Over the past few years the growing complexity and costs of systems required to support space research and technology have generated a need for improving overall program management and concept evaluation techniques. Some of the more recent areas of study in space research have been devoted to the conceptual design of orbiting, manned space stations capable fulfilling basic, space related, research objectives. These system designs must reflect operational requirements for maximum utilization of available resources and identify important parameters for consideration in future plans.
{"title":"Development and utilization of a space station mission simulation model","authors":"Karen D. Brender, C. P. Llewellyn","doi":"10.1145/800196.805969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800196.805969","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past few years the growing complexity and costs of systems required to support space research and technology have generated a need for improving overall program management and concept evaluation techniques. Some of the more recent areas of study in space research have been devoted to the conceptual design of orbiting, manned space stations capable fulfilling basic, space related, research objectives. These system designs must reflect operational requirements for maximum utilization of available resources and identify important parameters for consideration in future plans.","PeriodicalId":257203,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1967 22nd national conference","volume":"28 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132153155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The United States of America Standards Institute (USASI) formerly known as the American Standards Association) is the national standards body in the United States. From its modest beginning in 1918, USASI has grown into a national federation of more than 138 technical societies and trade associations that are either member bodies or associate members. In addition, USASI has some 2200 company members. Within USASI, there are three sectional committees that work in the broad area of data processing standards. These are X3 (Computers and Information Processing), X4 (Office Machines), and X6 (Computers and Related Equipment). Each sectional committee usually has several subcommittees operating under its direction. For example, as shown in Figure 1, Sectional Committee, X3, has eight subcommittees which are X3.1 (Optical Character Recognition), X3.2 (Codes and Input/Output), X3.3 (Data Transmission), X3.4 (Common Programming Languages), X3.5 (Vocabulary), X3.6 (Problem Definition and Analysis), X3.7 (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition), and X3.8 (Data Elements and their Coded Representation). Subcommittee X3.3 (Data Transmission) has the following work scope: “Determine and define the operational characteristics governing the performance of digital data generating and receiving systems combined with communications systems.” To accomplish this work scope, X3.3 has six task groups operating under its direction (see Figure 2). One of these task groups, X3.3.4 (Control Procedures) is developing what are known as Data Link Control (DLC) procedures. These procedures will specify how data communications can be controlled by using the communications control characters provided in the coded character set known as the United States of America Standard Code for Information Interchange (USASCII).
{"title":"Data link control procedures: What they are and what they mean to the user","authors":"Hubert F. Ickes","doi":"10.1145/800196.806020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800196.806020","url":null,"abstract":"The United States of America Standards Institute (USASI) formerly known as the American Standards Association) is the national standards body in the United States. From its modest beginning in 1918, USASI has grown into a national federation of more than 138 technical societies and trade associations that are either member bodies or associate members. In addition, USASI has some 2200 company members. Within USASI, there are three sectional committees that work in the broad area of data processing standards. These are X3 (Computers and Information Processing), X4 (Office Machines), and X6 (Computers and Related Equipment). Each sectional committee usually has several subcommittees operating under its direction. For example, as shown in Figure 1, Sectional Committee, X3, has eight subcommittees which are X3.1 (Optical Character Recognition), X3.2 (Codes and Input/Output), X3.3 (Data Transmission), X3.4 (Common Programming Languages), X3.5 (Vocabulary), X3.6 (Problem Definition and Analysis), X3.7 (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition), and X3.8 (Data Elements and their Coded Representation). Subcommittee X3.3 (Data Transmission) has the following work scope: “Determine and define the operational characteristics governing the performance of digital data generating and receiving systems combined with communications systems.” To accomplish this work scope, X3.3 has six task groups operating under its direction (see Figure 2). One of these task groups, X3.3.4 (Control Procedures) is developing what are known as Data Link Control (DLC) procedures. These procedures will specify how data communications can be controlled by using the communications control characters provided in the coded character set known as the United States of America Standard Code for Information Interchange (USASCII).","PeriodicalId":257203,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1967 22nd national conference","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115406904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Service Bureau Corporation, an IBM subsidiary, announced plans for a somewhat similar system, consisting of 12 inter-linked data processing centers and “more than 125 System/360's.”2General Electric, ITT, NCR, and other large concerns are also in the burgeoning teleprocessing business, or soon will be. Key Data Corporation's entry into the field has also received considerable attention and numerous other small companies are working to create a data base and attendant service offerings. The intent of this paper is to explore some of the various factors that condition the environment in which these developments are taking place. Particular emphasis is placed on those factors that may be instrumental in determining the ultimate character of the teleprocessing business now being formed.
IBM子公司Service Bureau Corporation宣布了一个类似系统的计划，该系统由12个相互连接的数据处理中心和“超过125个system /360”组成。通用电气(general Electric)、ITT、NCR和其他大公司也在或即将涉足蓬勃发展的远程处理业务。Key Data Corporation进入该领域也受到了相当大的关注，许多其他小公司正在努力创建数据库和相应的服务产品。本文的目的是探讨影响这些发展发生的环境的一些各种因素。特别强调的是那些可能有助于决定目前正在形成的远程处理业务的最终性质的因素。
{"title":"The case against the computer utility","authors":"Ronald F. Denz","doi":"10.1145/800196.806025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800196.806025","url":null,"abstract":"The Service Bureau Corporation, an IBM subsidiary, announced plans for a somewhat similar system, consisting of 12 inter-linked data processing centers and “more than 125 System/360's.”2General Electric, ITT, NCR, and other large concerns are also in the burgeoning teleprocessing business, or soon will be. Key Data Corporation's entry into the field has also received considerable attention and numerous other small companies are working to create a data base and attendant service offerings. The intent of this paper is to explore some of the various factors that condition the environment in which these developments are taking place. Particular emphasis is placed on those factors that may be instrumental in determining the ultimate character of the teleprocessing business now being formed.","PeriodicalId":257203,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1967 22nd national conference","volume":"30-31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117190417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The data compression problem One of the outstanding problems confronting computer users is compact representation of functions of more than one variable. Most storage-limited computer programs devote a major part of their available memory to the representation of functions of more than one variable: e.g., equation-of-state tables in physics problems,1 optimal return functions in dynamic-programming problems,2 routing tables in communications simulations,3 tables of manpower and material in simulations of military theatre operation,4 function representation in meteorological and astronomical investigations,5 and representation of topographic information. This paper develops and analyzes tabular methods with respect to the topographic representation problem. However, the result are presented in terms of general smoothness and accuracy parameters; thus, they also apply to the other problems mentioned above.
{"title":"Tabular representation of multivariate functions—with applications to topographic modeling","authors":"B. Boehm","doi":"10.1145/800196.806009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800196.806009","url":null,"abstract":"The data compression problem One of the outstanding problems confronting computer users is compact representation of functions of more than one variable. Most storage-limited computer programs devote a major part of their available memory to the representation of functions of more than one variable: e.g., equation-of-state tables in physics problems,1 optimal return functions in dynamic-programming problems,2 routing tables in communications simulations,3 tables of manpower and material in simulations of military theatre operation,4 function representation in meteorological and astronomical investigations,5 and representation of topographic information. This paper develops and analyzes tabular methods with respect to the topographic representation problem. However, the result are presented in terms of general smoothness and accuracy parameters; thus, they also apply to the other problems mentioned above.","PeriodicalId":257203,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1967 22nd national conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114227449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An on-line simulation system allows both the user and the computer to cooperate and share the task of performing the simulation. It does this by providing facilities for the user to interact with the computer so that they may both play active roles in the simulation process as it is occurring. Thus, the user may perform some of the simulation functions himself and the computer performs the remaining ones. Alternately, the user may act only as a monitor and observe, verify and record data or modify and redirect the simulation when it strays erroneously from the desired path.1,2,3 A second feature of an on-line simulation system is that it may allow the actual phenomenon being simulated to become a part of the simulation.
{"title":"On—line simulation","authors":"Malcolm M. Jones","doi":"10.1145/800196.806028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800196.806028","url":null,"abstract":"An on-line simulation system allows both the user and the computer to cooperate and share the task of performing the simulation. It does this by providing facilities for the user to interact with the computer so that they may both play active roles in the simulation process as it is occurring. Thus, the user may perform some of the simulation functions himself and the computer performs the remaining ones. Alternately, the user may act only as a monitor and observe, verify and record data or modify and redirect the simulation when it strays erroneously from the desired path.1,2,3 A second feature of an on-line simulation system is that it may allow the actual phenomenon being simulated to become a part of the simulation.","PeriodicalId":257203,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1967 22nd national conference","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131332950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents the computer-related implications, both on computer technology and on engineering, of solving an integrated, complex engineering problem. The discussion is based upon experience gained from a case study in which a series of essentially independent subsystem computer programs were used in modular interconnection for a comprehensive highway design problem. It should be emphasized that the authors speak as users, rather than developers, of computer systems.
{"title":"Implications of integrated transportation engineering design systems for computer software and hardware development","authors":"S. M. Breuning, T. N. Harvey","doi":"10.1145/800196.805995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800196.805995","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the computer-related implications, both on computer technology and on engineering, of solving an integrated, complex engineering problem. The discussion is based upon experience gained from a case study in which a series of essentially independent subsystem computer programs were used in modular interconnection for a comprehensive highway design problem. It should be emphasized that the authors speak as users, rather than developers, of computer systems.","PeriodicalId":257203,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1967 22nd national conference","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134038972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper attempts to anticipate the development of two types of organizations: the public planning information system and the “computer utility.” Public planning information systems are computer-based systems for storing, retrieving and analyzing data in support of relatively long-range, urban-planning activities. The computer utility is an emerging form of organization providing computer services to all types of users and may in the future distribute computer services much as electric power is distributed today.
{"title":"The public planning information system and the computer utility","authors":"R. D. Jones","doi":"10.1145/800196.806024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800196.806024","url":null,"abstract":"This paper attempts to anticipate the development of two types of organizations: the public planning information system and the “computer utility.” Public planning information systems are computer-based systems for storing, retrieving and analyzing data in support of relatively long-range, urban-planning activities. The computer utility is an emerging form of organization providing computer services to all types of users and may in the future distribute computer services much as electric power is distributed today.","PeriodicalId":257203,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1967 22nd national conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130731991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Just over ten years ago, IBM and American Airlines undertook the development of a real-time airlines reservations system. At that time, there were several systems in use by the airlines to present “yes-no” information on seat availability and in some cases maintain seat inventory counts. None of these systems, however, performed the complete “back-room” job of filing records, sending communication messages, processing wait-lists, preparing boarding manifests, etc. Significant improvements in passenger service were expected if the many possible sources of error in these operations could be reduced. The effort included development of specialized pieces of equipment and of a control program to interface between the application programs and the hardware. This was at a time when operating systems were just beginning to come into use. This paper concentrates upon the control program architecture, setting forth the important lessons that were learned after the system became operational.
{"title":"Experience gained from the American Airlines SABRE system control program","authors":"George J. Evans","doi":"10.1145/800196.805977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800196.805977","url":null,"abstract":"Just over ten years ago, IBM and American Airlines undertook the development of a real-time airlines reservations system. At that time, there were several systems in use by the airlines to present “yes-no” information on seat availability and in some cases maintain seat inventory counts. None of these systems, however, performed the complete “back-room” job of filing records, sending communication messages, processing wait-lists, preparing boarding manifests, etc. Significant improvements in passenger service were expected if the many possible sources of error in these operations could be reduced. The effort included development of specialized pieces of equipment and of a control program to interface between the application programs and the hardware. This was at a time when operating systems were just beginning to come into use. This paper concentrates upon the control program architecture, setting forth the important lessons that were learned after the system became operational.","PeriodicalId":257203,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1967 22nd national conference","volume":"309 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116257024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent literature1-6has summarized many of the characteristics of time-shared systems which have been or are being built for experimental or commercial application. Fortunately system designers are not waiting for a formal theory before experimenting. Unfortunately some of the results are so diverse in effectiveness that greater emphasis on analysis must be achieved. If predictability cannot lower the risks associated with the tremendous investments required to implement information processing utilities, progress in this field may be markedly decreased. The present paper presents a characterization of the time-sharing system environment, a set of measures associated with the system, an integrated summary of models and a discussion of measurements. In the final section new proposals for systems, measures, models and measurements are considered.
{"title":"Measures, models and measurements for time-shared computer utilities","authors":"G. Estrin, L. Kleinrock","doi":"10.1145/800196.805978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800196.805978","url":null,"abstract":"Recent literature1-6has summarized many of the characteristics of time-shared systems which have been or are being built for experimental or commercial application. Fortunately system designers are not waiting for a formal theory before experimenting. Unfortunately some of the results are so diverse in effectiveness that greater emphasis on analysis must be achieved. If predictability cannot lower the risks associated with the tremendous investments required to implement information processing utilities, progress in this field may be markedly decreased. The present paper presents a characterization of the time-sharing system environment, a set of measures associated with the system, an integrated summary of models and a discussion of measurements. In the final section new proposals for systems, measures, models and measurements are considered.","PeriodicalId":257203,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1967 22nd national conference","volume":"133 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124642374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper is concerned with a technique which, unlike Boolean-based methods, allows the selecting function to be specified in an intuitive manner, regardless of the complexity of the criteria, where Boolean statements might become quite awkward and lose all but their formal meaning. In order to describe this technique concisely, we find it convenient to introduce a modest amount of formalism to give our description a solid grounding. This process has begun above and will be completed in the next section.
{"title":"A threshold selection language","authors":"Barry Wittman, P. Z. Ingerman","doi":"10.1145/800196.806001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800196.806001","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is concerned with a technique which, unlike Boolean-based methods, allows the selecting function to be specified in an intuitive manner, regardless of the complexity of the criteria, where Boolean statements might become quite awkward and lose all but their formal meaning. In order to describe this technique concisely, we find it convenient to introduce a modest amount of formalism to give our description a solid grounding. This process has begun above and will be completed in the next section.","PeriodicalId":257203,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1967 22nd national conference","volume":"156 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122134936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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