G. Auton, Jiawei Zhang, Arun K. Singh, E. Hill, A. Song
{"title":"Ultra-Fast Graphene Electronic Devices","authors":"G. Auton, Jiawei Zhang, Arun K. Singh, E. Hill, A. Song","doi":"10.11159/ICNFA19.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11159/ICNFA19.03","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":265434,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 5th World Congress on New Technologies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124355699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Extended Abstract Luminous efficiencies of organic light emitting diodes are affected by surface plasmon (SP)-mediated light emission which occurs on a neighboring metallic electrode surface. Light output can be increased when light emission efficiency is low due to nonradiative recombination via impurity levels in the emission layer. In our previous experiments [1], it was found that the SP-mediated light emission characteristics could not be explained quantitatively by a physical picture that one SP was created from one exciton. Thus, we have investigated a possibility of intermolecular cooperative exciton-plasmon energy transfer. When M excitons create one SP, the substantial scattering probability of the SP becomes M times the probability for the case of out-of-phase condition. In this study, the ratio of photoluminescence from an organic layer (Alq3 or NPB) formed on an Ag layer to that without the Ag layer was experimentally obtained as a function of the organic layer thickness. Together with the conversion rate of nonradiative components to radiation modes via SPs, Y, the M value was determined so that calculated results of the ratios agreed with the experimental data. The photoluminescence of a sample was compared with that from a reference device. The reference device was made by depositing Alq3 or NPB on a dielectric multilayer film, whose reflectivity was set to be ~100 % at 530 nm for Alq3, and 420 nm for NPB, respectively. Thus, the ratio of photoluminescence could be obtained without worrying about the difference of optical interference arising inside the emission layer. The proportion of nonradiative components was measured by depositing Alq3 or NPB on a frosted glass and by using an integration sphere. The scattering rate of SPs at the wavelength was calculated from the probability obtained from the average height and period of bumps measured by AFM, and from the SP propagation distance. Although the Y values of Alq3 and NPB were approximately 10, the obtained results of M for Alq3 and NPB were remarkably different: 32 for Alq3 and 2 for NPB. This was probably due to the size of NPB being larger than Alq3. The number of excitons with the same phase should depend on intermolecular distance. There is a possibility that enhanced photon scattering observed in random lasers [2] occurs in the devices, generating local coherence.
{"title":"Intermolecular Cooperative Exciton-Plasmon Energy Transfer Affected by Molecular Sizes of Organic Light Emitting Materials","authors":"K. Kasahara, N. Ikeda, Y. Sugimoto","doi":"10.11159/ICNFA19.109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11159/ICNFA19.109","url":null,"abstract":"Extended Abstract Luminous efficiencies of organic light emitting diodes are affected by surface plasmon (SP)-mediated light emission which occurs on a neighboring metallic electrode surface. Light output can be increased when light emission efficiency is low due to nonradiative recombination via impurity levels in the emission layer. In our previous experiments [1], it was found that the SP-mediated light emission characteristics could not be explained quantitatively by a physical picture that one SP was created from one exciton. Thus, we have investigated a possibility of intermolecular cooperative exciton-plasmon energy transfer. When M excitons create one SP, the substantial scattering probability of the SP becomes M times the probability for the case of out-of-phase condition. In this study, the ratio of photoluminescence from an organic layer (Alq3 or NPB) formed on an Ag layer to that without the Ag layer was experimentally obtained as a function of the organic layer thickness. Together with the conversion rate of nonradiative components to radiation modes via SPs, Y, the M value was determined so that calculated results of the ratios agreed with the experimental data. The photoluminescence of a sample was compared with that from a reference device. The reference device was made by depositing Alq3 or NPB on a dielectric multilayer film, whose reflectivity was set to be ~100 % at 530 nm for Alq3, and 420 nm for NPB, respectively. Thus, the ratio of photoluminescence could be obtained without worrying about the difference of optical interference arising inside the emission layer. The proportion of nonradiative components was measured by depositing Alq3 or NPB on a frosted glass and by using an integration sphere. The scattering rate of SPs at the wavelength was calculated from the probability obtained from the average height and period of bumps measured by AFM, and from the SP propagation distance. Although the Y values of Alq3 and NPB were approximately 10, the obtained results of M for Alq3 and NPB were remarkably different: 32 for Alq3 and 2 for NPB. This was probably due to the size of NPB being larger than Alq3. The number of excitons with the same phase should depend on intermolecular distance. There is a possibility that enhanced photon scattering observed in random lasers [2] occurs in the devices, generating local coherence.","PeriodicalId":265434,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 5th World Congress on New Technologies","volume":"130 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133733090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, results of the investigation on the performance of a small counter-rotating wind turbine has been presented. Computational Fluid Dynamics methods have been used for wind turbine simulations. Rotors representation were introduced into computational domain by means of Actuator Line Model. Influence of an axial distance of CRWT rotors has been investigated. In all studied configurations rotors were counter-rotating with exactly the same rotational speed. Results of a study revealed noticeable increase in power coefficient for optimal configuration. Dynamic interaction between rotors has been investigated exposing significant interference in both torque and power in part of considered cases. Reasonable rotors distances, as well as rotors placements on tower’s sides have been proposed. Used calculation method has been found to be appropriate for counter-rotating wind turbine simulation.
{"title":"Study on the Influence of an Axial Distance Between Rotors on a Performance of a Small Counter-Rotating Wind Turbine","authors":"Michał Pacholczyk, K. Blecharz, D. Karkosinski","doi":"10.11159/ICERT19.119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11159/ICERT19.119","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, results of the investigation on the performance of a small counter-rotating wind turbine has been presented. Computational Fluid Dynamics methods have been used for wind turbine simulations. Rotors representation were introduced into computational domain by means of Actuator Line Model. Influence of an axial distance of CRWT rotors has been investigated. In all studied configurations rotors were counter-rotating with exactly the same rotational speed. Results of a study revealed noticeable increase in power coefficient for optimal configuration. Dynamic interaction between rotors has been investigated exposing significant interference in both torque and power in part of considered cases. Reasonable rotors distances, as well as rotors placements on tower’s sides have been proposed. Used calculation method has been found to be appropriate for counter-rotating wind turbine simulation.","PeriodicalId":265434,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 5th World Congress on New Technologies","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134543799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Flávio Henrique, Silveira Rabêlo, R. Mano, L. Alleoni
Extended Abstract Tiller and leaf appearance rates are determinant for forage production and can be influenced by environmental conditions such as temperature, water availability and presence of potentially toxic elements. In recent years, several species of forage grasses has been assayed for cadmium (Cd) phytoextraction, but there are no reports about the season effect combined to Cd exposure on forage growth [1]. Water content of the plants can be affected by climatic conditions and Cd exposure, and tiller and leaf appearance rates are affected by water content. Our aim was to assess the season effect combined to Cd exposure on water content, tiller and leaf appearance rates and biomass production of Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. cv. Basilisk and Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Massai used for Cd phytoextraction. Both grasses were grown in two soil conditions [pots containing 3 kg of Cd-uncontaminated and Cd-contaminated (3.6 mg kg soil) Typic Hapludox] and two climatic conditions (summer: 30 ± 2 oC, 16/8 h light/dark, 220 μmol photons m s, and 75 ± 5% relative humidity; and winter: 22 ± 2 oC, 14/10 h light/dark, 220 μmol photons m s, and 55 ± 5% relative humidity) during 64 days. After plant harvest, the water content was calculated as the average percent difference between fresh mass and oven dried mass divided by the fresh mass. The number of tillers and leaves of the plants were measured every three days for further calculations. The tiller appearance rate was obtained by dividing the number of tillers that emerged every three days by the total number of existing tillers in the previous count, and the leaf appearance rate was calculated by dividing the number of emerged leaves per tiller by the duration of the evaluation [2]. The water content in the leaf blades, stems + sheaths and roots of the grasses was not changed by the season or Cd exposure. Otherwise, the water content of B. decumbens was 11, 9 and 6% higher than P. maximum in the leaf blades, stems + sheaths and roots, respectively. There was no effect of the season and Cd exposure on tiller appearance rate of the forage grasses, but P. maximum presented tiller appearance rate 63% higher than B. decumbens. The higher leaf appearance rate (0.056 leave/tiller/day) was observed in B. decumbens grown in summer condition and Cd absence. In general, the leaf and root mass productions of P. maximum were higher than B. decumbens, but the stems + sheaths mass production was not changed by the treatments. The leaf and root mass productions of the forage grasses exposed to Cd and grown in the winter was a little bit lower as compared to plants grown under Cd absence and summer condition. There was no clear relationship between water content, tiller and leaf appearance rates and biomass production, which suggests that these plants presents efficient mechanisms to control water content since the biomass production decreased in adversity conditions.
{"title":"Effect of Water Content on Productive Parameters of Forage Grasses Used For Cadmium Phytoextraction in Two Seasons","authors":"Flávio Henrique, Silveira Rabêlo, R. Mano, L. Alleoni","doi":"10.11159/ICEPR19.101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11159/ICEPR19.101","url":null,"abstract":"Extended Abstract Tiller and leaf appearance rates are determinant for forage production and can be influenced by environmental conditions such as temperature, water availability and presence of potentially toxic elements. In recent years, several species of forage grasses has been assayed for cadmium (Cd) phytoextraction, but there are no reports about the season effect combined to Cd exposure on forage growth [1]. Water content of the plants can be affected by climatic conditions and Cd exposure, and tiller and leaf appearance rates are affected by water content. Our aim was to assess the season effect combined to Cd exposure on water content, tiller and leaf appearance rates and biomass production of Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. cv. Basilisk and Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Massai used for Cd phytoextraction. Both grasses were grown in two soil conditions [pots containing 3 kg of Cd-uncontaminated and Cd-contaminated (3.6 mg kg soil) Typic Hapludox] and two climatic conditions (summer: 30 ± 2 oC, 16/8 h light/dark, 220 μmol photons m s, and 75 ± 5% relative humidity; and winter: 22 ± 2 oC, 14/10 h light/dark, 220 μmol photons m s, and 55 ± 5% relative humidity) during 64 days. After plant harvest, the water content was calculated as the average percent difference between fresh mass and oven dried mass divided by the fresh mass. The number of tillers and leaves of the plants were measured every three days for further calculations. The tiller appearance rate was obtained by dividing the number of tillers that emerged every three days by the total number of existing tillers in the previous count, and the leaf appearance rate was calculated by dividing the number of emerged leaves per tiller by the duration of the evaluation [2]. The water content in the leaf blades, stems + sheaths and roots of the grasses was not changed by the season or Cd exposure. Otherwise, the water content of B. decumbens was 11, 9 and 6% higher than P. maximum in the leaf blades, stems + sheaths and roots, respectively. There was no effect of the season and Cd exposure on tiller appearance rate of the forage grasses, but P. maximum presented tiller appearance rate 63% higher than B. decumbens. The higher leaf appearance rate (0.056 leave/tiller/day) was observed in B. decumbens grown in summer condition and Cd absence. In general, the leaf and root mass productions of P. maximum were higher than B. decumbens, but the stems + sheaths mass production was not changed by the treatments. The leaf and root mass productions of the forage grasses exposed to Cd and grown in the winter was a little bit lower as compared to plants grown under Cd absence and summer condition. There was no clear relationship between water content, tiller and leaf appearance rates and biomass production, which suggests that these plants presents efficient mechanisms to control water content since the biomass production decreased in adversity conditions.","PeriodicalId":265434,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 5th World Congress on New Technologies","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131691258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nanotechnology has numerous applications with increasing usage in industry, the corresponding risks need to be assessed, particularly in relation to concern for consumer health while also recognising nanoparticles as a novel class of pollutants. However, due to current knowledge gaps regarding toxicity, and the wide ranging market applications of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs), traditional risk assessment, based on material flow of pollutants, may not be feasible. In this context, a proactive specialised risk ranking for ENPs, which matches current data availability, was developed. In accordance with the standard risk assessment methodology, market information, exposure scenarios, and toxicity studies were introduced to develop a risk scoring system. Exposure and hazard potential (dermal, inhalation and oral routes) were characterized for the most used ENPs within Europe. A risk prioritisation was provided by this model. Nano-TiO2 was ranked as the most critical ENP, which is due to the large quantities used and the many exposure pathways through the consumer market. The second highest ranked ENP was found to be AgNP, which is mainly due to the many environmental sinks, especially through water sources. Key information gaps were also highlighted for upgrading the quantification level of the ENP risk assessment. This model can pave the way for the full quantification of ENP risk potential, and previse the potential ENP risks throughout their life cycle and corresponding consequences for human health.
{"title":"Risk Ranking of ENPs of Human Health Concern","authors":"Yingzhu Li, E. Cummins","doi":"10.11159/ICEPR19.177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11159/ICEPR19.177","url":null,"abstract":"Nanotechnology has numerous applications with increasing usage in industry, the corresponding risks need to be assessed, particularly in relation to concern for consumer health while also recognising nanoparticles as a novel class of pollutants. However, due to current knowledge gaps regarding toxicity, and the wide ranging market applications of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs), traditional risk assessment, based on material flow of pollutants, may not be feasible. In this context, a proactive specialised risk ranking for ENPs, which matches current data availability, was developed. In accordance with the standard risk assessment methodology, market information, exposure scenarios, and toxicity studies were introduced to develop a risk scoring system. Exposure and hazard potential (dermal, inhalation and oral routes) were characterized for the most used ENPs within Europe. A risk prioritisation was provided by this model. Nano-TiO2 was ranked as the most critical ENP, which is due to the large quantities used and the many exposure pathways through the consumer market. The second highest ranked ENP was found to be AgNP, which is mainly due to the many environmental sinks, especially through water sources. Key information gaps were also highlighted for upgrading the quantification level of the ENP risk assessment. This model can pave the way for the full quantification of ENP risk potential, and previse the potential ENP risks throughout their life cycle and corresponding consequences for human health.","PeriodicalId":265434,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 5th World Congress on New Technologies","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114440473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Extended Abstract The non-cooperative characteristic of electricity markets led to concentrate on Nash equilibria and multi-leader-follower games, where the producers of electricity are viewed as leaders while the regulator of the market, referred as the Independent System Operator (ISO), is viewed as the common follower. The Nash equilibrium associated with this problem is the equilibrium state in which the market should operate ideally. Due to different evolutions the influence of renewable energy, the introduction of smart-grid, or fusion of European markets models of the electricity markets need to be constantly updated and/or adapted, see, e.g. [2,3,4]. In this work, we are particularly focused on several sources of uncertainty in (pay-as-clear) electricity markets. To deal with stochastic demand we employ the so-called chance constrained formulations of the problem [1] of the ISO as well as the problem of each producer. In detail, the ISO minimizes the production cost using a value-at-risk (VaR) approach, thus hedging against discrepancies between estimated and real electricity demand. Similarly, in the day-ahead market, each producer is hedging against the uncertainty of his own prediction of the demand using VaR approach again. In such a setting we aim at determining the ``best response'' of a given producer, i.e. the bid maximizing its profit. To solve such a bi-level problem, one has to start with the chance-constrained problem of the ISO. Neglecting transportation thermal losses, the chance constraint has a structure of the so-called separable (random) right-hand side, and so it can be reformulated using the quantile function (i.e. the inverse of the distribution function). Transforming thus the chance constraint into a deterministic constraint, the solution of the ISO problem may be found explicitly following [2,3]. In the second step, we substitute this solution into the formula determining the profit of a producer. Benefiting from the specific structure of this formula, we may reformulate the problem of a producer as a deterministic nonlinear programming equivalent. The resulting problem is then solved numerically to find the best response of a given producer. To illustrate our results, we provide a numerical evaluation based on the historical distribution of both estimated and real electricity demand. We used the real market data from France (source: www.rte-france.com) observed between January 3 and February 28 of 2017. Based on these observations, we estimated the parameters of the respective lognormal distributions. Note that the mean values correspond to the predicted quantities, whereas the variances represent the mean squared prediction errors. Based on these estimates we determined the optimal production of electricity given the probability prescribed to satisfy the aggregated demand. Then, we prepared a numerical simulation with five producers and found the best response of one of them using the sequential quadratic program
{"title":"Producer's Best Response in Pay-as-clear Electricity Market with Uncertain Demand","authors":"D. Aussel, Martin Branda, R. Henrion, M. Pistek","doi":"10.11159/ICERT19.105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11159/ICERT19.105","url":null,"abstract":"Extended Abstract The non-cooperative characteristic of electricity markets led to concentrate on Nash equilibria and multi-leader-follower games, where the producers of electricity are viewed as leaders while the regulator of the market, referred as the Independent System Operator (ISO), is viewed as the common follower. The Nash equilibrium associated with this problem is the equilibrium state in which the market should operate ideally. Due to different evolutions the influence of renewable energy, the introduction of smart-grid, or fusion of European markets models of the electricity markets need to be constantly updated and/or adapted, see, e.g. [2,3,4]. In this work, we are particularly focused on several sources of uncertainty in (pay-as-clear) electricity markets. To deal with stochastic demand we employ the so-called chance constrained formulations of the problem [1] of the ISO as well as the problem of each producer. In detail, the ISO minimizes the production cost using a value-at-risk (VaR) approach, thus hedging against discrepancies between estimated and real electricity demand. Similarly, in the day-ahead market, each producer is hedging against the uncertainty of his own prediction of the demand using VaR approach again. In such a setting we aim at determining the ``best response'' of a given producer, i.e. the bid maximizing its profit. To solve such a bi-level problem, one has to start with the chance-constrained problem of the ISO. Neglecting transportation thermal losses, the chance constraint has a structure of the so-called separable (random) right-hand side, and so it can be reformulated using the quantile function (i.e. the inverse of the distribution function). Transforming thus the chance constraint into a deterministic constraint, the solution of the ISO problem may be found explicitly following [2,3]. In the second step, we substitute this solution into the formula determining the profit of a producer. Benefiting from the specific structure of this formula, we may reformulate the problem of a producer as a deterministic nonlinear programming equivalent. The resulting problem is then solved numerically to find the best response of a given producer. To illustrate our results, we provide a numerical evaluation based on the historical distribution of both estimated and real electricity demand. We used the real market data from France (source: www.rte-france.com) observed between January 3 and February 28 of 2017. Based on these observations, we estimated the parameters of the respective lognormal distributions. Note that the mean values correspond to the predicted quantities, whereas the variances represent the mean squared prediction errors. Based on these estimates we determined the optimal production of electricity given the probability prescribed to satisfy the aggregated demand. Then, we prepared a numerical simulation with five producers and found the best response of one of them using the sequential quadratic program","PeriodicalId":265434,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 5th World Congress on New Technologies","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125376411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Extended Abstract Pharmaceuticals used in human and veterinary medicine belong to the emerging environmental contaminants. A special class of these pollutants are antimicrobial agents. Their undesirable presence in the natural environmental compartments may induce the antibiotics resistance in pathogenic bacteria and have an adverse effect on natural microbial communities. One group of the broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents are nitrofuran derivatives [1], [2]. These drugs had been widely applied as the growth promoters in livestock production till 1995 when their use in the livestock production was limited in the European Union [3]. However, nitrofurans (NFs) are still easily available and used in the treatment of bacterial and protozoan infections. There is a high probability of the natural environment contamination with these pollutants. There are several studies describing the physicochemical methods in the removal of NFs [3], [4]. However, their potential application is limited and requires the specialised equipment. Hence, the need for closer understanding of these compounds influence on environmental bacteria, and their degradation is of a great importance. The principal aim of the research is to investigate the biodegradation of nitrofuran derived drugs by newly isolated environmental bacterial strains. Moreover, the specific objectives are to determine the changes in the microbial cell properties and enzymatic activity after exposure to selected nitrofuran-derived drugs. The scope of the research presented includes, among others, determination of biodegradation of selected nitrofurans with the use of HPLC-MS/MS, analysis of changes in cell surface hydrophobicity, total and inner membrane permeability of microbial strains degrading compounds tested as well as examination of metabolic activity and glutathione S transferase (GST) activity of microbes subjected to exposure to selected nitrofurans. The results show that some of the isolated bacterial strains are able to decompose selected nitrofuran derivatives. Importantly, a rapid increase in nitrofurantoin degradation was usually noted in the second day of cultivation, e.g. 85% for S. marcescens, 50% for S. maltophilia and 70% for R. radiobacter. The final degradation (measured after 28 days) for the strains in question was 95%, 78% and 85%, respectively. Moreover, for strains showing high degradation, the activity of GST was significantly higher in samples after exposure to nitrofurans, in comparison with the control samples (without nitrofuran addition). Furthermore, the presence of nitrofurantoin provoked changes in microbial cell surface properties. The highest differences were observed in S. marcescens (decrease in inner membrane permeability from 0.80 to 0.55 μM min, total membrane permeability from 21 to 16%, cell surface hydrophobicity from 62 to 23%). The result of the research significantly widen and deepen the current state of knowledge on biological degradation of nitrofuran-de
{"title":"The Role of Selected Environmental Bacteria in Decomposition of Nitrofuran Antibiotics","authors":"A. Pacholak, E. Kaczorek","doi":"10.11159/ICEPR19.134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11159/ICEPR19.134","url":null,"abstract":"Extended Abstract Pharmaceuticals used in human and veterinary medicine belong to the emerging environmental contaminants. A special class of these pollutants are antimicrobial agents. Their undesirable presence in the natural environmental compartments may induce the antibiotics resistance in pathogenic bacteria and have an adverse effect on natural microbial communities. One group of the broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents are nitrofuran derivatives [1], [2]. These drugs had been widely applied as the growth promoters in livestock production till 1995 when their use in the livestock production was limited in the European Union [3]. However, nitrofurans (NFs) are still easily available and used in the treatment of bacterial and protozoan infections. There is a high probability of the natural environment contamination with these pollutants. There are several studies describing the physicochemical methods in the removal of NFs [3], [4]. However, their potential application is limited and requires the specialised equipment. Hence, the need for closer understanding of these compounds influence on environmental bacteria, and their degradation is of a great importance. The principal aim of the research is to investigate the biodegradation of nitrofuran derived drugs by newly isolated environmental bacterial strains. Moreover, the specific objectives are to determine the changes in the microbial cell properties and enzymatic activity after exposure to selected nitrofuran-derived drugs. The scope of the research presented includes, among others, determination of biodegradation of selected nitrofurans with the use of HPLC-MS/MS, analysis of changes in cell surface hydrophobicity, total and inner membrane permeability of microbial strains degrading compounds tested as well as examination of metabolic activity and glutathione S transferase (GST) activity of microbes subjected to exposure to selected nitrofurans. The results show that some of the isolated bacterial strains are able to decompose selected nitrofuran derivatives. Importantly, a rapid increase in nitrofurantoin degradation was usually noted in the second day of cultivation, e.g. 85% for S. marcescens, 50% for S. maltophilia and 70% for R. radiobacter. The final degradation (measured after 28 days) for the strains in question was 95%, 78% and 85%, respectively. Moreover, for strains showing high degradation, the activity of GST was significantly higher in samples after exposure to nitrofurans, in comparison with the control samples (without nitrofuran addition). Furthermore, the presence of nitrofurantoin provoked changes in microbial cell surface properties. The highest differences were observed in S. marcescens (decrease in inner membrane permeability from 0.80 to 0.55 μM min, total membrane permeability from 21 to 16%, cell surface hydrophobicity from 62 to 23%). The result of the research significantly widen and deepen the current state of knowledge on biological degradation of nitrofuran-de","PeriodicalId":265434,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 5th World Congress on New Technologies","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121184891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Extended Abstract 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) is one of the top biomass-derived value-added chemicals. It can be produced from fructose and other sugars via formation of 5-hydroxymethilfurfural (HMF) intermediate [1]. FDCA and its derivates can be used in many fields, but the most promising application is the replacement of oil-derived tetraphtalate in the synthesis of polyethylene tetraphthalate (PET) plastics [2]. The oxidation of HMF to FDCA can proceed via two routes: (1) oxidation of the aldehyde group to form 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furoic acid (HMFA) which is then oxidized to 5-formyl-2-furoic acid (FFA) and FDCA, and (2) oxidation of the alcohol group to form 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF), followed by further oxidations to FFA and FDCA. Most of the chemical methods for FDCA production require harsh conditions, like high pressure and temperature, organic solvents and special salts, making the process environmentally unfriendly and high cost [3]. As an environmentally friendly alternative an enzymatic conversion process can be applied [4]. However, to our knowledge, only a few enzymes have been found to be active toward HMF and most of them were not able to oxidize HMF to FDCA. Thus, to achieve a full conversion with high FDCA yields, a combination of multiple enzymes is needed [5]–[7]. In order to better understand the catalytic activity of some of these enzymes we broke the oxidation of HMF to FDCA down to separate reactions to determine all the possible substrates as well as reaction products for each individual enzyme. Based on this data we then tested different combinations of enzymes in a simple one-pot reaction to determine which one gives the best results. The enzymes used in our work were commercially available horseradish peroxidase (HRP), a fungal alcohol (AO) and galactose oxidase (GO), catalase (Cat), laccase (Lac) and a lignin peroxidase (LPO) and their activity was tested against HMF, DFF, HMFA and FFA. AO, GO, HRP and LPO were active against HMF, with AO and GO producing DFF and HRP and LPO producing HMFA. All enzymes were only mildly active against DFF forming FFA and some HMF. GO, Lac, LPO and HRP were active against HMFA producing FFA and FDCA. All enzymes were also active against FFA. However, product yields obtained with these single-enzyme reactions were mostly low, the highest being 11%. The exception was conversion of FFA to FDCA where some of the yields were above 80%. We then prepared simple multi-enzyme reactions with HMF: AO or GO with Cat or with Cat and HRP. Combining AO and Cat notably increased the yield of DFF but decreased the yield of FFA. In the case of GO and Cat the yield of DFF also increased but to a smaller degree and with no formation of FFA. Adding HRP to each mixture increased the yield of FFA and DFF in the case of GO, but decreased the yield of DFF in the case of AO. To increase the yields further as well as obtain the final product FDCA, more enzyme combinations will have to be tested and possibly, s
{"title":"Enzymatic Production Process of Bio-based 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid (FDCA) from 5-Hydrohymethilfurfural (HMF)","authors":"M. Cajnko, M. Bajić, Uroš Novak, B. Likozar","doi":"10.11159/ICBB19.105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11159/ICBB19.105","url":null,"abstract":"Extended Abstract 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) is one of the top biomass-derived value-added chemicals. It can be produced from fructose and other sugars via formation of 5-hydroxymethilfurfural (HMF) intermediate [1]. FDCA and its derivates can be used in many fields, but the most promising application is the replacement of oil-derived tetraphtalate in the synthesis of polyethylene tetraphthalate (PET) plastics [2]. The oxidation of HMF to FDCA can proceed via two routes: (1) oxidation of the aldehyde group to form 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furoic acid (HMFA) which is then oxidized to 5-formyl-2-furoic acid (FFA) and FDCA, and (2) oxidation of the alcohol group to form 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF), followed by further oxidations to FFA and FDCA. Most of the chemical methods for FDCA production require harsh conditions, like high pressure and temperature, organic solvents and special salts, making the process environmentally unfriendly and high cost [3]. As an environmentally friendly alternative an enzymatic conversion process can be applied [4]. However, to our knowledge, only a few enzymes have been found to be active toward HMF and most of them were not able to oxidize HMF to FDCA. Thus, to achieve a full conversion with high FDCA yields, a combination of multiple enzymes is needed [5]–[7]. In order to better understand the catalytic activity of some of these enzymes we broke the oxidation of HMF to FDCA down to separate reactions to determine all the possible substrates as well as reaction products for each individual enzyme. Based on this data we then tested different combinations of enzymes in a simple one-pot reaction to determine which one gives the best results. The enzymes used in our work were commercially available horseradish peroxidase (HRP), a fungal alcohol (AO) and galactose oxidase (GO), catalase (Cat), laccase (Lac) and a lignin peroxidase (LPO) and their activity was tested against HMF, DFF, HMFA and FFA. AO, GO, HRP and LPO were active against HMF, with AO and GO producing DFF and HRP and LPO producing HMFA. All enzymes were only mildly active against DFF forming FFA and some HMF. GO, Lac, LPO and HRP were active against HMFA producing FFA and FDCA. All enzymes were also active against FFA. However, product yields obtained with these single-enzyme reactions were mostly low, the highest being 11%. The exception was conversion of FFA to FDCA where some of the yields were above 80%. We then prepared simple multi-enzyme reactions with HMF: AO or GO with Cat or with Cat and HRP. Combining AO and Cat notably increased the yield of DFF but decreased the yield of FFA. In the case of GO and Cat the yield of DFF also increased but to a smaller degree and with no formation of FFA. Adding HRP to each mixture increased the yield of FFA and DFF in the case of GO, but decreased the yield of DFF in the case of AO. To increase the yields further as well as obtain the final product FDCA, more enzyme combinations will have to be tested and possibly, s","PeriodicalId":265434,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 5th World Congress on New Technologies","volume":"136 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127399787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Katarzyna Sutkowska, L. Teper, T. Czech, Tomasz Hulok, M. Olszak, Jan Zogala
{"title":"The Use of Pollution Indexes to Discriminate Between Natural and Anthropogenic Heavy Metals in the Soils Developed Over an Ore-Bearing Formation","authors":"Katarzyna Sutkowska, L. Teper, T. Czech, Tomasz Hulok, M. Olszak, Jan Zogala","doi":"10.11159/ICEPR19.123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11159/ICEPR19.123","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":265434,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 5th World Congress on New Technologies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128960688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Ilieva, R. Zanella, A. Venezia, P. Petrova, G. Pantaleo, Z. Kaszkur, L. Liotta, T. Tabakova
Gold catalysts on CeO2/Al2O3 and Y-doped CeO2/Al2O3 supports (20 wt.% CeO2 and 1 wt.% Y2O3) were synthesized. The mixed oxide supports were prepared by impregnation (IM) or by mechanical mixing (MM). The samples were characterised by BET, XRD and HRTEM/HAADF measurements. The catalytic properties in the preferential CO oxidation in hydrogen rich stream (PROX) using gas feed composition: 60% H2+ 1% CO + 1% O2 (He as balance) were estimated. The effect of supports preparation on the gold loading and its dispersion, supports features and catalytic performance was commented. The positive effect of yttrium for catalysts stability was evidenced during long run tests in PROX with CO2 and water addition to gas stream. The obtained results could be useful for the design of catalysts for CO-free hydrogen production with good PROX performance at reasonable price.
{"title":"Pure Hydrogen Production via PROX over Gold Catalysts on Alumina Supported Y-Doped Ceria: Effect of Support Preparation","authors":"L. Ilieva, R. Zanella, A. Venezia, P. Petrova, G. Pantaleo, Z. Kaszkur, L. Liotta, T. Tabakova","doi":"10.11159/ICNFA19.111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11159/ICNFA19.111","url":null,"abstract":"Gold catalysts on CeO2/Al2O3 and Y-doped CeO2/Al2O3 supports (20 wt.% CeO2 and 1 wt.% Y2O3) were synthesized. The mixed oxide supports were prepared by impregnation (IM) or by mechanical mixing (MM). The samples were characterised by BET, XRD and HRTEM/HAADF measurements. The catalytic properties in the preferential CO oxidation in hydrogen rich stream (PROX) using gas feed composition: 60% H2+ 1% CO + 1% O2 (He as balance) were estimated. The effect of supports preparation on the gold loading and its dispersion, supports features and catalytic performance was commented. The positive effect of yttrium for catalysts stability was evidenced during long run tests in PROX with CO2 and water addition to gas stream. The obtained results could be useful for the design of catalysts for CO-free hydrogen production with good PROX performance at reasonable price.","PeriodicalId":265434,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 5th World Congress on New Technologies","volume":"207 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114978817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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