Pub Date : 1930-10-01DOI: 10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536358
W. W. Edson
In 1919 a paper2 was presented before the A. I. E. E. giving a very interesting résumé of the relay protective systems up to that date. Part II, which appeared in 1922, is still a reliable and instructive guide for the protection engineer.3
{"title":"Abridgment of transmission system relay protection — III","authors":"W. W. Edson","doi":"10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536358","url":null,"abstract":"In 1919 a paper<sup>2</sup> was presented before the A. I. E. E. giving a very interesting résumé of the relay protective systems up to that date. Part II, which appeared in 1922, is still a reliable and instructive guide for the protection engineer.<sup>3</sup>","PeriodicalId":260406,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the A.I.E.E.","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1930-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122887921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1930-10-01DOI: 10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536348
A. Schwager
This paper describes the methods of calculating mechanical performance of a typical rotary type oil circuit breaker, operated by a spring-actuated motor control. For a given spring characteristic, the motion of the breaker is predicted, and time required to reach any position, and the speed at that position, calculated. General formulas are set up. A mechanical test is performed on a specific breaker and a comparison made between calculated and tested results.
{"title":"Abridgment of calculation of mechanical performance of oil circuit breakers","authors":"A. Schwager","doi":"10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536348","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the methods of calculating mechanical performance of a typical rotary type oil circuit breaker, operated by a spring-actuated motor control. For a given spring characteristic, the motion of the breaker is predicted, and time required to reach any position, and the speed at that position, calculated. General formulas are set up. A mechanical test is performed on a specific breaker and a comparison made between calculated and tested results.","PeriodicalId":260406,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the A.I.E.E.","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1930-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123501017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1930-10-01DOI: 10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536346
R. Corfield
This paper describes the electrification of a large open cut copper mine, covering 725 acres, operating 23 modern electric shovels, 39 special type electric locomotives, approximately 50 mi. of overhead trolley construction, and a rather elaborate shovel and locomotive feeder system. The main power supply and receiving substations for the electrification are described, and the method of protecting main line trains between mine and concentrating plants with automatic block signals directed by dispatcher through centralized traffic control, illustrated. Miscellaneous uses of electricity at the mine and plants are discussed, and operating statistics covering one year's operation are included.
{"title":"Abridgment of electricity's part in open cut copper mining","authors":"R. Corfield","doi":"10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536346","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the electrification of a large open cut copper mine, covering 725 acres, operating 23 modern electric shovels, 39 special type electric locomotives, approximately 50 mi. of overhead trolley construction, and a rather elaborate shovel and locomotive feeder system. The main power supply and receiving substations for the electrification are described, and the method of protecting main line trains between mine and concentrating plants with automatic block signals directed by dispatcher through centralized traffic control, illustrated. Miscellaneous uses of electricity at the mine and plants are discussed, and operating statistics covering one year's operation are included.","PeriodicalId":260406,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the A.I.E.E.","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1930-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121424068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1930-10-01DOI: 10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536357
F. 0. Mcmillan, E. Starr
An experimental investigation of the influence of polarity on high-voltage discharges is reported in this paper. Particular attention is given to those discharges used in high-voltage measurements. A theory of the formation of Lichtenberg figures is given together with experimental evidence upon which it is based. A polarity indicator utilizing visual Lichtenberg figures is described. Results of 60-cycle and impulse tests on various types of gaps are given. It is shown that polarity has a distinct effect upon the sparking voltages of all types of gaps. Impulse measurements with grounded sphere-gaps are shown to be subject to serious error unless the polarity effects are taken into consideration. An explanation of the influence of polarity on spark-over is proposed.
{"title":"Abridgment of the influence of polarity on high-voltage discharges","authors":"F. 0. Mcmillan, E. Starr","doi":"10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536357","url":null,"abstract":"An experimental investigation of the influence of polarity on high-voltage discharges is reported in this paper. Particular attention is given to those discharges used in high-voltage measurements. A theory of the formation of Lichtenberg figures is given together with experimental evidence upon which it is based. A polarity indicator utilizing visual Lichtenberg figures is described. Results of 60-cycle and impulse tests on various types of gaps are given. It is shown that polarity has a distinct effect upon the sparking voltages of all types of gaps. Impulse measurements with grounded sphere-gaps are shown to be subject to serious error unless the polarity effects are taken into consideration. An explanation of the influence of polarity on spark-over is proposed.","PeriodicalId":260406,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the A.I.E.E.","volume":"101 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1930-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131541008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1930-10-01DOI: 10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536354
J. Clem
This paper was written to review and extend the theory of overvoltages due to the arcing grounds because of the increasing tendency to use impedances between the neutral point and the ground, thereby losing the advantage of the solidly grounded neutral. The “third-class conductor” theory of Steinmetz is touched upon very briefly and is considered as not applying to transmission line conditions. The theory when the phenomenon is controlled by normal frequency arc extinction, as presented by Peters and Slepian, is reviewed, and the maximum voltage for this analysis is found to be $3{1over 2}$ E, where E is the normal line to neutral voltage. The theory when the phenomenon is controlled by oscillatory frequency arc extinction as originated by Doctor Petersen is given in detail but in a modified and extended form. The maximum voltage for a single-phase circuit when no damping is considered is found to be 6 E. The analysis for the three-phase circuit is newly developed for the case in which there is an impedance between the neutral and ground and the maximum voltage is found to be 7.5 E when the effect of the damping factors and capacitance between lines is neglected. The method of determining the various reductions or damping factors is outlined. The effect of a neutral grounding resistor is discussed and it is pointed out that a surprisingly high value of resistance can be used without incurring the possibility of dangerous overvoltages. It is shown that the use of reactance is more liable to result in overvoltages than resistance but that relatively large values of reactance can be used in conjunction with resistance. The Petersen Coil is usually considered as causing the arc to go out by giving a balance of lagging and leading currents in the arc. It is brought out in this paper that there will be no voltages built up when the Petersen Coil is used, whether or not the arc goes out. The relation of the overvoltages on a non-grounded and an effectively grounded system is outlined, and a criterion for determining whether or not a system is effectively grounded is proposed.
{"title":"Abridgment of arcing grounds and effect of neutral grounding impedance","authors":"J. Clem","doi":"10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536354","url":null,"abstract":"This paper was written to review and extend the theory of overvoltages due to the arcing grounds because of the increasing tendency to use impedances between the neutral point and the ground, thereby losing the advantage of the solidly grounded neutral. The “third-class conductor” theory of Steinmetz is touched upon very briefly and is considered as not applying to transmission line conditions. The theory when the phenomenon is controlled by normal frequency arc extinction, as presented by Peters and Slepian, is reviewed, and the maximum voltage for this analysis is found to be $3{1over 2}$ E, where E is the normal line to neutral voltage. The theory when the phenomenon is controlled by oscillatory frequency arc extinction as originated by Doctor Petersen is given in detail but in a modified and extended form. The maximum voltage for a single-phase circuit when no damping is considered is found to be 6 E. The analysis for the three-phase circuit is newly developed for the case in which there is an impedance between the neutral and ground and the maximum voltage is found to be 7.5 E when the effect of the damping factors and capacitance between lines is neglected. The method of determining the various reductions or damping factors is outlined. The effect of a neutral grounding resistor is discussed and it is pointed out that a surprisingly high value of resistance can be used without incurring the possibility of dangerous overvoltages. It is shown that the use of reactance is more liable to result in overvoltages than resistance but that relatively large values of reactance can be used in conjunction with resistance. The Petersen Coil is usually considered as causing the arc to go out by giving a balance of lagging and leading currents in the arc. It is brought out in this paper that there will be no voltages built up when the Petersen Coil is used, whether or not the arc goes out. The relation of the overvoltages on a non-grounded and an effectively grounded system is outlined, and a criterion for determining whether or not a system is effectively grounded is proposed.","PeriodicalId":260406,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the A.I.E.E.","volume":"214 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1930-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126227483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1930-10-01DOI: 10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536350
O. K. Marti
Research investigations conducted by engineers as well as physicists during the last few years have resulted in notable improvements in the mercury arc rectifier, in particular with reference to backfire protection and voltage regulation as well as improved manufacturing methods. These improvements have made it possible to build rectifiers of very large current capacities as well as for very high voltages. In order to explain the results obtained with the aid of these improvements the basic principle of rectification is briefly reviewed. Methods of testing rectifiers have also been improved upon and new ones developed. Standard parts are now used for different rectifiers up to the largest capacities. An account is given of notable recent rectifier installations for city subway service, for a portable street-railway substation, radio transmission, electrolytic zinc refining, and for Edison systems.
{"title":"Abridgment of new trends in mercury arc rectifier developments","authors":"O. K. Marti","doi":"10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536350","url":null,"abstract":"Research investigations conducted by engineers as well as physicists during the last few years have resulted in notable improvements in the mercury arc rectifier, in particular with reference to backfire protection and voltage regulation as well as improved manufacturing methods. These improvements have made it possible to build rectifiers of very large current capacities as well as for very high voltages. In order to explain the results obtained with the aid of these improvements the basic principle of rectification is briefly reviewed. Methods of testing rectifiers have also been improved upon and new ones developed. Standard parts are now used for different rectifiers up to the largest capacities. An account is given of notable recent rectifier installations for city subway service, for a portable street-railway substation, radio transmission, electrolytic zinc refining, and for Edison systems.","PeriodicalId":260406,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the A.I.E.E.","volume":"24 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1930-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122351285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1930-10-01DOI: 10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536364
G. Stickney
In a recent publication entitled, “The Key to Tomorrow's Commercial Lighting” the N. E. L. A. presents reasons why its member companies should cooperate actively with architects and consulting engineers to encourage the provision of considering wiring more adequately designed to meet the lighting requirements of the occupants. A few examples are quoted, to indicate the serious economic losses to the central station customers, through the attempt to save by cheapening wiring installations, as well as the advantage of providing liberal capacity. These examples are actual instances selected from a large number reported by central station lighting service engineers.
{"title":"Illumination items: Inadequate wiring of buildings","authors":"G. Stickney","doi":"10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6536364","url":null,"abstract":"In a recent publication entitled, “The Key to Tomorrow's Commercial Lighting” the N. E. L. A. presents reasons why its member companies should cooperate actively with architects and consulting engineers to encourage the provision of considering wiring more adequately designed to meet the lighting requirements of the occupants. A few examples are quoted, to indicate the serious economic losses to the central station customers, through the attempt to save by cheapening wiring installations, as well as the advantage of providing liberal capacity. These examples are actual instances selected from a large number reported by central station lighting service engineers.","PeriodicalId":260406,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the A.I.E.E.","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1930-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133550066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1930-09-01DOI: 10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6538463
L. Wilson
This paper discusses the major factors contributing to the total leakage conductance of telephone line insulators, especially at carrier frequencies up to 50,000 cycles. The electrical performance of three different designs is analyzed to illustrate in a general way the relative importance of the several factors.
{"title":"Abridgment of a study of telephone line insulators","authors":"L. Wilson","doi":"10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6538463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6538463","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the major factors contributing to the total leakage conductance of telephone line insulators, especially at carrier frequencies up to 50,000 cycles. The electrical performance of three different designs is analyzed to illustrate in a general way the relative importance of the several factors.","PeriodicalId":260406,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the A.I.E.E.","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1930-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130683569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1930-09-01DOI: 10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6538464
P. Ackerman
With the rapid growth of transmission and distribution systems and the tendency to interconnect large systems, the problem of service security during abnormal conditions becomes of greatest importance. Service security is generally considered to be entirely a question of relay protection. This is an erroneous idea, as this paper will show that system layout and other factors are of equal importance, and that only the complete and simultaneous fulfillment of all component factors will bring the desired results. The ultimate goal of the problem is the creation of a transmission system which is free from service interruptions. Upon first thought, this would appear attainable either by preventive measures or by protective measures. This paper will explain briefly the impracticability of the preventive method, and will discuss the possibilities of the protective method in an endeavor to show that it is the only one promising a complete solution of the problem. The protective method depends on the creation of a strong system in which troubles are accepted but made harmless by protective means. The paper indicates also in a general way how such a perfect system can be created at no greater cost than present practise necessitates. The operating results reported in the paper are all from improved existing systems, showing that here substantial improvements can be made.
{"title":"Abridgment of the problem of service security in large transmission systems","authors":"P. Ackerman","doi":"10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6538464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6538464","url":null,"abstract":"With the rapid growth of transmission and distribution systems and the tendency to interconnect large systems, the problem of service security during abnormal conditions becomes of greatest importance. Service security is generally considered to be entirely a question of relay protection. This is an erroneous idea, as this paper will show that system layout and other factors are of equal importance, and that only the complete and simultaneous fulfillment of all component factors will bring the desired results. The ultimate goal of the problem is the creation of a transmission system which is free from service interruptions. Upon first thought, this would appear attainable either by preventive measures or by protective measures. This paper will explain briefly the impracticability of the preventive method, and will discuss the possibilities of the protective method in an endeavor to show that it is the only one promising a complete solution of the problem. The protective method depends on the creation of a strong system in which troubles are accepted but made harmless by protective means. The paper indicates also in a general way how such a perfect system can be created at no greater cost than present practise necessitates. The operating results reported in the paper are all from improved existing systems, showing that here substantial improvements can be made.","PeriodicalId":260406,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the A.I.E.E.","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1930-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126477169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1930-09-01DOI: 10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6538460
F. E. Andrews, C. L. Stroup
Overhead transmission lines are usually considered to be a class of equipment subject to certain types of troubles which cannot be avoided by means accepted in ordinary practise. It is the purpose of this paper (1) to describe improvements in design of wood pole lines of the 33,000-volt class, which improvements have been developed and applied to the system with which the authors have been identified and which it is believed will greatly reduce the characteristic troubles; (2) to present an explanation of flashovers on wood structures; (3) to give the facts found in field investigations which form the basis for the improvements adopted; (4) to describe the method used for field investigations and analysis of troubles. The studies and investigations referred to deal primarily with the matter of insulation. Considerable information, relative to the insulation values of wood in a structure, as developed by laboratory tests has been published. Experience is cited to show the value of wood insulation in the structure developed from field experience on 33,000-volt lines, and there is presented a practical economical design of wood pole structures using wood braces in place of the usual metal braces which seem practically immune to lightning troubles. Data from laboratory tests are given to substantiate conclusions developed in the field investigations. The performance of insulators with respect to mechanical and electrical breakage is shown, and the use of insulators of more sturdy design is discussed.
{"title":"Abridgment of transmission research and design with the field as a laboratory","authors":"F. E. Andrews, C. L. Stroup","doi":"10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6538460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6538460","url":null,"abstract":"Overhead transmission lines are usually considered to be a class of equipment subject to certain types of troubles which cannot be avoided by means accepted in ordinary practise. It is the purpose of this paper (1) to describe improvements in design of wood pole lines of the 33,000-volt class, which improvements have been developed and applied to the system with which the authors have been identified and which it is believed will greatly reduce the characteristic troubles; (2) to present an explanation of flashovers on wood structures; (3) to give the facts found in field investigations which form the basis for the improvements adopted; (4) to describe the method used for field investigations and analysis of troubles. The studies and investigations referred to deal primarily with the matter of insulation. Considerable information, relative to the insulation values of wood in a structure, as developed by laboratory tests has been published. Experience is cited to show the value of wood insulation in the structure developed from field experience on 33,000-volt lines, and there is presented a practical economical design of wood pole structures using wood braces in place of the usual metal braces which seem practically immune to lightning troubles. Data from laboratory tests are given to substantiate conclusions developed in the field investigations. The performance of insulators with respect to mechanical and electrical breakage is shown, and the use of insulators of more sturdy design is discussed.","PeriodicalId":260406,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the A.I.E.E.","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1930-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114460472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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