Recently, Ebbesen et al. (Nature v.391, p.667, 1998), have reported an 'extraordinary optical transmission' (EOT) enhancement of several orders of magnitude in thin metallic films with perforated circular subwavelength holes. Later, it was shown that this phenomenon does not require the existence of apertures. Continuous thin metal films with constant thickness give a similar EOT, provided they are 1D or 2D modulated. Still there is no detailed understanding of the physical nature of this transmission enhancement. It could be explained by plasmon-polariton interactions; yet another hypothesis suggests that it occurs from waveguide mode resonance. In this communication, we report experimental data on the optical response of a simple 1D relief grating structure with EOT. We have studied the transmission wavelength dependence as well as the angular dispersion of the grating reflection. Our experimental results are consistent with the involvement of p-polarized resonant modes.
{"title":"Optical resonances in relief metalized 1D gratings","authors":"D. Nazarova, P. Sharlandjiev, B. Mednikarov","doi":"10.1117/12.677297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.677297","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, Ebbesen et al. (Nature v.391, p.667, 1998), have reported an 'extraordinary optical transmission' (EOT) enhancement of several orders of magnitude in thin metallic films with perforated circular subwavelength holes. Later, it was shown that this phenomenon does not require the existence of apertures. Continuous thin metal films with constant thickness give a similar EOT, provided they are 1D or 2D modulated. Still there is no detailed understanding of the physical nature of this transmission enhancement. It could be explained by plasmon-polariton interactions; yet another hypothesis suggests that it occurs from waveguide mode resonance. In this communication, we report experimental data on the optical response of a simple 1D relief grating structure with EOT. We have studied the transmission wavelength dependence as well as the angular dispersion of the grating reflection. Our experimental results are consistent with the involvement of p-polarized resonant modes.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115372544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optical holography, typically, uses laser light as coherent source for interference pattern construction and holographic registration. Interference simulation and pattern printing has been possible through computer aids and plotter printing with photographic reduction. With powerful computers and modem laser printers, computer generated holograms can be demonstrated in a simpler way. During this work, computer software was developed and Fourier holograms were produced from simple digital images. The computation process uses a Fourier Transform algorithm to simulate the interference pattern, which is then transformed into a binary matrix. The software was developed to generate also dynamic holograms from an array of digital movie frames. In this paper the software will be presented and the visualization setup and some results will be analysed.
{"title":"Computer generated binary Fourier holograms","authors":"Pedro M. Pombo, Angelo M. Arrifano, J. Pinto","doi":"10.1117/12.677166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.677166","url":null,"abstract":"Optical holography, typically, uses laser light as coherent source for interference pattern construction and holographic registration. Interference simulation and pattern printing has been possible through computer aids and plotter printing with photographic reduction. With powerful computers and modem laser printers, computer generated holograms can be demonstrated in a simpler way. During this work, computer software was developed and Fourier holograms were produced from simple digital images. The computation process uses a Fourier Transform algorithm to simulate the interference pattern, which is then transformed into a binary matrix. The software was developed to generate also dynamic holograms from an array of digital movie frames. In this paper the software will be presented and the visualization setup and some results will be analysed.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115813527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Volume holography is gaining renewed interest sparked by the need for denser and faster information storage paradigms as well as for wavelength manipulation in communication networks and laser beam shaping. Conventional approaches used for theoretical analysis of the volume holographic processes are not adequate when complicated wavefronts are involved since they can only deal with elementary cases, such as plane waves. The present work exploits the fact that most holographic systems involve several waves that may propagate at large angles but each of them contains only a relatively narrow spatial frequency band. Introducing a narrow band approximation facilitates the theoretical treatment of architectures comprising several wave fronts propagating at large angles. The combination of this approximation with a generalized description of volume holography leads to a theoretical framework that is suitable for the analysis of most holographic systems encountered in the applications indicated above. A numerical study demonstrates the power of the method and the existence of a coherent motion blur that was predicted recently. The study indicates the effectiveness of volume holography for beam shaping and leads to some disturbing consequences related to bit-oriented information storage.
{"title":"Volume holographic recording of narrow-band information","authors":"J. Shamir","doi":"10.1117/12.677049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.677049","url":null,"abstract":"Volume holography is gaining renewed interest sparked by the need for denser and faster information storage paradigms as well as for wavelength manipulation in communication networks and laser beam shaping. Conventional approaches used for theoretical analysis of the volume holographic processes are not adequate when complicated wavefronts are involved since they can only deal with elementary cases, such as plane waves. The present work exploits the fact that most holographic systems involve several waves that may propagate at large angles but each of them contains only a relatively narrow spatial frequency band. Introducing a narrow band approximation facilitates the theoretical treatment of architectures comprising several wave fronts propagating at large angles. The combination of this approximation with a generalized description of volume holography leads to a theoretical framework that is suitable for the analysis of most holographic systems encountered in the applications indicated above. A numerical study demonstrates the power of the method and the existence of a coherent motion blur that was predicted recently. The study indicates the effectiveness of volume holography for beam shaping and leads to some disturbing consequences related to bit-oriented information storage.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126787880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Nascov, D. Apostol, F. Garoi, V. Damian, Luliana Lordache, P. Logofatu
This paper presents a numerical method for processing the fringes obtained when two waves, with a quadratic phase difference function, interfere. As a particular case of this kind of fringes are the Newton's rings. The numerical method we present is based on the discrete Fresnel (Fourier) transform of the data and it has the same precision as the least square fitting (LSF).
{"title":"Statistical processing of Newton's rings fringe pattern using the Fresnel transform","authors":"V. Nascov, D. Apostol, F. Garoi, V. Damian, Luliana Lordache, P. Logofatu","doi":"10.1117/12.677168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.677168","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a numerical method for processing the fringes obtained when two waves, with a quadratic phase difference function, interfere. As a particular case of this kind of fringes are the Newton's rings. The numerical method we present is based on the discrete Fresnel (Fourier) transform of the data and it has the same precision as the least square fitting (LSF).","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126395849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Bogdał, M. Pajda, J. Pielichowski, A. Attias, J. Fave
Novel acrylate copolymer with carbazole pendant groups and derivatives of bipyridine as side chains were synthesized, in which derivatives of bipyridine as electro-optic chromophores and carbazolyl as photoconductive moiety were covalently linked on the acrylate backbone. 2-{9-Carbazolyl)ethyl methacrylate (CEM) and 2-methyl-acrylic acid 2-{4,4'-dimethyl-5'-[2-(5-methyl-thiophen-2-yl)-vinyl]-[2,2']bipyridinyl-5-yl}-ethyl ester (BiPy) were synthesized and then copolymerized to give (99:1), (98:2), and (92:8 mol/mol) CEM/BiPy copolymers. Solutions of the copolymers in dioxane were examined for their photoluminescence properties.
{"title":"Development of carbazole and bipyridine copolymers as novel photorefractive materials","authors":"D. Bogdał, M. Pajda, J. Pielichowski, A. Attias, J. Fave","doi":"10.1117/12.676785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.676785","url":null,"abstract":"Novel acrylate copolymer with carbazole pendant groups and derivatives of bipyridine as side chains were synthesized, in which derivatives of bipyridine as electro-optic chromophores and carbazolyl as photoconductive moiety were covalently linked on the acrylate backbone. 2-{9-Carbazolyl)ethyl methacrylate (CEM) and 2-methyl-acrylic acid 2-{4,4'-dimethyl-5'-[2-(5-methyl-thiophen-2-yl)-vinyl]-[2,2']bipyridinyl-5-yl}-ethyl ester (BiPy) were synthesized and then copolymerized to give (99:1), (98:2), and (92:8 mol/mol) CEM/BiPy copolymers. Solutions of the copolymers in dioxane were examined for their photoluminescence properties.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128161284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sequences of 2D images, taken by a single moving video receptor, can be fused to generate a 3D representation. This dynamic stereopsis exists in birds and reptiles, whereas the static binocular stereopsis is common in mammals, including humans. Most multimedia computer vision systems for stereo image capture, transmission, processing, storage and retrieval are based on the concept of binocularity. As a consequence, their main goal is to acquire, conserve and enhance pairs of 2D images able to generate a 3D visual perception in a human observer. Stereo vision in birds is based on the fusion of images captured by each eye, with previously acquired and memorized images from the same eye. The process goes on simultaneously and conjointly for both eyes and generates an almost complete all-around visual field. As a consequence, the baseline distance is no longer fixed, as in the case of binocular 3D view, but adjustable in accordance with the distance to the object of main interest, allowing a controllable depth effect. Moreover, the synthesized 3D scene can have a better resolution than each individual 2D image in the sequence. Compression of 3D scenes can be achieved, and stereo transmissions with lower bandwidth requirements can be developed.
{"title":"Building 3D scenes from 2D image sequences","authors":"P. Cristea","doi":"10.1117/12.677057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.677057","url":null,"abstract":"Sequences of 2D images, taken by a single moving video receptor, can be fused to generate a 3D representation. This dynamic stereopsis exists in birds and reptiles, whereas the static binocular stereopsis is common in mammals, including humans. Most multimedia computer vision systems for stereo image capture, transmission, processing, storage and retrieval are based on the concept of binocularity. As a consequence, their main goal is to acquire, conserve and enhance pairs of 2D images able to generate a 3D visual perception in a human observer. Stereo vision in birds is based on the fusion of images captured by each eye, with previously acquired and memorized images from the same eye. The process goes on simultaneously and conjointly for both eyes and generates an almost complete all-around visual field. As a consequence, the baseline distance is no longer fixed, as in the case of binocular 3D view, but adjustable in accordance with the distance to the object of main interest, allowing a controllable depth effect. Moreover, the synthesized 3D scene can have a better resolution than each individual 2D image in the sequence. Compression of 3D scenes can be achieved, and stereo transmissions with lower bandwidth requirements can be developed.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125241327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. C. Ibarra, D. Urzua, A. Olivares-Pérez, M. Ortiz-Gutiérrez
We describe a technique for holographic storage by simultaneous angular multiplexing to obtain a large-scale holographic memory. We recorded 72 objects at the same time in one point on holographic plate PFG-03M from Slavich Co., using a He-Ne laser (λ = 633 nm). Each object is placed on a circular photographic transparency, separate 0.94 degree each one. The technique allows us simultaneous reconstruction of the 72 images without cross-talk. The diffraction efficiency obtained at order one is 6%. Experimental results are shown.
{"title":"New model for holographic storage by simultaneous angular multiplexing","authors":"J. C. Ibarra, D. Urzua, A. Olivares-Pérez, M. Ortiz-Gutiérrez","doi":"10.1117/12.677047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.677047","url":null,"abstract":"We describe a technique for holographic storage by simultaneous angular multiplexing to obtain a large-scale holographic memory. We recorded 72 objects at the same time in one point on holographic plate PFG-03M from Slavich Co., using a He-Ne laser (λ = 633 nm). Each object is placed on a circular photographic transparency, separate 0.94 degree each one. The technique allows us simultaneous reconstruction of the 72 images without cross-talk. The diffraction efficiency obtained at order one is 6%. Experimental results are shown.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":"122 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134523348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The problem of predicting and previsualizing the distortions and aberrations in a holographic image is discussed, particularly for the case of pictorial, or display holograms. The mathematical procedure for predicting these attributes is outlined, followed by a brief outline of a computer program (HoloPov), written in the POV-Ray language, that can be used both to calculate these attributes and to display them. A brief outline is also given of a graphical user interface produced to allow fast manipulation of input data.
{"title":"A previsualization program for pictorial holography","authors":"K. Bazargan","doi":"10.1117/12.677292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.677292","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of predicting and previsualizing the distortions and aberrations in a holographic image is discussed, particularly for the case of pictorial, or display holograms. The mathematical procedure for predicting these attributes is outlined, followed by a brief outline of a computer program (HoloPov), written in the POV-Ray language, that can be used both to calculate these attributes and to display them. A brief outline is also given of a graphical user interface produced to allow fast manipulation of input data.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132837316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Holography is a well-known optical technique which can provide valuable information on the location and distribution of small particles in three-dimensional space. For several years now, we have utilised holography for high-precision subsea inspection and measurement. One specific application which spurred much of our work was the need for high-precision inspection and analysis of plankton sizes, distribution and species identification. To this end we have developed a subsea holographic camera (HoloMar) for recording of plankton and other marine organisms in situ in their natural environment. This camera is unique in that it is able to record simultaneous in-line and off-axis holograms to cover a range of size of marine organisms from a few microns to tens of millimetres and at concentrations from a few particles per cubic centimetre to dense aggregates. Holograms of aquatic systems of up to 50000 cm3 volume (off-axis) and 9500 cm3 (in-line), have been recorded in situ, using a pulsed laser (Q-switched, frequency-doubled Nd-YAG, 532 nm). The use of a pulsed laser effectively "freezes" the scene at a given instant. Although the recording of the holograms takes place in water, replay of the image is carried out in the laboratory in air, using the projected (real) image mode of reconstruction. By precision translation of a computer-controlled video-camera through the replayed image volume and performing "optical sectioning" on the image, individual organisms can be isolated and their size, shape and relative location precisely determined. Image processing algorithms, will allow optimisation of the holographic image together with automated identification of individual species and enumeration of concentrations. The local interactions between different organisms and particles can be observed, recorded and quantitatively determined. Following initial laboratory and observation tank testing, the holo-camera was deployed in a sea loch in the West of Scotland to a depth of 100 m and over 300 holograms recorded. However, the HoloMar camera is physically large and heavy and difficult to deploy. It is also based on the use of photographic emulsions to record the holograms. To overcome some of these difficulties we are now developing a new holographic camera (eHoloCam) based on digital holography. In digital or "eHolography", a hologram is directly electronically recorded onto a CCD or CMOS sensor and then numerically reconstructed by simulation of the optical hologram reconstruction. The immediate advantages of this new camera are compactness, ease-of-use and speed of response, but at the expense of restricted off-axis recording angles and reduced recording volume. In this paper we describe both approaches, the use of holography for analysis of marine organisms and the results obtained in the field. We also describe recent work, using both photo and digital holography, to study the behaviour of sediments in river estuaries and outline future applications of u
{"title":"Underwater holography: past and future","authors":"J. Watson","doi":"10.1117/12.677172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.677172","url":null,"abstract":"Holography is a well-known optical technique which can provide valuable information on the location and distribution of small particles in three-dimensional space. For several years now, we have utilised holography for high-precision subsea inspection and measurement. One specific application which spurred much of our work was the need for high-precision inspection and analysis of plankton sizes, distribution and species identification. To this end we have developed a subsea holographic camera (HoloMar) for recording of plankton and other marine organisms in situ in their natural environment. This camera is unique in that it is able to record simultaneous in-line and off-axis holograms to cover a range of size of marine organisms from a few microns to tens of millimetres and at concentrations from a few particles per cubic centimetre to dense aggregates. Holograms of aquatic systems of up to 50000 cm3 volume (off-axis) and 9500 cm3 (in-line), have been recorded in situ, using a pulsed laser (Q-switched, frequency-doubled Nd-YAG, 532 nm). The use of a pulsed laser effectively \"freezes\" the scene at a given instant. Although the recording of the holograms takes place in water, replay of the image is carried out in the laboratory in air, using the projected (real) image mode of reconstruction. By precision translation of a computer-controlled video-camera through the replayed image volume and performing \"optical sectioning\" on the image, individual organisms can be isolated and their size, shape and relative location precisely determined. Image processing algorithms, will allow optimisation of the holographic image together with automated identification of individual species and enumeration of concentrations. The local interactions between different organisms and particles can be observed, recorded and quantitatively determined. Following initial laboratory and observation tank testing, the holo-camera was deployed in a sea loch in the West of Scotland to a depth of 100 m and over 300 holograms recorded. However, the HoloMar camera is physically large and heavy and difficult to deploy. It is also based on the use of photographic emulsions to record the holograms. To overcome some of these difficulties we are now developing a new holographic camera (eHoloCam) based on digital holography. In digital or \"eHolography\", a hologram is directly electronically recorded onto a CCD or CMOS sensor and then numerically reconstructed by simulation of the optical hologram reconstruction. The immediate advantages of this new camera are compactness, ease-of-use and speed of response, but at the expense of restricted off-axis recording angles and reduced recording volume. In this paper we describe both approaches, the use of holography for analysis of marine organisms and the results obtained in the field. We also describe recent work, using both photo and digital holography, to study the behaviour of sediments in river estuaries and outline future applications of u","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":"454 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123361485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The nonparaxial and bidirectional beam propagation method suitable for modelling high NA near-field and holographic optical storage systems is suggested for 2D geometry and TE polarization of the incident light beam. The complex Pade approximants are introduced for correct approximation of evanescent field in the near-field optics using pole-zero shifting in the complex plane. The application of bidirectional beam propagation method to study the multimode waveguide near-field focusing system and wide-angle beam Bragg reflection from volume holographic grating is considered.
{"title":"Bidirectional beam propagation method for modeling optical storage systems","authors":"R. Petruskevicius","doi":"10.1117/12.677018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.677018","url":null,"abstract":"The nonparaxial and bidirectional beam propagation method suitable for modelling high NA near-field and holographic optical storage systems is suggested for 2D geometry and TE polarization of the incident light beam. The complex Pade approximants are introduced for correct approximation of evanescent field in the near-field optics using pole-zero shifting in the complex plane. The application of bidirectional beam propagation method to study the multimode waveguide near-field focusing system and wide-angle beam Bragg reflection from volume holographic grating is considered.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123702689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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