The first methods for recording color holograms were established in the early 1960s. Leith and Upatnieks proposed multicolor wavefront reconstmction and Denisyuk introduced the single-beam reflection holography technique which is most suitable for recording color holograms today. Reviewed is the history of color holography highlighting important milestones. The current state-of-the-art of color holography is presented including the recording techniques using red, green and blue laser wavelengths. The laser wavelength selection issue is presented using computer simulation, showing that more than three wavelengths may be needed for accurate color rendition in holograms. The recording material is a key factor very important for creating high-quality color holograms. Covered are both the demand on the material and suitable products currently on the market. The future of color holography is highly dependent on the availability of improved panchromatic recording materials and suitable light sources for displaying the holograms. Small laser diodes as well as powerful white LEDs and OLEDs with very limited source diameters are important for color holography to become an important 3D display medium.
{"title":"Color holography: its history, state-of-the-art, and future","authors":"H. Bjelkhagen","doi":"10.1117/12.677173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.677173","url":null,"abstract":"The first methods for recording color holograms were established in the early 1960s. Leith and Upatnieks proposed multicolor wavefront reconstmction and Denisyuk introduced the single-beam reflection holography technique which is most suitable for recording color holograms today. Reviewed is the history of color holography highlighting important milestones. The current state-of-the-art of color holography is presented including the recording techniques using red, green and blue laser wavelengths. The laser wavelength selection issue is presented using computer simulation, showing that more than three wavelengths may be needed for accurate color rendition in holograms. The recording material is a key factor very important for creating high-quality color holograms. Covered are both the demand on the material and suitable products currently on the market. The future of color holography is highly dependent on the availability of improved panchromatic recording materials and suitable light sources for displaying the holograms. Small laser diodes as well as powerful white LEDs and OLEDs with very limited source diameters are important for color holography to become an important 3D display medium.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":"71 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130229676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One way to amplify the optical memory capacity is to increase simultaneously the numerical aperture of the reading and writing objective, to decrease the laser wavelength and to use optical discs with multilayer construction. In this paper we show how to optimize and design single lens aspheric objectives with high and super high numerical aperture for red and blue DVD. We demonstrate the image quality of constructions of an objective for red DVD with high numerical aperture 0.9, an objective for blue DVD with super high numerical aperture 0.95 and collimators for red and blue DVD.
{"title":"Optical components for digital data storage and processing of information","authors":"B. Hristov","doi":"10.1117/12.677046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.677046","url":null,"abstract":"One way to amplify the optical memory capacity is to increase simultaneously the numerical aperture of the reading and writing objective, to decrease the laser wavelength and to use optical discs with multilayer construction. In this paper we show how to optimize and design single lens aspheric objectives with high and super high numerical aperture for red and blue DVD. We demonstrate the image quality of constructions of an objective for red DVD with high numerical aperture 0.9, an objective for blue DVD with super high numerical aperture 0.95 and collimators for red and blue DVD.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132363831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
U. Gopinathan, D. S. Monaghan, A. Shortt, T. Naughton, J. Sheridan, B. Javidi
Digital holography can be used to capture the whole Fresnel field from a reflective or transmissive object. Applications include imaging and display of three-dimensional (3D) objects, and encryption and pattern recognition of two-dimensional (2D) and 3D objects. Often, these optical systems employ discrete spatial light modulators (SLMs) such as liquid-crystal displays. In the 2D case, SLMs can encode the inputs and keys during encryption and decryption. For 3D processing, the SLM can be used as part of an optical reconstruction technique for 3D objects, and can also represent the key during encryption and decryption. However, discrete SLMs can represent only discrete levels of data necessitating a quantisation of continuous valued analog information. To date, many such optical systems have been proposed in the literature, yet there has been relatively little experimental evaluation of the practical performance of discrete SLMs in these systems. In this paper, we characterise conventional phase-modulating liquid-crystal devices and examine their limitations (in terms of phase quantisation, alignment tolerances, and nonlinear response) for the encryption of 2D and 3D data. Finally, we highlight the practical importance of a highly controlled discretisation (optimal quantisation) for compression of digital holograms.
{"title":"Capture, encryption, compression, and display of digital holograms of three-dimensional objects","authors":"U. Gopinathan, D. S. Monaghan, A. Shortt, T. Naughton, J. Sheridan, B. Javidi","doi":"10.1117/12.677154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.677154","url":null,"abstract":"Digital holography can be used to capture the whole Fresnel field from a reflective or transmissive object. Applications include imaging and display of three-dimensional (3D) objects, and encryption and pattern recognition of two-dimensional (2D) and 3D objects. Often, these optical systems employ discrete spatial light modulators (SLMs) such as liquid-crystal displays. In the 2D case, SLMs can encode the inputs and keys during encryption and decryption. For 3D processing, the SLM can be used as part of an optical reconstruction technique for 3D objects, and can also represent the key during encryption and decryption. However, discrete SLMs can represent only discrete levels of data necessitating a quantisation of continuous valued analog information. To date, many such optical systems have been proposed in the literature, yet there has been relatively little experimental evaluation of the practical performance of discrete SLMs in these systems. In this paper, we characterise conventional phase-modulating liquid-crystal devices and examine their limitations (in terms of phase quantisation, alignment tolerances, and nonlinear response) for the encryption of 2D and 3D data. Finally, we highlight the practical importance of a highly controlled discretisation (optimal quantisation) for compression of digital holograms.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127291106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Lushnikov, V. Bobrinev, S. Odinokov, A. Pavlov, A. Nikolaev
Methods for recording of holograms with an encoded hidden image (security holograms) and a reading-decoding optoelectronic system are presented in this paper. Security holograms are used as means for control of authenticity of the protected objects. Some modifications of the recording schemes with the code mask in the object beam are proposed. The main problem to be solved is connected with the required precision of the hologram positioning in the readout device. The algorithm of reconstruction of the decoded image is proposed in this paper. The main feature of this algorithm is the presence of the optical and electronic decoding. It allows producing of better than previously protected holograms. As an additional measure of protection of the hologram it is proposed to use the predetermined elements of the hidden image for checking of the hologram authenticity.
{"title":"Method and opto-electronic system for reading of coded hidden images from security holograms","authors":"D. Lushnikov, V. Bobrinev, S. Odinokov, A. Pavlov, A. Nikolaev","doi":"10.1117/12.677181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.677181","url":null,"abstract":"Methods for recording of holograms with an encoded hidden image (security holograms) and a reading-decoding optoelectronic system are presented in this paper. Security holograms are used as means for control of authenticity of the protected objects. Some modifications of the recording schemes with the code mask in the object beam are proposed. The main problem to be solved is connected with the required precision of the hologram positioning in the readout device. The algorithm of reconstruction of the decoded image is proposed in this paper. The main feature of this algorithm is the presence of the optical and electronic decoding. It allows producing of better than previously protected holograms. As an additional measure of protection of the hologram it is proposed to use the predetermined elements of the hidden image for checking of the hologram authenticity.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126291899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Petkova, V. Marinova, I. Iliev, T. Dimov, S. Lin, K. Hsu
Bismuth germanate Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO) single crystals doped with ruthenium, manganese and ruthenium plus manganese are grown by Czohralski technique with automatically diameter-weight control method. The effect of doping on the light-induced, magneto-optical and holographic properties of BGO single crystals is studied. It was found that the optical transmission spectrum of doped samples is modified strongly under thermal annealing and homogeneous illumination with UV light as well as the photochromic effect is fully reversible. The magneto-optical rotation was measured and Verdet constant was calculated at visible spectral range. Holographic grating are successfully recorded at 633 nm.
{"title":"Optical, magneto-optical, and holographic study of Bi4Ge3O12 crystals doped with transition elements","authors":"P. Petkova, V. Marinova, I. Iliev, T. Dimov, S. Lin, K. Hsu","doi":"10.1117/12.676940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.676940","url":null,"abstract":"Bismuth germanate Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO) single crystals doped with ruthenium, manganese and ruthenium plus manganese are grown by Czohralski technique with automatically diameter-weight control method. The effect of doping on the light-induced, magneto-optical and holographic properties of BGO single crystals is studied. It was found that the optical transmission spectrum of doped samples is modified strongly under thermal annealing and homogeneous illumination with UV light as well as the photochromic effect is fully reversible. The magneto-optical rotation was measured and Verdet constant was calculated at visible spectral range. Holographic grating are successfully recorded at 633 nm.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128497747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Ilieva, M. Ivanov, T. Petrova, V. Dragostinova, G. Minchev, T. Todorov, L. Nikolova
Optical storage in azobenzene-containing polymers is based on the alignment of the polymer chains initiated by the reorientation and ordering of the azobenzene groups. This process requires considerably high recording energies. We investigate photoinduced birefringence in two types of acrylic cyan-azo polymers - one amorphous and one liquid crystalline. We show that for both types the light energy required for the recording can be reduced by an order of magnitude if the photoalignment is done at elevated temperatures. The optimal temperatures depend on the polymer. In our case they are 52-55°C for the liquid-crystalline polymer and 50-60°C for the amorphous polymer. At these temperatures birefringence as high as 0.07 can be obtained at light intensities 30-40mW/cm2 for about 100s and these values are retained after cooling the polymer films.
{"title":"Thermally sensitized optical recording in azobenzene polymers","authors":"D. Ilieva, M. Ivanov, T. Petrova, V. Dragostinova, G. Minchev, T. Todorov, L. Nikolova","doi":"10.1117/12.676854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.676854","url":null,"abstract":"Optical storage in azobenzene-containing polymers is based on the alignment of the polymer chains initiated by the reorientation and ordering of the azobenzene groups. This process requires considerably high recording energies. We investigate photoinduced birefringence in two types of acrylic cyan-azo polymers - one amorphous and one liquid crystalline. We show that for both types the light energy required for the recording can be reduced by an order of magnitude if the photoalignment is done at elevated temperatures. The optimal temperatures depend on the polymer. In our case they are 52-55°C for the liquid-crystalline polymer and 50-60°C for the amorphous polymer. At these temperatures birefringence as high as 0.07 can be obtained at light intensities 30-40mW/cm2 for about 100s and these values are retained after cooling the polymer films.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":"6252 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129286074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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