T. Petrova, Natalia Tomova, Violeta Dragostinova, Sonja Ossikovska, V. Sainov
Ultra fine grain panchromatic silver halide light sensitive material HP-P for RGB recording of reflection holograms have been recently developed. The average grain size is less than 10 nm, and recording energy for maximum diffraction efficiency for the spectral range 400-675 nm is in the frame of 0.5-2.5 mJ/cm2. To estimate the life time of the new material an accelerating testing at different temperatures (40°C, 60°C and 100°C) has been applied and compared with the results for the well known red sensitized silver halide emulsions HP-650, having average grain size about 10 nm. On the base of the obtained results according Arenious low at least three months life time of the new material at ambient conditions could be guaranteed, and more than six months at -5°C storage condition.
{"title":"Lifetime of silver halide holographic materials comparative accelerating testing","authors":"T. Petrova, Natalia Tomova, Violeta Dragostinova, Sonja Ossikovska, V. Sainov","doi":"10.1117/12.677002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.677002","url":null,"abstract":"Ultra fine grain panchromatic silver halide light sensitive material HP-P for RGB recording of reflection holograms have been recently developed. The average grain size is less than 10 nm, and recording energy for maximum diffraction efficiency for the spectral range 400-675 nm is in the frame of 0.5-2.5 mJ/cm2. To estimate the life time of the new material an accelerating testing at different temperatures (40°C, 60°C and 100°C) has been applied and compared with the results for the well known red sensitized silver halide emulsions HP-650, having average grain size about 10 nm. On the base of the obtained results according Arenious low at least three months life time of the new material at ambient conditions could be guaranteed, and more than six months at -5°C storage condition.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127126447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An interferometric method, called digital multispectral holography, to obtain three-dimensional (3D) multispectral images of spatially incoherent, polychromatic source distributions is presented. Each 3D spectral image is retrieved separately from a 3D spatial coherence function that is synthesized from interferograms measured with a two-axes wavefront folding interferometer. Numerical demonstration incorporated with spatially extended polychromatic source distribution, located at nearfield positions, shows that the 3D information of each spectral component is successfully retrieved by the method.
{"title":"Passive digital multispectral holography based on synthesis of coherence function","authors":"K. Yoshimori","doi":"10.1117/12.677285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.677285","url":null,"abstract":"An interferometric method, called digital multispectral holography, to obtain three-dimensional (3D) multispectral images of spatially incoherent, polychromatic source distributions is presented. Each 3D spectral image is retrieved separately from a 3D spatial coherence function that is synthesized from interferograms measured with a two-axes wavefront folding interferometer. Numerical demonstration incorporated with spatially extended polychromatic source distribution, located at nearfield positions, shows that the 3D information of each spectral component is successfully retrieved by the method.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130398455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we present a transmission polarization digital holographic microscope (Pol-DHM) that allows for imaging the state of polarization of a wave front with the acquisition of a single hologram. This apparatus records, using a CCD camera, the interference in off-axis geometry between two orthogonally polarized reference waves and an object wave transmitted through a microscopic sample and magnified by a microscope objective. Since the reference waves have orthogonal polarizations, they do not interfere and the hologram results in two different fringes patterns, which can be separately filtered in the spatial Fourier domain and reconstructed separately to compute the amplitude and phase of two wave fronts. These four images allow computing the polarization ellipse azimuth and the phase difference associated with the polarization state of the object wave. The method is illustrated by imaging the strain induced in a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) sample and in a bended optical fiber.
{"title":"Polarization digital holographic microscope: a single acquisition for a complete determination of polarization state","authors":"T. Colomb, E. Cuche, C. Depeursinge","doi":"10.1117/12.677293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.677293","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we present a transmission polarization digital holographic microscope (Pol-DHM) that allows for imaging the state of polarization of a wave front with the acquisition of a single hologram. This apparatus records, using a CCD camera, the interference in off-axis geometry between two orthogonally polarized reference waves and an object wave transmitted through a microscopic sample and magnified by a microscope objective. Since the reference waves have orthogonal polarizations, they do not interfere and the hologram results in two different fringes patterns, which can be separately filtered in the spatial Fourier domain and reconstructed separately to compute the amplitude and phase of two wave fronts. These four images allow computing the polarization ellipse azimuth and the phase difference associated with the polarization state of the object wave. The method is illustrated by imaging the strain induced in a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) sample and in a bended optical fiber.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":"258 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133540160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Great improvement of CuBr laser beam spatial coherence was made by a special design of the laser resonator, the generalized diffraction filtered resonator. Utilizing it diffraction-limited beam divergence can be easily obtained throughout the laser pulse. Since the spatial coherence is in inverse relation with the beam divergence, decreasing the latter we increase the former. The temporal evolution of beam divergence for the more intense green (λ=510nm) laser line was measured within laser pulse of MO (master oscillator) CuBr laser system fitted with a stable plane-plane resonator (PPR), a confocal unstable resonator of positive branch (PBUR) and a generalized diffraction filtered resonator (GDFR). With the MOPA (master oscillator power amplifier) system only GDFR was used. The estimations were verified by direct coherence measurements by means of a reversal shear interferometer that was a modified Michelson interferometer. The estimations as well as the direct measurement of spatial coherence show that coherence degree increases from PPR through PBUR to GDFR. Moreover, with GDFR it is time-independent. With MOPA system the coherence degree goes up further. So the degree of coherence measured interferometrically with MO is: for PPR - 0.16, for PBUR - 0.28 and for GDFR - 0.36. For MOPA the measured degree of coherence reaches 0.65. The estimated and the measured coherence trends show similarity. Based on the Michelson interferometer and having just four optical components (a spherical lens, an optical wedge and two plane mirrors), a new rigid instrument for spatial coherence analysis of optical beams was introduced as well.
{"title":"Improvement of CuBr laser coherence properties","authors":"D. Astadjov, L. Stoychev, N. Sabotinov","doi":"10.1117/12.677296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.677296","url":null,"abstract":"Great improvement of CuBr laser beam spatial coherence was made by a special design of the laser resonator, the generalized diffraction filtered resonator. Utilizing it diffraction-limited beam divergence can be easily obtained throughout the laser pulse. Since the spatial coherence is in inverse relation with the beam divergence, decreasing the latter we increase the former. The temporal evolution of beam divergence for the more intense green (λ=510nm) laser line was measured within laser pulse of MO (master oscillator) CuBr laser system fitted with a stable plane-plane resonator (PPR), a confocal unstable resonator of positive branch (PBUR) and a generalized diffraction filtered resonator (GDFR). With the MOPA (master oscillator power amplifier) system only GDFR was used. The estimations were verified by direct coherence measurements by means of a reversal shear interferometer that was a modified Michelson interferometer. The estimations as well as the direct measurement of spatial coherence show that coherence degree increases from PPR through PBUR to GDFR. Moreover, with GDFR it is time-independent. With MOPA system the coherence degree goes up further. So the degree of coherence measured interferometrically with MO is: for PPR - 0.16, for PBUR - 0.28 and for GDFR - 0.36. For MOPA the measured degree of coherence reaches 0.65. The estimated and the measured coherence trends show similarity. Based on the Michelson interferometer and having just four optical components (a spherical lens, an optical wedge and two plane mirrors), a new rigid instrument for spatial coherence analysis of optical beams was introduced as well.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131799310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
U. Mahilny, D. N. Marmysh, A. Stankevich, A. Tolstik, V. Matusevich, R. Kowarschik
We demonstrate a possibility to write efficient and thermally stable volume holographic gratings in a glassy polymer material based on PMMA and phenanthrenequinone with layers prepared by casting the liquid solution of ingredients on a substrate and drying to a solid state. A high concentration of phenanthrenequinone (up to 4 mol.%) makes it possible to use photosensitive layers of lower thicknesses (50 - 180 μm) for the recording of efficient holographic gratings. The exposing is followed by a thermal amplification of the grating due to diffusion of residual phenanthrenequinone molecules and fixation by an incoherent optical illumination. We present experimental temporal curves of the refractive index modulation and diffraction efficiency both under the exposure and the heating process. The behavior of the gratings under temperatures up to 140°C has been studied.
{"title":"Phase volume holograms in PMMA layers under high concentration of phenanthrenequinone","authors":"U. Mahilny, D. N. Marmysh, A. Stankevich, A. Tolstik, V. Matusevich, R. Kowarschik","doi":"10.1117/12.677010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.677010","url":null,"abstract":"We demonstrate a possibility to write efficient and thermally stable volume holographic gratings in a glassy polymer material based on PMMA and phenanthrenequinone with layers prepared by casting the liquid solution of ingredients on a substrate and drying to a solid state. A high concentration of phenanthrenequinone (up to 4 mol.%) makes it possible to use photosensitive layers of lower thicknesses (50 - 180 μm) for the recording of efficient holographic gratings. The exposing is followed by a thermal amplification of the grating due to diffusion of residual phenanthrenequinone molecules and fixation by an incoherent optical illumination. We present experimental temporal curves of the refractive index modulation and diffraction efficiency both under the exposure and the heating process. The behavior of the gratings under temperatures up to 140°C has been studied.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129033203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Computation of the diffraction pattern that gives the desired reconstruction of an object upon proper illumination is an important process in computer generated holography. A fast computational method, based on the plane wave decomposition of 3D field in free-space, is presented to find the desired diffraction pattern. The computational burden includes two FFT algorithms in addition to a shuffling of the frequency components that needs an interpolation in the frequency domain. The algorithm is based on the exact diffraction formulation; there is no need for Fresnel or Fraunhofer approximations. The developed model is utilized to calculate the scalar optical diffraction between tilted planes for monochromatic light. The performance of the presented algorithm is satisfactory for tilt angles up to 60°.
{"title":"Computation of holographic patterns between tilted planes","authors":"G. B. Esmer, L. Onural","doi":"10.1117/12.677162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.677162","url":null,"abstract":"Computation of the diffraction pattern that gives the desired reconstruction of an object upon proper illumination is an important process in computer generated holography. A fast computational method, based on the plane wave decomposition of 3D field in free-space, is presented to find the desired diffraction pattern. The computational burden includes two FFT algorithms in addition to a shuffling of the frequency components that needs an interpolation in the frequency domain. The algorithm is based on the exact diffraction formulation; there is no need for Fresnel or Fraunhofer approximations. The developed model is utilized to calculate the scalar optical diffraction between tilted planes for monochromatic light. The performance of the presented algorithm is satisfactory for tilt angles up to 60°.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114582564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The subject matter of this presentation is to review the results of a research program whose objective is the development of a technology for the serial manufacturing of high efficiency HOE (Holographic Optical Elements) with predetermined spectral characteristics and angular selectivity with apertures ranging from few square millimeters to square meters. The developed technology includes the machine fabrication of precision holographic films (2 to 50 micron thickness) on glass or plastic substrata and chemically and thermally adapted hologram development processes. The desired optical properties of the holographic material for a specific technical application are preset during the making of the film and are modified during the exposure and the development of the HOE.
{"title":"The effects of the film manufacturing techniques, of the exposure procedures and of the development and post-treatment thermochemical processes on the holographic properties of HOEs in DCG","authors":"C. G. Stojanoff","doi":"10.1117/12.677176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.677176","url":null,"abstract":"The subject matter of this presentation is to review the results of a research program whose objective is the development of a technology for the serial manufacturing of high efficiency HOE (Holographic Optical Elements) with predetermined spectral characteristics and angular selectivity with apertures ranging from few square millimeters to square meters. The developed technology includes the machine fabrication of precision holographic films (2 to 50 micron thickness) on glass or plastic substrata and chemically and thermally adapted hologram development processes. The desired optical properties of the holographic material for a specific technical application are preset during the making of the film and are modified during the exposure and the development of the HOE.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122596523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Naydenova, H. Sherif, S. Mintova, S. Martin, V. Toal
A nanoparticle-doped acrylic photopolymer is characterised as a material for holographic recording. The influence of nanoparticles on the photopolymer dynamic range, dynamics of recording, temporal stability and mechanical stability in terms of shrinkage has been studied. The dynamics of recording and the temporal stability are investigated by real time monitoring of the build up of diffraction gratings of spatial frequencies of 200 to 2000 1/mm. The shrinkage has been characterised by recording slanted transmission gratings and observation of the change in the Bragg angle.
{"title":"Holographic recording in nanoparticle-doped photopolymer","authors":"I. Naydenova, H. Sherif, S. Mintova, S. Martin, V. Toal","doi":"10.1117/12.676503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.676503","url":null,"abstract":"A nanoparticle-doped acrylic photopolymer is characterised as a material for holographic recording. The influence of nanoparticles on the photopolymer dynamic range, dynamics of recording, temporal stability and mechanical stability in terms of shrinkage has been studied. The dynamics of recording and the temporal stability are investigated by real time monitoring of the build up of diffraction gratings of spatial frequencies of 200 to 2000 1/mm. The shrinkage has been characterised by recording slanted transmission gratings and observation of the change in the Bragg angle.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121040223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The inverse source problem is solved by utilization of reverse Fourier transformation of the light, transmitted through the object. Phase-shifting technique for obtaining the information on the phase distribution during measurement is proposed. This allows calculation of the transmission coefficient and phase delay in every point of the object. The incorporation of a reference measurement eliminates the influence of the measurement system parameters. The theoretical background is shown. A computer simulation of the influence of the more important factors of the optical scheme on the accuracy is presented. Simulation is done for different positions of the basic optical elements and inexact phase shifting. Different ADC resolutions are simulated too. Conditions and limits of measurement are discussed. This technique could be used in measurement and qualification of small and micro objects in biology.
{"title":"Two-dimensional measurement of optical parameters using inverse source problem and phase-shifting technique: optical scheme modeling","authors":"G. Stoilov","doi":"10.1117/12.677289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.677289","url":null,"abstract":"The inverse source problem is solved by utilization of reverse Fourier transformation of the light, transmitted through the object. Phase-shifting technique for obtaining the information on the phase distribution during measurement is proposed. This allows calculation of the transmission coefficient and phase delay in every point of the object. The incorporation of a reference measurement eliminates the influence of the measurement system parameters. The theoretical background is shown. A computer simulation of the influence of the more important factors of the optical scheme on the accuracy is presented. Simulation is done for different positions of the basic optical elements and inexact phase shifting. Different ADC resolutions are simulated too. Conditions and limits of measurement are discussed. This technique could be used in measurement and qualification of small and micro objects in biology.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127399169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In a two-beam interference experiment involving at least one speckle wave, intensity and phase are rapidly fluctuating distributions. There is no way to make a prediction of the evolution of the interference pattern aver distances greater than the correlation volume - as small as 3×3×100 μm3 for visible wavelengths and usual apertures. Most of the difficulties associated with a correct understanding and a good practice of speckle interferometry (SI) arise from this observation. It also explains why a technique simply ruled by the elementary two-beam interference or triangle formula raises nonetheless many problems. This contribution reviews some of the fundamentals of SI, mainly those concerned with the consequences of the random nature of the speckle phenomenon. It discusses what is thought to be the most interesting optical arrangements, modi operandi and phase extraction schemes, and finally presents selected applications. Constantly kept in mind is the idea to try to cope with the apparent disorder of the analyzed speckle distributions.
{"title":"Speckle interferometry: refining the methods for taming disorder","authors":"P. Jacquot","doi":"10.1117/12.677171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.677171","url":null,"abstract":"In a two-beam interference experiment involving at least one speckle wave, intensity and phase are rapidly fluctuating distributions. There is no way to make a prediction of the evolution of the interference pattern aver distances greater than the correlation volume - as small as 3×3×100 μm3 for visible wavelengths and usual apertures. Most of the difficulties associated with a correct understanding and a good practice of speckle interferometry (SI) arise from this observation. It also explains why a technique simply ruled by the elementary two-beam interference or triangle formula raises nonetheless many problems. This contribution reviews some of the fundamentals of SI, mainly those concerned with the consequences of the random nature of the speckle phenomenon. It discusses what is thought to be the most interesting optical arrangements, modi operandi and phase extraction schemes, and finally presents selected applications. Constantly kept in mind is the idea to try to cope with the apparent disorder of the analyzed speckle distributions.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127550992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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