method has been devised for maintaining hierarchical associations within logical entries of a data base. Basically, the technique permits the automatic association of related data through a device known as a repeating group. The term “repeating group” is not new, but the TDMS treatment of the repeating group concept is. This paper describes how this technique is implemented in the language and tables of TDMS.","PeriodicalId":257203,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1967 22nd national conference","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124060330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Problems of safety and efficiency in present day highway traffic systems are receiving considerable attention. Much of this attention is being focused upon the driving task. Driving an automobile encompasses extremely complex patterns of behavior involving sensory, perceptual, decision making and response processes. Current knowledge of the effects of the variables influencing this behavior, and of their interactions, is quite limited. For many aspects of the driving task the relevant variables have not even been identified. These considerations suggest at least two approaches to the study of the driving task. First, an analytical approach is required to help identify the variables involved in automobile driving. Second, experimental studies are needed to determine the effects of specific combinations of these variables.
{"title":"A computer simulation model of driver-vehicle performance at intersections","authors":"K. Laughery, T. E. Anderson, E. A. Kidd","doi":"10.1145/800196.805992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800196.805992","url":null,"abstract":"Problems of safety and efficiency in present day highway traffic systems are receiving considerable attention. Much of this attention is being focused upon the driving task. Driving an automobile encompasses extremely complex patterns of behavior involving sensory, perceptual, decision making and response processes. Current knowledge of the effects of the variables influencing this behavior, and of their interactions, is quite limited. For many aspects of the driving task the relevant variables have not even been identified. These considerations suggest at least two approaches to the study of the driving task. First, an analytical approach is required to help identify the variables involved in automobile driving. Second, experimental studies are needed to determine the effects of specific combinations of these variables.","PeriodicalId":257203,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1967 22nd national conference","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129124774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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