Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4337/9781839109119.00071
Zhimin Chen, Shi-jie Liu, S. Cai, Yizhu Yao, H. Yin, H. Ukai, Yoko Uchida, H. Nakatsuka, Takao Watanabe, M. Ikeda
Mitochondrial dysfunction is the key pathogenic mechanism of cerebral injury induced by high-altitude hypoxia. Some Chinese herbal monomers may exert anti-hypoxic effects through enhancing the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation. In this study, effects of 10 kinds of Chinese herbal monomers on mitochondrial respiration and membrane potential of cerebral mitochondria isolated from hypoxia-exposed rats in vitro were investigated to screen anti-hypoxic drugs. Rats were exposed to a low-pressure environment of 405.35 mm Hg (54.04 kPa) for 3 days to establish high-altitude hypoxic models. Cerebral mitochondria were isolated and treated with different concentrations of Chinese herbal monomers (sinomenine, silymarin, glycyrrhizic acid, baicalin, quercetin, ginkgolide B, saffron, piperine, ginsenoside Rg1 and oxymatrine) for 5 minutes in vitro . Mitochondrial oxygen consumption and membrane potential were measured using a Clark oxygen electrode and the rhodamine 123 fluorescence analysis method, respectively. Hypoxic exposure significantly decreased the state 3 respiratory rate, respiratory control rate and mitochondrial membrane potential, and significantly increased the state 4 respiratory rate. Treatment with saffron, ginsenoside Rg1 and oxymatrine increased the respiratory control rate in cerebral mitochondria isolated from hypoxia-exposed rats in dose-dependent manners in vitro , while ginsenoside Rg1, piperine and oxymatrine significantly increased the mitochondrial membrane potential in cerebral mitochondria from hypoxia-exposed rats. The Chinese herbal monomers saffron, ginsenoside Rg1, piperine and oxymatrine could thus improve cerebral mitochondrial disorders in oxidative phosphorylation induced by hypobaric hypoxia exposure in vitro .
线粒体功能障碍是高原缺氧脑损伤的重要致病机制。一些中草药单体可能通过提高氧化磷酸化效率来发挥抗缺氧作用。本研究通过观察10种中药单体对体外缺氧大鼠脑线粒体呼吸和膜电位的影响，筛选抗缺氧药物。将大鼠置于405.35 mm Hg (54.04 kPa)低压环境3 d，建立高原缺氧模型。分离脑线粒体，用不同浓度的中草药单体(青藤碱、水水蓟素、甘草酸、黄芩苷、槲皮素、银杏内酯B、藏红花、胡椒碱、人参皂苷Rg1、氧化苦参碱)体外处理5分钟。采用Clark氧电极和罗丹明123荧光分析法分别测定线粒体耗氧量和膜电位。低氧暴露显著降低状态3呼吸频率、呼吸控制率和线粒体膜电位，显著升高状态4呼吸频率。藏红花、人参皂苷Rg1和氧化苦参碱对体外缺氧大鼠脑线粒体呼吸控制率呈剂量依赖性提高，人参皂苷Rg1、胡椒碱和氧化苦参碱对体外缺氧大鼠脑线粒体线粒体膜电位显著升高。因此，中药单体藏红花、人参皂苷Rg1、胡椒碱和氧化苦参碱可以改善体外低氧缺氧诱导的脑线粒体氧化磷酸化紊乱。
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Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4337/9781839109119.00025
• Smiletracker uses a built-in webcam to make it easy to capture moments that elicit smiles while using a computer • When you smile, Smiletracker recognizes it and saves both the image of your face and what you were looking at. • You can easily review what made you smile and share it! • Based on positive psychology research, we hypothesize that the act of reviewing smile-eliciting content will improve positive affect, and consequently, overall wellbeing. • We conducted a preliminary user study to test this hypothesis, as well as to gather feedback on the initial design. • Users log in to the site using their Facebook account, and are taken to a personal profile page (Fig 1).
{"title":"Introduction: System design","authors":"","doi":"10.4337/9781839109119.00025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839109119.00025","url":null,"abstract":"• Smiletracker uses a built-in webcam to make it easy to capture moments that elicit smiles while using a computer • When you smile, Smiletracker recognizes it and saves both the image of your face and what you were looking at. • You can easily review what made you smile and share it! • Based on positive psychology research, we hypothesize that the act of reviewing smile-eliciting content will improve positive affect, and consequently, overall wellbeing. • We conducted a preliminary user study to test this hypothesis, as well as to gather feedback on the initial design. • Users log in to the site using their Facebook account, and are taken to a personal profile page (Fig 1).","PeriodicalId":259224,"journal":{"name":"Handbook on Social Protection Systems","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132819935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4337/9781839109119.00046
Esther Schüring
While there is a standard set of instruments that can be used in social protection systems, this needs to be adapted and combined in different ways in order to serve different groups in society best. The needs of a young person who is just starting life and should not be trapped from birth in unfavourable socio-economic conditions are different from the social protection requirements of a retired person who has finished the active part of life and requires income and care security for an indefinite time period. While women and men both incur similar life-cycle risks, there are also gender-specific risks and vulnerabilities that social protection systems need to be cognizant of. Last but not least, some groups in society often remain below the social protection radar such as people with disability, workers in the informal sector or refugees. Part IV of this handbook therefore discusses how social protection systems need to be designed so that they pay respect to the different risk profiles, needs and challenges in access of different groups. Needs and challenges change over time, which requires social protection systems to be flexible and responsive to new societal trends. When initially designed, social protection systems in today’s high-income countries were based on the male breadwinner model. As norms and defined roles in society have changed quite dramatically, Chapter 18 by Jones argues that gender-sensitive social protection needs to go beyond a narrow focus on women in their capacity as mothers and also empower girls and women. The understanding of disability has equally changed over time as Côte demonstrates in Chapter 19. It has shifted from no longer viewing people with disability as incapacitated members of society but exploring ways that barriers restricting participation can be lowered. This calls for a different social protection approach. Similar to children (discussed in Chapter 20 by Roelen) and the elderly (discussed by Vargas Faulbaum in Chapter 21), people with disability often require care services. This calls for a different social protection package and careful considerations of how care is being organized without putting the person in need of care as well as the (family) carer in a vulnerable position. While social protection systems often explicitly include the groups mentioned above, even in lowand middle-income countries, the informal sector (discussed in Chapter 22 by Miti, Perkiö, Metteri and Atkins) and refugees (discussed in Chapter 23 by Kool and Nimeh) have been largely excluded from (national) social protection systems. The informal sector is often called the missing middle, too poor to participate in formal insurance mechanisms and not poor enough to qualify for social transfers. Refugees that flee to neighbouring countries mostly benefit from international rather than national support, which risks intensifying conflicts with host communities who might equally fall through the cracks of national protection. A so
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Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4337/9781839109119.00080
{"title":"MAJOR CHALLENGES AND REFORM OPTIONS","authors":"","doi":"10.4337/9781839109119.00080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839109119.00080","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":259224,"journal":{"name":"Handbook on Social Protection Systems","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129720570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4337/9781839109119.00033
{"title":"POLICY COORDINATION","authors":"","doi":"10.4337/9781839109119.00033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839109119.00033","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":259224,"journal":{"name":"Handbook on Social Protection Systems","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114196107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4337/9781839109119.00027
Stephen Devereux
{"title":"Targeting","authors":"Stephen Devereux","doi":"10.4337/9781839109119.00027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839109119.00027","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":259224,"journal":{"name":"Handbook on Social Protection Systems","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120947234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4337/9781839109119.00026
Arthur van de Meerendonk
{"title":"Financing","authors":"Arthur van de Meerendonk","doi":"10.4337/9781839109119.00026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839109119.00026","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":259224,"journal":{"name":"Handbook on Social Protection Systems","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127342419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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