Pub Date : 1930-11-01DOI: 10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6537007
E. Sibley
In addition to the establishment of beacon lights and intermediate landing fields by the Federal Government, additional communication facilities are being provided which will meet the further demands of air transport companies operating under all conditions of weather on Federal airways. These facilities consist of a network of land line services, airways radio stations, and radio range stations along the airways for collecting and broadcasting weather information and for the guidance of aircraft by radio direction. Marker beacons are located at the intersection of the radio range courses to signal the pilot that his receiver-should be adjusted to the frequency of the next radio range. These beacons also serve to give the exact location on the route. The Bureau of Standards and other similar branches of the Government and private concerns are constantly engaged in research and development work. The Federal Radio Commission's aviation plan provides for two-way communications with aircraft by the air transport companies. The aviation plan also provides for a system of communications between airports and aircraft. The services of these companies and airports are coordinated with the facilities provided by the Federal Government.
{"title":"Aeronautical radio communications","authors":"E. Sibley","doi":"10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6537007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6537007","url":null,"abstract":"In addition to the establishment of beacon lights and intermediate landing fields by the Federal Government, additional communication facilities are being provided which will meet the further demands of air transport companies operating under all conditions of weather on Federal airways. These facilities consist of a network of land line services, airways radio stations, and radio range stations along the airways for collecting and broadcasting weather information and for the guidance of aircraft by radio direction. Marker beacons are located at the intersection of the radio range courses to signal the pilot that his receiver-should be adjusted to the frequency of the next radio range. These beacons also serve to give the exact location on the route. The Bureau of Standards and other similar branches of the Government and private concerns are constantly engaged in research and development work. The Federal Radio Commission's aviation plan provides for two-way communications with aircraft by the air transport companies. The aviation plan also provides for a system of communications between airports and aircraft. The services of these companies and airports are coordinated with the facilities provided by the Federal Government.","PeriodicalId":260406,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the A.I.E.E.","volume":"21 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1930-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114027354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1930-10-01DOI: 10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536351
F. J. Vogel, J. K. Hodnette
The question of grounding transformer bank neutrals through different impedances has recently arisen due to the desire to limit system single-phase and two-phase short-circuit currents. It was found that the use of resistance, only, may be undesirable on account of the high voltage at the neutral in limiting the short-circuit current. The use of inductance, only, may result in high voltages within the transformer and at the neutral due to lightning transients, which necessitates the transformer being fully insulated throughout. Methods using parallel paths with the inductance, (these parallel paths being designed primarily to reduce the lightning transients at the neutral), have been studied and found to limit the transients within the transformers to values approximating those for solidly-grounded neutral which permit the grading of the transformer insulation. The method to be selected depends upon the individual case; but generally, the use of the valve type lightning arrester is the simplest to apply.
{"title":"Abridgment of grounding banks of transformers with neutral impedances and the resultant transient conditions in the windings","authors":"F. J. Vogel, J. K. Hodnette","doi":"10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536351","url":null,"abstract":"The question of grounding transformer bank neutrals through different impedances has recently arisen due to the desire to limit system single-phase and two-phase short-circuit currents. It was found that the use of resistance, only, may be undesirable on account of the high voltage at the neutral in limiting the short-circuit current. The use of inductance, only, may result in high voltages within the transformer and at the neutral due to lightning transients, which necessitates the transformer being fully insulated throughout. Methods using parallel paths with the inductance, (these parallel paths being designed primarily to reduce the lightning transients at the neutral), have been studied and found to limit the transients within the transformers to values approximating those for solidly-grounded neutral which permit the grading of the transformer insulation. The method to be selected depends upon the individual case; but generally, the use of the valve type lightning arrester is the simplest to apply.","PeriodicalId":260406,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the A.I.E.E.","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1930-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115410771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1930-10-01DOI: 10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536349
R. Powell
Improvements in steam power generation, and economic changes in the fuel supply, have caused increasing interest in steam power on the Pacific Coast. After a brief history of the development of steam power on the system of the Pacific Gas & Electric Company, the author discusses some of the fundamental factors entering into the problem of providing additional steam plant capacity for this company in accord with the changed economic conditions. The author describes recent work completed and under construction and gives some of the economic results obtained and expected.
{"title":"Abridgment of steam power development of the Pacific gas & electric company","authors":"R. Powell","doi":"10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536349","url":null,"abstract":"Improvements in steam power generation, and economic changes in the fuel supply, have caused increasing interest in steam power on the Pacific Coast. After a brief history of the development of steam power on the system of the Pacific Gas & Electric Company, the author discusses some of the fundamental factors entering into the problem of providing additional steam plant capacity for this company in accord with the changed economic conditions. The author describes recent work completed and under construction and gives some of the economic results obtained and expected.","PeriodicalId":260406,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the A.I.E.E.","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1930-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114452360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1930-10-01DOI: 10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536352
C. B. Grady, W. Lawrence, R. H. Tapscott
THE New York Edison Company and affiliated companies operate two 25-cycle stations aggregating 402,000 kw., four combined 25- and 60-cycle stations aggregating 1,110,000 kw., and two 60-cycle stations aggregating 405,000 kw., a total generating capacity of 1,917,000 kw. with a 1929 peak load of 1,225,200 kw.
{"title":"Abridgment of the East river generating station of the New York Edison company","authors":"C. B. Grady, W. Lawrence, R. H. Tapscott","doi":"10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536352","url":null,"abstract":"THE New York Edison Company and affiliated companies operate two 25-cycle stations aggregating 402,000 kw., four combined 25- and 60-cycle stations aggregating 1,110,000 kw., and two 60-cycle stations aggregating 405,000 kw., a total generating capacity of 1,917,000 kw. with a 1929 peak load of 1,225,200 kw.","PeriodicalId":260406,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the A.I.E.E.","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1930-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126399521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1930-10-01DOI: 10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536365
H. Broadbent
An important milestone in the progress of the science of illumination was passed during the week of September 8th, when a group of 75 illuminating engineers in New York, and another group of 100 in Chicago, attended a special course of lectures on the “Fundamentals of Architecture for Illuminating Engineers.” The courses were given concurrently from September 8 to 13, by Columbia University in New York and the University of Illinois and Armour Institute in Chicago. Two lectures on architecture and allied subjects were given on each of the five days by professors of architecture of the respective universities, and by prominent architects from each city. Inspection trips were also made to representative buildings.
{"title":"Courses in fundamentals of architecture given for illuminating engineers","authors":"H. Broadbent","doi":"10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536365","url":null,"abstract":"An important milestone in the progress of the science of illumination was passed during the week of September 8th, when a group of 75 illuminating engineers in New York, and another group of 100 in Chicago, attended a special course of lectures on the “Fundamentals of Architecture for Illuminating Engineers.” The courses were given concurrently from September 8 to 13, by Columbia University in New York and the University of Illinois and Armour Institute in Chicago. Two lectures on architecture and allied subjects were given on each of the five days by professors of architecture of the respective universities, and by prominent architects from each city. Inspection trips were also made to representative buildings.","PeriodicalId":260406,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the A.I.E.E.","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1930-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125389649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1930-10-01DOI: 10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536356
W. B. Kirke
Underground transmission and distribution circuits are being continually extended, and large amounts of new capital invested each year in the conduit and cable systems which this extension requires. More and more frequently the cable engineer is called upon for accurate information as to the maximum loads that may safely be impressed on underground cables without exceeding the temperature limits recognized in present day practise. The importance of the study of cable temperatures has long been recognized, and much excellent material has been published concerning its several phases. In particular, the copper temperature rise of loaded cables above the surrounding air has been fully analyzed. Less thorough treatment, however, has been given the determination of the temperatures existing in loaded duct structures, and to the behavior of cables carrying cyclic loads. It is the purpose of this paper to present a comprehensive survey of the whole problem of cable temperatures by consolidating information on cable temperature characteristics with the equally important problem of the characteristics of duct structure when the cable circuits are subjected to the cyclic loads usually found in practise. The information herein presented on the subject of duct bank temperatures is the result of an investigation in the metropolitan district of New York, carried on for several years under widely varying conditions. The constants given for certain types of duct structures may not be universally applicable to other localities, but it is believed that the method of attack will be helpful to other engineers in analyzing test data obtained upon their systems and in separating the various factors involved.
{"title":"Abridgment of the calculation of cable temperatures in subway ducts","authors":"W. B. Kirke","doi":"10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536356","url":null,"abstract":"Underground transmission and distribution circuits are being continually extended, and large amounts of new capital invested each year in the conduit and cable systems which this extension requires. More and more frequently the cable engineer is called upon for accurate information as to the maximum loads that may safely be impressed on underground cables without exceeding the temperature limits recognized in present day practise. The importance of the study of cable temperatures has long been recognized, and much excellent material has been published concerning its several phases. In particular, the copper temperature rise of loaded cables above the surrounding air has been fully analyzed. Less thorough treatment, however, has been given the determination of the temperatures existing in loaded duct structures, and to the behavior of cables carrying cyclic loads. It is the purpose of this paper to present a comprehensive survey of the whole problem of cable temperatures by consolidating information on cable temperature characteristics with the equally important problem of the characteristics of duct structure when the cable circuits are subjected to the cyclic loads usually found in practise. The information herein presented on the subject of duct bank temperatures is the result of an investigation in the metropolitan district of New York, carried on for several years under widely varying conditions. The constants given for certain types of duct structures may not be universally applicable to other localities, but it is believed that the method of attack will be helpful to other engineers in analyzing test data obtained upon their systems and in separating the various factors involved.","PeriodicalId":260406,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the A.I.E.E.","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1930-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122510443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1930-10-01DOI: 10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536363
H. F. Brown
This paper deals primarily with the development, description, and characteristics of various types of rail bonds used at track joints for traction return, and incidentally, signal track circuits. It outlines their performance and reasons for their selection on representative electrified steam railroads, which include:
{"title":"Abridgment of railbonding practise and experience on electrified steam railroads","authors":"H. F. Brown","doi":"10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536363","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals primarily with the development, description, and characteristics of various types of rail bonds used at track joints for traction return, and incidentally, signal track circuits. It outlines their performance and reasons for their selection on representative electrified steam railroads, which include:","PeriodicalId":260406,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the A.I.E.E.","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1930-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133438370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1930-10-01DOI: 10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536353
L. N. Crichton
During the past year or so, studies of stability have been made to determine methods of preventing loss of synchronism upon the occurrence of faults. Of the several methods found, the most obvious and effective is the high-speed isolation of the faulty section of the line; and this of course means high-speed relays and high-speed breakers. Investigation so far has indicated that the time required depends upon the type of fault. Since a three-phase short circuit prevents the flow of synchronizing power, it is the most serious type and must be cleared in from six to ten cycles. This demands the use of relays which will operate “instantaneously.” Recent suggestions have been numerous, and these are discussed, this discussion covering relays operating at normal frequency and those which have been operated or suggested for higher superimposed frequencies. While there is a number of difficulties attendant on the design of high-speed relays — these troubles depending on the type and construction of the relay — still high-speed relays may be made to operate on any of the present well-known principles, such as impedance principle, current balance principle, etc. They may employ either a mechanical structure or may make use of thermionic or gas-filled tubes. Attention is given to a mechanical relay of the impedance type operating with a speed of one cycle or less. Some discussion is also given of the reactance type relay with mention of its limitations, particularly that of the extra time required for its initialing element to operate. The effect of resistance at the point of fault (arc resistance) is discussed and the conclusion drawn that, for extremely high-speed operation, it does not interfere with satisfactory relay performance. This is because of the time required for the arc resistance to increase to an appreciable value.
{"title":"Abridgment of high-speed protective relays","authors":"L. N. Crichton","doi":"10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536353","url":null,"abstract":"During the past year or so, studies of stability have been made to determine methods of preventing loss of synchronism upon the occurrence of faults. Of the several methods found, the most obvious and effective is the high-speed isolation of the faulty section of the line; and this of course means high-speed relays and high-speed breakers. Investigation so far has indicated that the time required depends upon the type of fault. Since a three-phase short circuit prevents the flow of synchronizing power, it is the most serious type and must be cleared in from six to ten cycles. This demands the use of relays which will operate “instantaneously.” Recent suggestions have been numerous, and these are discussed, this discussion covering relays operating at normal frequency and those which have been operated or suggested for higher superimposed frequencies. While there is a number of difficulties attendant on the design of high-speed relays — these troubles depending on the type and construction of the relay — still high-speed relays may be made to operate on any of the present well-known principles, such as impedance principle, current balance principle, etc. They may employ either a mechanical structure or may make use of thermionic or gas-filled tubes. Attention is given to a mechanical relay of the impedance type operating with a speed of one cycle or less. Some discussion is also given of the reactance type relay with mention of its limitations, particularly that of the extra time required for its initialing element to operate. The effect of resistance at the point of fault (arc resistance) is discussed and the conclusion drawn that, for extremely high-speed operation, it does not interfere with satisfactory relay performance. This is because of the time required for the arc resistance to increase to an appreciable value.","PeriodicalId":260406,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the A.I.E.E.","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1930-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127190962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1930-10-01DOI: 10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536359
F. Peek
It is the object of this paper to discuss the relative effects of different forms of voltage transients on insulators, gaps, and insulation; to show how the effects and breakdown voltages of various types of transients are related; and to compare natural lightning waves with those used in the laboratory. Such knowledge is necessary in making a comparison of insulators, insulation, and in coordination. The law of impulse sparkover has been determined and formulas have been developed to predetermine time lag and breakdown voltage for the various types of transients.
{"title":"Abridgment of the effect of transient voltages on dielectrics — IV: Law of impulse spark-over and time lag: Relative effects of different wave shapes — Comparison of lightning waves and laboratory waves — Coordination of line insulation","authors":"F. Peek","doi":"10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536359","url":null,"abstract":"It is the object of this paper to discuss the relative effects of different forms of voltage transients on insulators, gaps, and insulation; to show how the effects and breakdown voltages of various types of transients are related; and to compare natural lightning waves with those used in the laboratory. Such knowledge is necessary in making a comparison of insulators, insulation, and in coordination. The law of impulse sparkover has been determined and formulas have been developed to predetermine time lag and breakdown voltage for the various types of transients.","PeriodicalId":260406,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the A.I.E.E.","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1930-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121568928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1930-10-01DOI: 10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536360
H. Hazen, O. R. Schurig, M. F. Gardner
Previous network computing devices with their uses and limitations are reviewed briefly, following which is a statement of the requisites for an effective a-c. calculating table. The M. I. T. Network Analyzer, a static miniature a-c. power system designed and constructed jointly by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the General Electric Company for the computation of actual power networks is described in detail and its operation outlined. The fields of its application are enumerated and include the study of normal operating conditions, stability, and short circuits. An example illustrating its application to the solution of a normal-operation problem is given.
{"title":"Abridgment of the M. I. T. network analyzer: Design and application to power system problems","authors":"H. Hazen, O. R. Schurig, M. F. Gardner","doi":"10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536360","url":null,"abstract":"Previous network computing devices with their uses and limitations are reviewed briefly, following which is a statement of the requisites for an effective a-c. calculating table. The M. I. T. Network Analyzer, a static miniature a-c. power system designed and constructed jointly by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the General Electric Company for the computation of actual power networks is described in detail and its operation outlined. The fields of its application are enumerated and include the study of normal operating conditions, stability, and short circuits. An example illustrating its application to the solution of a normal-operation problem is given.","PeriodicalId":260406,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the A.I.E.E.","volume":"06 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1930-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128945585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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