There are several “subroutine packages” available today which may be used by programmers to obtain graphical output from computers. These subroutine packages are difficult for the non-programmer to use since he must write an executive program to make the appropriate calls to these subroutines to realize the desired results. There are individuals at all educational levels in most every discipline who are eager to use the computer, but who do not wish to get involved with any extensive programming. The language to be presented here is user-oriented. The formal syntactic definition of the language will be given using Backus-Naur Form. The definition will be presented in a manner which progresses from the larger syntactic units to the smaller syntactic units. Some of the semantic and pragmatic considerations which help to motivate the language will be interspersed throughout the formal definition. Finally, two illustrations will be presented to help draw the ideas together.
{"title":"A problem oriented graphic language","authors":"Peter M. Schwinn","doi":"10.1145/800196.806015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800196.806015","url":null,"abstract":"There are several “subroutine packages” available today which may be used by programmers to obtain graphical output from computers. These subroutine packages are difficult for the non-programmer to use since he must write an executive program to make the appropriate calls to these subroutines to realize the desired results. There are individuals at all educational levels in most every discipline who are eager to use the computer, but who do not wish to get involved with any extensive programming. The language to be presented here is user-oriented. The formal syntactic definition of the language will be given using Backus-Naur Form. The definition will be presented in a manner which progresses from the larger syntactic units to the smaller syntactic units. Some of the semantic and pragmatic considerations which help to motivate the language will be interspersed throughout the formal definition. Finally, two illustrations will be presented to help draw the ideas together.","PeriodicalId":257203,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1967 22nd national conference","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115578182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper has been written in response to a request for an up-to-date broad view of the approach to computer-aided design taken by the M.I.T. Computer-Aided Design Project. Included in the suggestion was the hope that such a description would help to illuminate, expecially for people who are not system programmers, the major features which any computer-aided design system must have in order to be a useful practical tool. This has proved to be a difficult assignment, because there are several audiences involved. Engineers, designers, managers, programmers, and system programmers all have different interests in the problems of computer-aided design. With several notable exceptions, however, all of these types of people seem to lack a clear understanding of what “design” means, and just what is required to really involve the computer in the design process.
{"title":"The AED approach to generalized computer-aided design","authors":"D. Ross","doi":"10.1145/800196.806006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800196.806006","url":null,"abstract":"This paper has been written in response to a request for an up-to-date broad view of the approach to computer-aided design taken by the M.I.T. Computer-Aided Design Project. Included in the suggestion was the hope that such a description would help to illuminate, expecially for people who are not system programmers, the major features which any computer-aided design system must have in order to be a useful practical tool. This has proved to be a difficult assignment, because there are several audiences involved. Engineers, designers, managers, programmers, and system programmers all have different interests in the problems of computer-aided design. With several notable exceptions, however, all of these types of people seem to lack a clear understanding of what “design” means, and just what is required to really involve the computer in the design process.","PeriodicalId":257203,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1967 22nd national conference","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127342077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The concept of a programmable word length computer has evolved through an attempt to minimize wasted storage in any fixed word length computer. Whether the computer contains six bits per word or 72 bits per word, storage is inevitably wasted when it is necessary to use a full word for a simple on-off switch, or to have 12-digit capacity used for 2-digit significance. Programmers have long recognized this. Thus, word packing and unpacking soon becomes a part of every programmer's repertoire. The first section of this treatise is primarily concerned with data storage, instruction format, storage and register organization, arithmetic operations, input/output processes, and some special considerations. The second section is concerned with software support, and operational recommendations.
{"title":"Programmed word length computer","authors":"A. L. Lucke","doi":"10.1145/800196.805975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800196.805975","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of a programmable word length computer has evolved through an attempt to minimize wasted storage in any fixed word length computer. Whether the computer contains six bits per word or 72 bits per word, storage is inevitably wasted when it is necessary to use a full word for a simple on-off switch, or to have 12-digit capacity used for 2-digit significance. Programmers have long recognized this. Thus, word packing and unpacking soon becomes a part of every programmer's repertoire. The first section of this treatise is primarily concerned with data storage, instruction format, storage and register organization, arithmetic operations, input/output processes, and some special considerations. The second section is concerned with software support, and operational recommendations.","PeriodicalId":257203,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1967 22nd national conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121860276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rapid development of computer technology and the creation of new engineering oriented languages have established that general purpose digital computers are increasingly suitable for simulation of the dynamics of large physical systems. In the Aerospace Vehicle Simulation (AVS) Program, an effort has been undertaken at Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), Huntsville, Alabama, to simulate continuous and discrete dynamics of an aerospace vehicle and its ground support equipment (GSE) on a large digital computer. AVS is primarily being developed as a major tool for the checkout of space vehicles, but eventually it will become an essential part of an integrated engineering information system which can be used by various laboratories at MSFC for the design, checkout, and management of space vehicles.
{"title":"Digital Simulation of an Aerospace Vehicle","authors":"J. Mitchell, J. Moore, H. Trauboth","doi":"10.1145/800196.805970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800196.805970","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid development of computer technology and the creation of new engineering oriented languages have established that general purpose digital computers are increasingly suitable for simulation of the dynamics of large physical systems. In the Aerospace Vehicle Simulation (AVS) Program, an effort has been undertaken at Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), Huntsville, Alabama, to simulate continuous and discrete dynamics of an aerospace vehicle and its ground support equipment (GSE) on a large digital computer. AVS is primarily being developed as a major tool for the checkout of space vehicles, but eventually it will become an essential part of an integrated engineering information system which can be used by various laboratories at MSFC for the design, checkout, and management of space vehicles.","PeriodicalId":257203,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1967 22nd national conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129187448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of higher order simulation language is to simplify the user's task by shifting to the computer some of the programming, especially the routine elements. The computer becomes a tool and, hopefully, a helpful assistant. First, let us review the conditions and environment of the user and then consider the implications of these elements on simulation languages.
{"title":"The user of simulation languages—the forgotten man","authors":"J. Reitman","doi":"10.1145/800196.806026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800196.806026","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of higher order simulation language is to simplify the user's task by shifting to the computer some of the programming, especially the routine elements. The computer becomes a tool and, hopefully, a helpful assistant. First, let us review the conditions and environment of the user and then consider the implications of these elements on simulation languages.","PeriodicalId":257203,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1967 22nd national conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131811628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this paper is to describe the performance and operation of the UNIVAC 1107 computing system installed at the Andrew R. Jennings Computing Center at the Case Institute of Technology. The Center employs an open-shop type philosophy that appears to be unique among large scale installations. This philosophy leads to turnaround times which are better by an order of magnitude than those commonly being obtained with comparable scale equipment.
本文的目的是描述安装在Case Institute of Technology的Andrew R. Jennings计算中心的UNIVAC 1107计算系统的性能和操作。该中心采用开放式商店式的理念，这在大型装置中似乎是独一无二的。这一理念导致周转时间，这是由一个数量级比那些通常获得与可比规模的设备。
{"title":"Description of a high capacity fast turnaround university computing center","authors":"W. C. Lynch","doi":"10.1145/800196.805997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800196.805997","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to describe the performance and operation of the UNIVAC 1107 computing system installed at the Andrew R. Jennings Computing Center at the Case Institute of Technology. The Center employs an open-shop type philosophy that appears to be unique among large scale installations. This philosophy leads to turnaround times which are better by an order of magnitude than those commonly being obtained with comparable scale equipment.","PeriodicalId":257203,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1967 22nd national conference","volume":"503 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133894231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As the usage of some computer systems became more specialized and complicated, there became a need to study the performance of the software as well as the hardware. Thus, simulations were developed to assist in the design and in the improvement of the overall performance of these systems. The categories covered by such simulations ranged from batch processing direct couple systems to time-sharing systems to more specific systems such as those for message processing and switching. It is the intent of this paper to examine the circumstances which have led to the existing state of affairs and to illustrate the benefits which appropriate system performance simulations of some of the newer systems could bestow.
{"title":"Computer simulation of computer system performance","authors":"N. Nielsen","doi":"10.1145/800196.806027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800196.806027","url":null,"abstract":"As the usage of some computer systems became more specialized and complicated, there became a need to study the performance of the software as well as the hardware. Thus, simulations were developed to assist in the design and in the improvement of the overall performance of these systems. The categories covered by such simulations ranged from batch processing direct couple systems to time-sharing systems to more specific systems such as those for message processing and switching. It is the intent of this paper to examine the circumstances which have led to the existing state of affairs and to illustrate the benefits which appropriate system performance simulations of some of the newer systems could bestow.","PeriodicalId":257203,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1967 22nd national conference","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129689990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The mental image formed upon the first attempt to focus on a problem of the scope involved in systematizing the planning and scheduling functions of a space vehicle tracking range is truly overwhelming (Figure 1). Further investigation, however, while not diminishing the elephantine proportions of the problem, reveals considerable detail of importance. First, there was already at hand at the Air Force Eastern Test Range specific ADP capabilities that could be used almost directly in an integrated analytical system. Examples of such capabilities are those for trajectory and ephemerous computation, geometrical dilution of precision analysis, antenna pattern analysis, ship and aircraft scheduling routines, cost accounting data, and many others. With such assistance identified and the overall dimension of the task in view, the next step was to outline approach and methodology.
{"title":"An integrated analytical system for global range planning","authors":"T. Williamson","doi":"10.1145/800196.805971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800196.805971","url":null,"abstract":"The mental image formed upon the first attempt to focus on a problem of the scope involved in systematizing the planning and scheduling functions of a space vehicle tracking range is truly overwhelming (Figure 1). Further investigation, however, while not diminishing the elephantine proportions of the problem, reveals considerable detail of importance. First, there was already at hand at the Air Force Eastern Test Range specific ADP capabilities that could be used almost directly in an integrated analytical system. Examples of such capabilities are those for trajectory and ephemerous computation, geometrical dilution of precision analysis, antenna pattern analysis, ship and aircraft scheduling routines, cost accounting data, and many others. With such assistance identified and the overall dimension of the task in view, the next step was to outline approach and methodology.","PeriodicalId":257203,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1967 22nd national conference","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132405817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper has been written with two purposes in mind: First, to give a user-oriented analysis of the problem of graphical data description for univariate data and second, to describe the use of a computer program which has been designed to supplement the traditional methods. The histogram, frequency polygon and other closely related methods are computationally simple techniques, often used for estimating the underlying density of which the data are a sample. Therefore it is not at all surprising that before the advent of high speed calculation these methods were used almost exclusively. However, at the present time the criterion of simplicity is sharing the attention of statisticians and computer scientists with the criterion of efficiency in terms of effective use of data for this purpose.
{"title":"After the histogram what? a description of new computer methods for estimating the population density","authors":"M. Tarter, R. L. Holcomb, Richard A. Kronman","doi":"10.1145/800196.806019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800196.806019","url":null,"abstract":"This paper has been written with two purposes in mind: First, to give a user-oriented analysis of the problem of graphical data description for univariate data and second, to describe the use of a computer program which has been designed to supplement the traditional methods. The histogram, frequency polygon and other closely related methods are computationally simple techniques, often used for estimating the underlying density of which the data are a sample. Therefore it is not at all surprising that before the advent of high speed calculation these methods were used almost exclusively. However, at the present time the criterion of simplicity is sharing the attention of statisticians and computer scientists with the criterion of efficiency in terms of effective use of data for this purpose.","PeriodicalId":257203,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1967 22nd national conference","volume":"157 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132410725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Line drawings are the most common type of rendering used to convey geometrical description. This is due to the economy of preparing such drawings and the great information density obtainable. On a pure line drawing, that is where no attempt is made to specify or suggest shadows, tone or color, the lines rendered are either the intersection curves of surfaces or the contour curves of surfaces. The nature of these curves are adequately discussed in the literature 1 and in a previous report.2 In order to convey a realistic impression of an object or an assembly of objects, the segments of lines which cannot be seen by an observer are not drawn or are drawn dashed. Without specification of visibility a drawing is ambiguous. This paper presents a recently developed scheme for the determination of visibility in a line drawing which enables comparitively high speed calculation and excellent resolution.
{"title":"The notion of quantitative invisibility and the machine rendering of solids","authors":"Arthur Appel","doi":"10.1145/800196.806007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800196.806007","url":null,"abstract":"Line drawings are the most common type of rendering used to convey geometrical description. This is due to the economy of preparing such drawings and the great information density obtainable. On a pure line drawing, that is where no attempt is made to specify or suggest shadows, tone or color, the lines rendered are either the intersection curves of surfaces or the contour curves of surfaces. The nature of these curves are adequately discussed in the literature 1 and in a previous report.2 In order to convey a realistic impression of an object or an assembly of objects, the segments of lines which cannot be seen by an observer are not drawn or are drawn dashed. Without specification of visibility a drawing is ambiguous. This paper presents a recently developed scheme for the determination of visibility in a line drawing which enables comparitively high speed calculation and excellent resolution.","PeriodicalId":257203,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1967 22nd national conference","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132760067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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