Holography is a well-known optical technique which can provide valuable information on the location and distribution of small particles in three-dimensional space. For several years now, we have utilised holography for high-precision subsea inspection and measurement. One specific application which spurred much of our work was the need for high-precision inspection and analysis of plankton sizes, distribution and species identification. To this end we have developed a subsea holographic camera (HoloMar) for recording of plankton and other marine organisms in situ in their natural environment. This camera is unique in that it is able to record simultaneous in-line and off-axis holograms to cover a range of size of marine organisms from a few microns to tens of millimetres and at concentrations from a few particles per cubic centimetre to dense aggregates. Holograms of aquatic systems of up to 50000 cm3 volume (off-axis) and 9500 cm3 (in-line), have been recorded in situ, using a pulsed laser (Q-switched, frequency-doubled Nd-YAG, 532 nm). The use of a pulsed laser effectively "freezes" the scene at a given instant. Although the recording of the holograms takes place in water, replay of the image is carried out in the laboratory in air, using the projected (real) image mode of reconstruction. By precision translation of a computer-controlled video-camera through the replayed image volume and performing "optical sectioning" on the image, individual organisms can be isolated and their size, shape and relative location precisely determined. Image processing algorithms, will allow optimisation of the holographic image together with automated identification of individual species and enumeration of concentrations. The local interactions between different organisms and particles can be observed, recorded and quantitatively determined. Following initial laboratory and observation tank testing, the holo-camera was deployed in a sea loch in the West of Scotland to a depth of 100 m and over 300 holograms recorded. However, the HoloMar camera is physically large and heavy and difficult to deploy. It is also based on the use of photographic emulsions to record the holograms. To overcome some of these difficulties we are now developing a new holographic camera (eHoloCam) based on digital holography. In digital or "eHolography", a hologram is directly electronically recorded onto a CCD or CMOS sensor and then numerically reconstructed by simulation of the optical hologram reconstruction. The immediate advantages of this new camera are compactness, ease-of-use and speed of response, but at the expense of restricted off-axis recording angles and reduced recording volume. In this paper we describe both approaches, the use of holography for analysis of marine organisms and the results obtained in the field. We also describe recent work, using both photo and digital holography, to study the behaviour of sediments in river estuaries and outline future applications of u
{"title":"Underwater holography: past and future","authors":"J. Watson","doi":"10.1117/12.677172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.677172","url":null,"abstract":"Holography is a well-known optical technique which can provide valuable information on the location and distribution of small particles in three-dimensional space. For several years now, we have utilised holography for high-precision subsea inspection and measurement. One specific application which spurred much of our work was the need for high-precision inspection and analysis of plankton sizes, distribution and species identification. To this end we have developed a subsea holographic camera (HoloMar) for recording of plankton and other marine organisms in situ in their natural environment. This camera is unique in that it is able to record simultaneous in-line and off-axis holograms to cover a range of size of marine organisms from a few microns to tens of millimetres and at concentrations from a few particles per cubic centimetre to dense aggregates. Holograms of aquatic systems of up to 50000 cm3 volume (off-axis) and 9500 cm3 (in-line), have been recorded in situ, using a pulsed laser (Q-switched, frequency-doubled Nd-YAG, 532 nm). The use of a pulsed laser effectively \"freezes\" the scene at a given instant. Although the recording of the holograms takes place in water, replay of the image is carried out in the laboratory in air, using the projected (real) image mode of reconstruction. By precision translation of a computer-controlled video-camera through the replayed image volume and performing \"optical sectioning\" on the image, individual organisms can be isolated and their size, shape and relative location precisely determined. Image processing algorithms, will allow optimisation of the holographic image together with automated identification of individual species and enumeration of concentrations. The local interactions between different organisms and particles can be observed, recorded and quantitatively determined. Following initial laboratory and observation tank testing, the holo-camera was deployed in a sea loch in the West of Scotland to a depth of 100 m and over 300 holograms recorded. However, the HoloMar camera is physically large and heavy and difficult to deploy. It is also based on the use of photographic emulsions to record the holograms. To overcome some of these difficulties we are now developing a new holographic camera (eHoloCam) based on digital holography. In digital or \"eHolography\", a hologram is directly electronically recorded onto a CCD or CMOS sensor and then numerically reconstructed by simulation of the optical hologram reconstruction. The immediate advantages of this new camera are compactness, ease-of-use and speed of response, but at the expense of restricted off-axis recording angles and reduced recording volume. In this paper we describe both approaches, the use of holography for analysis of marine organisms and the results obtained in the field. We also describe recent work, using both photo and digital holography, to study the behaviour of sediments in river estuaries and outline future applications of u","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":"454 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123361485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The nonparaxial and bidirectional beam propagation method suitable for modelling high NA near-field and holographic optical storage systems is suggested for 2D geometry and TE polarization of the incident light beam. The complex Pade approximants are introduced for correct approximation of evanescent field in the near-field optics using pole-zero shifting in the complex plane. The application of bidirectional beam propagation method to study the multimode waveguide near-field focusing system and wide-angle beam Bragg reflection from volume holographic grating is considered.
{"title":"Bidirectional beam propagation method for modeling optical storage systems","authors":"R. Petruskevicius","doi":"10.1117/12.677018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.677018","url":null,"abstract":"The nonparaxial and bidirectional beam propagation method suitable for modelling high NA near-field and holographic optical storage systems is suggested for 2D geometry and TE polarization of the incident light beam. The complex Pade approximants are introduced for correct approximation of evanescent field in the near-field optics using pole-zero shifting in the complex plane. The application of bidirectional beam propagation method to study the multimode waveguide near-field focusing system and wide-angle beam Bragg reflection from volume holographic grating is considered.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123702689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Ujhelyi, M. Lovasz, Z. Göröcs, A. Sütő, P. Koppa, G. Erdei, E. Lőrincz
We present non-volatile readout of thin film polarization Fourier holograms using different wavelengths. We demonstrate application of imaged reference phase coding in portable holographic demonstrator. Experimental results approve applicability of preliminary computer simulations.
{"title":"Phase coded polarization holographic system demonstration","authors":"F. Ujhelyi, M. Lovasz, Z. Göröcs, A. Sütő, P. Koppa, G. Erdei, E. Lőrincz","doi":"10.1117/12.677028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.677028","url":null,"abstract":"We present non-volatile readout of thin film polarization Fourier holograms using different wavelengths. We demonstrate application of imaged reference phase coding in portable holographic demonstrator. Experimental results approve applicability of preliminary computer simulations.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":"2015 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127255638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Charriére, F. Montfort, E. Cuche, C. Depeursinge
In digital holographic microscopy, shot noise is an intrinsic part of the recording process with a digital camera. We present a study based on simulations describing how shot noise influences the quality of the reconstructed phase images under different beams intensities configurations. A model for image quality estimation based on the decision statistical theory proposed by Wagner and Brown (R.F. Wagner and D.G. Brown, "Unified SNR Analysis of Medical Imaging-Systems," Phys. Med. Biol. 30, 489-518 (1985)) will be presented. A simulation will depict the variations of the reconstructed phase images SNR for different distributions of the total intensity between the reference and the object beam.
{"title":"Shot noise perturbations in digital holographic microscopy phase images","authors":"F. Charriére, F. Montfort, E. Cuche, C. Depeursinge","doi":"10.1117/12.677157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.677157","url":null,"abstract":"In digital holographic microscopy, shot noise is an intrinsic part of the recording process with a digital camera. We present a study based on simulations describing how shot noise influences the quality of the reconstructed phase images under different beams intensities configurations. A model for image quality estimation based on the decision statistical theory proposed by Wagner and Brown (R.F. Wagner and D.G. Brown, \"Unified SNR Analysis of Medical Imaging-Systems,\" Phys. Med. Biol. 30, 489-518 (1985)) will be presented. A simulation will depict the variations of the reconstructed phase images SNR for different distributions of the total intensity between the reference and the object beam.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126322062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Digital holography has been around for over thirty years; however only in recent years has necessary and affordable recording and computing hardware become widely available. Some of the first works in digital holography are described as far back as 1966, with others following shortly after that. Today many researchers are working in this area for both application and further development of the technique. Indeed, digital holography may represent the best hope for holography as a thriving area of optics, and science. In this paper we discuss of the many applications, advantages, challenges, and opportunities that exist in the field of digital holography.
{"title":"Applications, challenges, and approaches for electronic, digital holography","authors":"J. Trolinger, V. Markov, A. Khizhnyak","doi":"10.1117/12.677050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.677050","url":null,"abstract":"Digital holography has been around for over thirty years; however only in recent years has necessary and affordable recording and computing hardware become widely available. Some of the first works in digital holography are described as far back as 1966, with others following shortly after that. Today many researchers are working in this area for both application and further development of the technique. Indeed, digital holography may represent the best hope for holography as a thriving area of optics, and science. In this paper we discuss of the many applications, advantages, challenges, and opportunities that exist in the field of digital holography.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125223798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we present an overview of some recent advances in interpolation and resampling. We are particularly interested in the linear, convolution-based interpolation techniques where new image pixels are generated by first fitting a certain continuous function to the given uniformly sampled data and then resampled at the desired coordinates. We start with stating the interpolation problem in signal and frequeny domain and then continue with describing the interpolation artifacts and how to evaluate the interpolator's performance. We then review the class of piecewise-polynomial interpolators of minimal support as the best compromise between high performance and acceptable cost. We describe efficient filter structures, discuss different optimized designs and give comparative results both experimental and analytical.
{"title":"Interpolation and resampling in image processing and holography","authors":"A. Gotchev, K. Egiazarian","doi":"10.1117/12.677053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.677053","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we present an overview of some recent advances in interpolation and resampling. We are particularly interested in the linear, convolution-based interpolation techniques where new image pixels are generated by first fitting a certain continuous function to the given uniformly sampled data and then resampled at the desired coordinates. We start with stating the interpolation problem in signal and frequeny domain and then continue with describing the interpolation artifacts and how to evaluate the interpolator's performance. We then review the class of piecewise-polynomial interpolators of minimal support as the best compromise between high performance and acceptable cost. We describe efficient filter structures, discuss different optimized designs and give comparative results both experimental and analytical.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134033285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Experimental investigation and modeling of angular and spectral selectivity of volume transmission and reflection holograms in PVA/acrylamide photopolymer has been carried out. Influence of non-uniform light absorption, shrinkage of material thickness, changing of the average refractive index and refractive index modulation through the hologram thickness, and bending of interference fringes are taken into account.
{"title":"Selectivity properties of non-uniform volume holograms in photopolymer materials","authors":"E. Pen, M. Rodionov, V. Shelkovnikov","doi":"10.1117/12.676530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.676530","url":null,"abstract":"Experimental investigation and modeling of angular and spectral selectivity of volume transmission and reflection holograms in PVA/acrylamide photopolymer has been carried out. Influence of non-uniform light absorption, shrinkage of material thickness, changing of the average refractive index and refractive index modulation through the hologram thickness, and bending of interference fringes are taken into account.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130243433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Digital holography is a symbiosis of physical optics and digital computers. In numerical reconstruction of optical holograms, optical wavefront is sampled, and obtained numerical data are transformed in computers for evaluating physical properties of objects that produced that wave front. In fabricating computer-generated holograms, numerical data produced by a computer are converted into a physical hologram or an optical element intended for forming real optical beams. Therefore mutual correspondence between optical transformations and their computer representations is of fundamental importance for digital holography. In the paper, this problem is addressed and different computer representations of basic optical transforms such as convolution, Fourier and Fresnel integral transforms are briefly reviewed.
{"title":"Optical transforms in digital holography","authors":"L. Yaroslavsky","doi":"10.1117/12.677048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.677048","url":null,"abstract":"Digital holography is a symbiosis of physical optics and digital computers. In numerical reconstruction of optical holograms, optical wavefront is sampled, and obtained numerical data are transformed in computers for evaluating physical properties of objects that produced that wave front. In fabricating computer-generated holograms, numerical data produced by a computer are converted into a physical hologram or an optical element intended for forming real optical beams. Therefore mutual correspondence between optical transformations and their computer representations is of fundamental importance for digital holography. In the paper, this problem is addressed and different computer representations of basic optical transforms such as convolution, Fourier and Fresnel integral transforms are briefly reviewed.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131803243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Pielichowski, D. Bogdał, M. Bednarz, F. Kajzar, Jacek Nozioł, P. Armatys
Synthesis of diazocarbazole dyes is described together with their photoisomerizaton properties that were demonstrated under strong illumination with a laser beam. It was shown that the dyes could be used as precursors to synthesis of carbazole based polymers suitable for applications in photonics.
{"title":"Synthesis and properties of some diazocarbazole derivative dyes as novel photorefractive materials","authors":"J. Pielichowski, D. Bogdał, M. Bednarz, F. Kajzar, Jacek Nozioł, P. Armatys","doi":"10.1117/12.676749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.676749","url":null,"abstract":"Synthesis of diazocarbazole dyes is described together with their photoisomerizaton properties that were demonstrated under strong illumination with a laser beam. It was shown that the dyes could be used as precursors to synthesis of carbazole based polymers suitable for applications in photonics.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":"257 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133538237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
U. Mahilny, D. N. Marmysh, A. Stankevich, A. Tolstik, V. Matusevich, R. Kowarschik
We demonstrate a possibility to write efficient and thermally stable volume holographic gratings in a glassy polymer material based on PMMA and phenanthrenequinone with layers prepared by casting the liquid solution of ingredients on a substrate and drying to a solid state. A high concentration of phenanthrenequinone (up to 4 mol.%) makes it possible to use photosensitive layers of lower thicknesses (50 - 180 μm) for the recording of efficient holographic gratings. The exposing is followed by a thermal amplification of the grating due to diffusion of residual phenanthrenequinone molecules and fixation by an incoherent optical illumination. We present experimental temporal curves of the refractive index modulation and diffraction efficiency both under the exposure and the heating process. The behavior of the gratings under temperatures up to 140°C has been studied.
{"title":"Phase volume holograms in PMMA layers under high concentration of phenanthrenequinone","authors":"U. Mahilny, D. N. Marmysh, A. Stankevich, A. Tolstik, V. Matusevich, R. Kowarschik","doi":"10.1117/12.677010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.677010","url":null,"abstract":"We demonstrate a possibility to write efficient and thermally stable volume holographic gratings in a glassy polymer material based on PMMA and phenanthrenequinone with layers prepared by casting the liquid solution of ingredients on a substrate and drying to a solid state. A high concentration of phenanthrenequinone (up to 4 mol.%) makes it possible to use photosensitive layers of lower thicknesses (50 - 180 μm) for the recording of efficient holographic gratings. The exposing is followed by a thermal amplification of the grating due to diffusion of residual phenanthrenequinone molecules and fixation by an incoherent optical illumination. We present experimental temporal curves of the refractive index modulation and diffraction efficiency both under the exposure and the heating process. The behavior of the gratings under temperatures up to 140°C has been studied.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129033203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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