Some 25 years ago a group of Chilean Flamingos (Phoenicopterus chilensis) appeared in the coastal wa- ters of The Netherlands, Germany, and Denmark. In subsequent years, the group was enlarged by some Greater Flamingos (P ruber roseus) and Caribbean Flamingos (P r. ruber) and also appeared in inland waters. This free-living flamingo group became very adaptive to these habitats. I reviewed literature on flamingo presence in Western Eu- rope, habitats and weather conditions in these areas, as well as summarized my own observations. The flamingos established an inland breeding colony and winter in the joint delta of the rivers Rhine, Meuse, and Scheldt. They developed a clear annual migratory pattern. Although salt and brackish waters are available, the flamingos prefer fresh water. Young flamingos are born almost annually, but it seems that numbers can only be kept stable (about 50) by the occasional addition of escapes.
大约25年前，一群智利火烈鸟(智利腓鸟)出现在荷兰、德国和丹麦的沿海地区。在随后的几年里，这个群体被一些大火烈鸟(P ruber roseus)和加勒比火烈鸟(P r. ruber)扩大，也出现在内陆水域。这种自由生活的火烈鸟群变得非常适应这些栖息地。我回顾了关于西欧火烈鸟存在的文献——这些地区的绳索、栖息地和天气条件，并总结了我自己的观察结果。火烈鸟在内陆建立了繁殖地，并在莱茵河、默兹河和斯海尔德河的联合三角洲过冬。它们形成了清晰的年度迁徙模式。虽然有咸水和微咸水，但火烈鸟更喜欢淡水。年轻的火烈鸟几乎每年都会出生，但似乎只有偶尔增加逃跑的数量才能保持稳定(大约50只)。
{"title":"FLAMINGOS PRESUMABLY ESCAPED FROM CAPTIVITY FIND SUITABLE HABITAT IN WESTERN EUROPE","authors":"Joop M. Treep","doi":"10.2307/1522144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1522144","url":null,"abstract":"Some 25 years ago a group of Chilean Flamingos (Phoenicopterus chilensis) appeared in the coastal wa- ters of The Netherlands, Germany, and Denmark. In subsequent years, the group was enlarged by some Greater Flamingos (P ruber roseus) and Caribbean Flamingos (P r. ruber) and also appeared in inland waters. This free-living flamingo group became very adaptive to these habitats. I reviewed literature on flamingo presence in Western Eu- rope, habitats and weather conditions in these areas, as well as summarized my own observations. The flamingos established an inland breeding colony and winter in the joint delta of the rivers Rhine, Meuse, and Scheldt. They developed a clear annual migratory pattern. Although salt and brackish waters are available, the flamingos prefer fresh water. Young flamingos are born almost annually, but it seems that numbers can only be kept stable (about 50) by the occasional addition of escapes.","PeriodicalId":266321,"journal":{"name":"Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125457412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
-Analysis of the morphology of 141 Antarctic Shags (Phalacrocorax bransfieldensis) breeding at Harmony Point (62017'S, 59014'W), South Shetland Islands, and 85 at Danco Coast (64009'S, 60057'W), Antarctic Peninsula, indicated that males are significantly heavier and larger than females. However, there are overlaps in the morphometric variables (mass, culmen, bill, tarsus and wing length, and bill depth and width) between sexes. Two discriminant functions correctly classified 97.8% and 97.6% of the males and females considered to generate them. When the validity of the discriminant functions was checked on other Antarctic Shags breeding at Harmony Point and at Danco Coast, the rate of correct classification remained high. These discriminant functions could be used to sex chicks older than 45-50 days and juveniles. Received 17 November 1999, resubmitted 4 May 2000, accepted 8 May 2000.
-对南设得兰群岛Harmony Point (62017s, 59014′w)和南极半岛Danco Coast(64009′s, 60057′w)繁殖的141只南极长毛象(Phalacrocorax bransfieldensis)的形态分析表明，雄性明显比雌性更重、更大。然而，两性之间在形态计量变量(质量、喙部、喙部、跗骨和翼长、喙部深度和宽度)上存在重叠。两个判别函数分别对97.8%和97.6%的男性和女性进行了正确的分类。当对其他在和谐点和丹科海岸繁殖的南极长毛象进行判别函数的有效性检验时，正确分类率仍然很高。这些判别函数可用于45 ~ 50日龄雏鸟和幼鸟的性别区分。1999年11月17日收到，2000年5月4日重新提交，2000年5月8日接受。
{"title":"Sexual Size Dimorphism in the Antarctic Shag","authors":"R. Casaux, A. Baroni","doi":"10.2307/1522188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1522188","url":null,"abstract":"-Analysis of the morphology of 141 Antarctic Shags (Phalacrocorax bransfieldensis) breeding at Harmony Point (62017'S, 59014'W), South Shetland Islands, and 85 at Danco Coast (64009'S, 60057'W), Antarctic Peninsula, indicated that males are significantly heavier and larger than females. However, there are overlaps in the morphometric variables (mass, culmen, bill, tarsus and wing length, and bill depth and width) between sexes. Two discriminant functions correctly classified 97.8% and 97.6% of the males and females considered to generate them. When the validity of the discriminant functions was checked on other Antarctic Shags breeding at Harmony Point and at Danco Coast, the rate of correct classification remained high. These discriminant functions could be used to sex chicks older than 45-50 days and juveniles. Received 17 November 1999, resubmitted 4 May 2000, accepted 8 May 2000.","PeriodicalId":266321,"journal":{"name":"Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121480548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
-Three flamingo species occur in the High Andes wetlands of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru: James (Phoenicoparrusjamesi), Andean (P. andinus), and Chilean, (Phoenicopterus chilensis). During summer, the Vilama Lakes concentrate 30% of the James and Andean Flamingo populations of Argentina. These 9 lakes differ in size, depth, water composition, plankton, and submergent vegetation. We studied flamingo populations and wetlands of the Vilama Lakes region from 1995 through 1998. Species abundance was related to habitat variables. Shallow and highly saline lakes, rich in diatoms and cyanophytes but poor in zooplankton, concentrated the James Flamingo. Deep lakes with macrophytes and dense zooplankton provided habitat for the Chilean Flamingo and had more diverse waterbird communities than the shallow lakes. The Andean Flamingo occurred in almost every lake but in generally low numbers; however, it was more abundant in intermediate-character lakes and shallow lakes. Overall, shallow lakes sustained great numbers of flamingos, but changes in lake size did not explain abundance variations. The Vilama Lakes are complementary habitat patches for these species of flamingo, and for other vulnerable species (e.g., Horned Coot [Fulica cornuta]). This biological information contributed to the design of Vilama National Reserve (160,000 ha) with its 9 lakes under the management category of Natural Monument. The planned Vilama Reserve would contribute to a 3-nation reserve proposal formed by the present Eduardo Avaroa National Wildlife Reserve in Bolivia and Flamingos National Reserve in Chile, thus protecting the whole area of highest conservation value for Andean andJames Flamingos. ABUNDANCIA Y HABITAT DE FLAMENCOS ALTOANDINOS EN EL NOROESTE DE ARGENTINA Resumen.-Tres especies de flamencos habitan los humedales altoandinos: los flamencos deJames (Phoenicoparrusjamesi), andino (P. andinus), y austral (Phoenicopterus chilensis). Durante el verano, las lagunas de Vilama concentran el 30% de las poblaciones de flamencos deJames y andino de Argentina. Estos 9 lagos difieren en tamafio, profundidad, caracteristicas de sus aguas, plancton y vegetaci6n sumergida. Estudiamos las poblaciones de flamencos y los lagos de 1995 a 1998. La abundancia de las especies estuvo relacionada con variables del hibitat. Lagunas someras e hipersalinas, ricas en diatomeas y cian6fitas y pobres en zooplancton concentraron flamencos de James. Lagunas profundas, con macr6fitas y abundante zooplancton fueron habitat de flamencos australes y presentaron comunidades de aves mis diversas que las lagunas someras. Los flamencos andinos estuvieron presentes en casi todos los tipos de lagunas pero en bajas abundancias, aunque predominaron en aquellas de caracteristicas intermedias y en las someras. Las lagunas someras sustentaron mayor numero de flamencos que las profundas, pero los cambios en el tamafio de los espejos no explicaron las diferencias en abundancia. Las lagunas de Vilama son par
三种火烈鸟出现在阿根廷、玻利维亚、智利和秘鲁的安第斯高原湿地:詹姆斯(Phoenicoparrusjamesi)、安第斯(P. andinus)和智利(Phoenicopterus chilensis)。夏季，维拉玛湖聚集了阿根廷30%的詹姆斯和安第斯火烈鸟种群。这9个湖泊在大小、深度、水成分、浮游生物和水下植被方面各不相同。从1995年到1998年，我们研究了维拉玛湖区的火烈鸟种群和湿地。物种丰度与生境变量有关。浅湖和高盐碱度的湖泊富含硅藻和蓝藻，但浮游动物很少，詹姆斯火烈鸟集中在这里。具有大型植物和密集浮游动物的深湖为智利火烈鸟提供了栖息地，并且比浅湖有更多样化的水鸟群落。安第斯火烈鸟几乎出现在每个湖泊，但数量普遍较少;而在中等性质湖泊和浅水湖泊中更为丰富。总体而言，浅湖维持了大量的火烈鸟，但湖泊大小的变化并不能解释丰度的变化。维拉玛湖是这些火烈鸟和其他脆弱物种(如角骨顶[Fulica cornuta])的补充栖息地。这些生物信息有助于Vilama国家保护区(160,000公顷)的设计，其中有9个湖泊在自然纪念碑的管理类别下。计划中的维拉马保护区将对目前玻利维亚的爱德华多·阿瓦罗亚国家野生动物保护区和智利的火烈鸟国家保护区组成的三国保护区提案作出贡献，从而保护安第斯和詹姆斯火烈鸟的整个最高保护价值地区。阿根廷北部的弗拉门戈阿尔托红犀牛栖息地恢复。-居住的火烈鸟种树:deJames (Phoenicoparrusjamesi)， andino (P. andinus)， y south (Phoenicopterus chilensis)。Durante el verano, las lagunas de Vilama concentran, las lagunas de flamencos de james andino de Argentina。9种不同种类的植物，种类丰富，深浅不一，有特色的植物种类，植物种类多，属夏季植物。Estudiamos las poblaciones de flamencos y los lagos 1995年至1998年。丰富的生物多样性是一种相互关系，也是一种抑制变量。拉古纳斯的一些植物是高盐植物，美洲植物是天然植物，而西班牙植物是天然植物，弗拉门戈斯的植物是天然植物。Lagunas profundas, conmac6fitas，由丰富的动物植物fueron栖息地de flamencos australes，通过展示其多样性的群落as Lagunas someras。Los flamencos andinos estuvieron展示了大量的、独特的、主要的、有特色的、中间的和中间的。Las lagunas someras sustentaron mayor numero de flamencos que Las profundas, perlos cambios和tamafio de los espejos没有明显的差异。拉古纳斯·德·维拉玛斯·帕奇斯(拉丁美洲的拉丁美洲的拉丁美洲的拉丁美洲的拉丁美洲的拉丁美洲的拉丁美洲的拉丁美洲的拉丁美洲的拉丁美洲)。对维拉玛国家保护区(160,000公顷)的所有疾病作出贡献的生物信息，对自然纪念碑分类的9个lagos principales queedarian bajo作出贡献。维拉马保护区项目为玻利维亚的爱德华多·阿瓦罗亚国家动物保护区、智利的弗拉门戈斯国家保护区、弗拉门戈斯国家保护区、西班牙的弗拉门戈斯国家保护区、西班牙的弗拉门戈斯国家保护区和西班牙的詹姆斯保护区做出了贡献。
{"title":"Abundance and Habitat of High Andes Flamingos in Northwestern Argentina","authors":"S. M. Caziani, E. Derlindati","doi":"10.2307/1522157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1522157","url":null,"abstract":"-Three flamingo species occur in the High Andes wetlands of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru: James (Phoenicoparrusjamesi), Andean (P. andinus), and Chilean, (Phoenicopterus chilensis). During summer, the Vilama Lakes concentrate 30% of the James and Andean Flamingo populations of Argentina. These 9 lakes differ in size, depth, water composition, plankton, and submergent vegetation. We studied flamingo populations and wetlands of the Vilama Lakes region from 1995 through 1998. Species abundance was related to habitat variables. Shallow and highly saline lakes, rich in diatoms and cyanophytes but poor in zooplankton, concentrated the James Flamingo. Deep lakes with macrophytes and dense zooplankton provided habitat for the Chilean Flamingo and had more diverse waterbird communities than the shallow lakes. The Andean Flamingo occurred in almost every lake but in generally low numbers; however, it was more abundant in intermediate-character lakes and shallow lakes. Overall, shallow lakes sustained great numbers of flamingos, but changes in lake size did not explain abundance variations. The Vilama Lakes are complementary habitat patches for these species of flamingo, and for other vulnerable species (e.g., Horned Coot [Fulica cornuta]). This biological information contributed to the design of Vilama National Reserve (160,000 ha) with its 9 lakes under the management category of Natural Monument. The planned Vilama Reserve would contribute to a 3-nation reserve proposal formed by the present Eduardo Avaroa National Wildlife Reserve in Bolivia and Flamingos National Reserve in Chile, thus protecting the whole area of highest conservation value for Andean andJames Flamingos. ABUNDANCIA Y HABITAT DE FLAMENCOS ALTOANDINOS EN EL NOROESTE DE ARGENTINA Resumen.-Tres especies de flamencos habitan los humedales altoandinos: los flamencos deJames (Phoenicoparrusjamesi), andino (P. andinus), y austral (Phoenicopterus chilensis). Durante el verano, las lagunas de Vilama concentran el 30% de las poblaciones de flamencos deJames y andino de Argentina. Estos 9 lagos difieren en tamafio, profundidad, caracteristicas de sus aguas, plancton y vegetaci6n sumergida. Estudiamos las poblaciones de flamencos y los lagos de 1995 a 1998. La abundancia de las especies estuvo relacionada con variables del hibitat. Lagunas someras e hipersalinas, ricas en diatomeas y cian6fitas y pobres en zooplancton concentraron flamencos de James. Lagunas profundas, con macr6fitas y abundante zooplancton fueron habitat de flamencos australes y presentaron comunidades de aves mis diversas que las lagunas someras. Los flamencos andinos estuvieron presentes en casi todos los tipos de lagunas pero en bajas abundancias, aunque predominaron en aquellas de caracteristicas intermedias y en las someras. Las lagunas someras sustentaron mayor numero de flamencos que las profundas, pero los cambios en el tamafio de los espejos no explicaron las diferencias en abundancia. Las lagunas de Vilama son par","PeriodicalId":266321,"journal":{"name":"Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134339393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Conservation Status of Flamingos in Kenya","authors":"O. Nasirwa","doi":"10.2307/1522146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1522146","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":266321,"journal":{"name":"Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130780968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sonographic Analysis of the Vocalizations of Chilean and Caribbean Flamingos","authors":"J. Boylan","doi":"10.2307/1522163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1522163","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":266321,"journal":{"name":"Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133582476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
-Most Northern Hemisphere ducks form pairs on the wintering grounds, and timing of pairing varies considerably among species and populations. Hypotheses to explain variation in pairing chronology utilize sex-specific cost-benefit frameworks. These hypotheses have not been adequately tested, largely because of inadequate sample size of pairing chronologies, especially within the tribe Mergini. Wintering Common (Mergus merganser), Hooded (Lophodytes cucullatus), and Red-breasted mergansers (M. serratus) were observed at several sites in southwest British Columbia to determine pairing chronology. Courtship displays of Hooded Mergansers occurred significantly earlier than those of Red-breasted Mergansers. Hooded Mergansers began to pair in mid-November, Redbreasted Mergansers in early February, and Common Mergansers in late February. We tested the prediction that the largest species of ducks pair earliest. This could occur if females derive energetic benefits as a result of pairing, and females of larger species begin to accumulate endogenous nutrients earlier. It could also occur if pairing exerts an energetic cost on males, such that males of smaller species are more prone to winter mortality as a result of fluctuations in energy demand. The much earlier pairing of the smallest species (Hooded Mergansers) is inconsistent with either scenario. We suggest that between-species differences in pairing chronology may be better explained by the constraints imposed by sexual segregation during winter. Received 29 March 1999, accepted 29June 1999.
{"title":"Factors Affecting the Pairing Chronologies of Three Species of Mergansers in Southwest British Columbia","authors":"M. Coupe, F. Cooke","doi":"10.2307/1522123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1522123","url":null,"abstract":"-Most Northern Hemisphere ducks form pairs on the wintering grounds, and timing of pairing varies considerably among species and populations. Hypotheses to explain variation in pairing chronology utilize sex-specific cost-benefit frameworks. These hypotheses have not been adequately tested, largely because of inadequate sample size of pairing chronologies, especially within the tribe Mergini. Wintering Common (Mergus merganser), Hooded (Lophodytes cucullatus), and Red-breasted mergansers (M. serratus) were observed at several sites in southwest British Columbia to determine pairing chronology. Courtship displays of Hooded Mergansers occurred significantly earlier than those of Red-breasted Mergansers. Hooded Mergansers began to pair in mid-November, Redbreasted Mergansers in early February, and Common Mergansers in late February. We tested the prediction that the largest species of ducks pair earliest. This could occur if females derive energetic benefits as a result of pairing, and females of larger species begin to accumulate endogenous nutrients earlier. It could also occur if pairing exerts an energetic cost on males, such that males of smaller species are more prone to winter mortality as a result of fluctuations in energy demand. The much earlier pairing of the smallest species (Hooded Mergansers) is inconsistent with either scenario. We suggest that between-species differences in pairing chronology may be better explained by the constraints imposed by sexual segregation during winter. Received 29 March 1999, accepted 29June 1999.","PeriodicalId":266321,"journal":{"name":"Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124703834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
-The Flamingo Specialist Group, established by the International Couincil for Bird Preservation (ICBP; now BirdLife International) in 1971, is among many specialist groups functioning on a voluntary basis under the auspices of Wetlands International and the Species Survival Commission of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). The Flamingo Symposium held in Miami in October 1999 was the second truly international gathering of persons interested in this group of birds, the first symposium having been held in the United Kingdom in 1973. Other meetings and workshops have been held over the intervening years, concerning flamingos both in the wild and in captivity, in both the Old World and the New World. Estimations of the numbers of the different species and subspecies of flamingos occurring in the world are discussed. The group produces an annual newsletter and will soon establish a flamingo action plan. EL GRUPO DE ESPECIALISTAS EN FLAMENCOS: ACTIVIDADES PASADAS, PRESENTES Y FUTURAS Resumen.-El Grupo de Especialistas en Flamencos (FSG) fue fundado por el la Consejo Internacional para la Preservaci6n de las Aves (ICBP, ahora BirdLife International) en 1971. Es uno de los grupos de especialistas que funcionan en base a trabajo voluntario, bajo el patrocinio de Wetlands International y la Comisi6n para la Conservaci6n de Especies (Species Survival Comission) de la UICN. El simposio sobre flamencos que se llev6 a cabo en Miami en octubre de 1998 fue su segunda reuni6n internacional. La primera tuvo lugar en Inglaterra en 1973. Entre tanto, otras reuniones y talleres se han Ilevado a cabo sobre flamencos en cautiverio y silvestres, tanto en en Nuevo como Viejo Mundo. Se discuten las estimaciones globales de poblaciones de las distintas especies y subespecies. El Grupo produce un boletin informativo anualmente y pronto desarrollarai un Plan de Acci6n para la Conservaci6n de Flamencos.
-国际鸟类保护理事会(ICBP)设立的火烈鸟专家组;在湿地国际和国际自然与自然资源保护联盟(IUCN)的物种生存委员会的支持下，该组织是众多自愿运作的专家组织之一。1999年10月在迈阿密举行的火烈鸟研讨会是对这种鸟类感兴趣的人的第二次真正的国际聚会，第一次研讨会于1973年在英国举行。在这期间的几年里，还举行了其他会议和讲习班，讨论野生和圈养的火烈鸟，旧大陆和新大陆的火烈鸟。对世界上火烈鸟的不同种和亚种的数量进行了估计。该组织每年出版一份时事通讯，并将很快制定一项火烈鸟行动计划。弗拉门戈专家小组:PASADAS活动，展示未来的简历。-弗拉门戈专家小组(FSG)成立于1971年，成立了国际保护委员会(ICBP，国际鸟盟)。国际湿地保护委员会和联合国物种保护委员会(物种生存委员会)设立了国际湿地保护委员会。1998年10月，在迈阿密举行了第二次国际重聚。La primera two lugar en Inglaterra, 1973年。我的意思是，我的家人团聚在一起，我的家人团聚在一起，我的家人团聚在一起，我的家人团聚在一起，我的家人团聚在一起，我的家人团聚在一起，我的家人团聚在一起。本文讨论了物种与亚种之间的差异。El Grupo通过在“弗拉门戈文化保护计划”和“弗拉门戈文化保护计划”的指导下，制作具有影响力的信息年鉴。
{"title":"Flamingo Specialist Group: Past, Present, and Future Activities","authors":"Alan R. Johnson","doi":"10.2307/1522166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1522166","url":null,"abstract":"-The Flamingo Specialist Group, established by the International Couincil for Bird Preservation (ICBP; now BirdLife International) in 1971, is among many specialist groups functioning on a voluntary basis under the auspices of Wetlands International and the Species Survival Commission of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). The Flamingo Symposium held in Miami in October 1999 was the second truly international gathering of persons interested in this group of birds, the first symposium having been held in the United Kingdom in 1973. Other meetings and workshops have been held over the intervening years, concerning flamingos both in the wild and in captivity, in both the Old World and the New World. Estimations of the numbers of the different species and subspecies of flamingos occurring in the world are discussed. The group produces an annual newsletter and will soon establish a flamingo action plan. EL GRUPO DE ESPECIALISTAS EN FLAMENCOS: ACTIVIDADES PASADAS, PRESENTES Y FUTURAS Resumen.-El Grupo de Especialistas en Flamencos (FSG) fue fundado por el la Consejo Internacional para la Preservaci6n de las Aves (ICBP, ahora BirdLife International) en 1971. Es uno de los grupos de especialistas que funcionan en base a trabajo voluntario, bajo el patrocinio de Wetlands International y la Comisi6n para la Conservaci6n de Especies (Species Survival Comission) de la UICN. El simposio sobre flamencos que se llev6 a cabo en Miami en octubre de 1998 fue su segunda reuni6n internacional. La primera tuvo lugar en Inglaterra en 1973. Entre tanto, otras reuniones y talleres se han Ilevado a cabo sobre flamencos en cautiverio y silvestres, tanto en en Nuevo como Viejo Mundo. Se discuten las estimaciones globales de poblaciones de las distintas especies y subespecies. El Grupo produce un boletin informativo anualmente y pronto desarrollarai un Plan de Acci6n para la Conservaci6n de Flamencos.","PeriodicalId":266321,"journal":{"name":"Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128482606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
-Collection of data on biology of wild flamingos is constrained by the infeasibility of individually identifying all flamingos, even within 1 population, and by limitations on how closely flamingos can be approached and manipulated. Although captive flamingo colonies are much smaller than wild colonies (with some exceptions) and are restricted in movement, studies of captive flamingos that complement field studies can be of great asset in answering some questions about flamingo biology and plasticity of characteristics. Past, present, and proposed studies on captive flamingos cover a variety of disciplines, including ethology, morphology, physiology, and endocrinology. Field and zoo researchers would benefit from closer collaboration in identifying potential research contributions of captive flamingos and in conducting relevant investigations. LAS POBLACIONES DE FLAMENCOS EN CAUTIVERIOY LAS OPORTUNIDADES PARA LA INVESTIGACIN
{"title":"Captive Flamingo Populations and Opportunities for Research in Zoos","authors":"C. King","doi":"10.2307/1522159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1522159","url":null,"abstract":"-Collection of data on biology of wild flamingos is constrained by the infeasibility of individually identifying all flamingos, even within 1 population, and by limitations on how closely flamingos can be approached and manipulated. Although captive flamingo colonies are much smaller than wild colonies (with some exceptions) and are restricted in movement, studies of captive flamingos that complement field studies can be of great asset in answering some questions about flamingo biology and plasticity of characteristics. Past, present, and proposed studies on captive flamingos cover a variety of disciplines, including ethology, morphology, physiology, and endocrinology. Field and zoo researchers would benefit from closer collaboration in identifying potential research contributions of captive flamingos and in conducting relevant investigations. LAS POBLACIONES DE FLAMENCOS EN CAUTIVERIOY LAS OPORTUNIDADES PARA LA INVESTIGACIN","PeriodicalId":266321,"journal":{"name":"Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128903973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
-Lesser Flamingos (Phoeniconaias minor) occur mainly in Africa where they breed on isolated and often inhospitable soda lakes in the Rift Valley (East Africa), and on old lake beds in southern Africa (Botswana and Namibia). Controversy surrounds 2 aspects of their ecology: (1) whether populations are stable or declining, and (2) whether East African and southern African populations are genetically isolated. Here I review evidence showing that declines may be as high as 21% over 2 decades for African populations (5.10 million to 3.99 million present day), and 27% for southern African populations (55,000-40,000 birds in 20 years). Similarity in these declines, based on different sources of evidence, suggest the declines are real and not artifacts. Evidence for disjunct populations in East and southern Africa was based on (1) a presumed energetic inability to fly the 2,200 km from Natron (Tanzania) to Sua Pan (Botswana), (2) no evidence of birds landing in areas midway between the 2 areas, and (3) no evidence for birds flying north (or south). However, because resident southern African populations never exceed 55,000 birds, the 1 million birds reliably estimated from Etosha (Namibia) in 1971, and the 1.7 million birds reported from Sua Pan in 1974, show that birds must have come from elsewhere. Simultaneous declines in East African populations suggest an exodus from the Rift Valley. Research has also shown that flamingos deposit fat as do other migratory birds, allowing them to cover the distance nonstop. Night flights and alternative coastal routes through Mozambique would reduce the likelihood that birds would be seen migrating. Finally, an influx of thousands of young Lesser Flamingos into Kenya-Tanzania was reported in April-May 1997, when no breeding was known. At that time thousands of birds had been breeding on Sua Pan. The evidence, therefore, suggests both a population decline and constant movement between the 2 main breeding areas in East and southern Africa. DISMINUCIONES EN LA POBLACION Y MOVIMIENTOS DEL FLAMENCO MENOR EN AFRICA Resumen.-El flamenco menor (Phoeniconaias minor) ocurre mayormente en Africa donde se reproduce en lagunas saladas aisladas y frecuentemente inh6spitas el Valle del Rift (Africa oriental), y en las cuencas secas de las lagunas en la parte sur de Africa (Botswana y Namibia). Dos aspectos de su ecologia son pol6micos: (1) si las poblaciones son estables 6 estin disminuyendo y (2) si las poblaciones del este y del sur de Africa son aisladas geneticamente. Aqui yo hago una resefia de la evidencia que demuestra disminuciones que, a lo largo de 20 afios, pueden ser tan altas como 21% para las poblaciones africanas (de 5.1 a 3.99 millones actualmente), y 27% para poblaciones de la parte sur de Africa (de 55.000 a 40.000 individuos en 20 afios). En base a distintas fuentes de evidencia, estas disminuciones parecen ser reales y no artefactos. La evidencia para la separaci6n de las poblaciones en el este y el sur de Africa
小火烈鸟(Phoeniconaias minor)主要出现在非洲，它们在东非大裂谷(Rift Valley)孤立的、通常不适合居住的苏打湖上繁殖，以及在非洲南部(博茨瓦纳和纳米比亚)的旧湖床上繁殖。它们的生态学有两个方面存在争议:(1)种群数量是稳定的还是下降的;(2)东非和南部非洲种群是否存在遗传隔离。在这里，我回顾了一些证据，这些证据表明，非洲种群的数量在20年内可能下降高达21%(目前为510万至399万)，南部非洲种群的数量下降27%(20年内为55,000-40,000只)。基于不同来源的证据，这些下降的相似性表明，这种下降是真实的，而不是人为的。东非和南部非洲种群分离的证据是基于(1)假设它们没有能力飞行2200公里从坦桑尼亚的Natron到博茨瓦纳的Sua Pan，(2)没有证据表明鸟类降落在这两个地区中间的地区，(3)没有证据表明鸟类向北(或向南)飞行。然而，由于南部非洲的常住鸟类数量从未超过55,000只，1971年在纳米比亚埃托沙(Etosha)可靠地估计了100万只，1974年在苏亚潘(Sua Pan)报告了170万只，这表明鸟类一定来自其他地方。东非人口同时减少，这表明东非大裂谷地区出现了人口外流。研究还表明，火烈鸟会像其他候鸟一样储存脂肪，使它们能够不间断地飞行。夜间飞行和通过莫桑比克的其他沿海航线将减少看到鸟类迁徙的可能性。最后，据报道，1997年4月至5月，成千上万的小火烈鸟涌入肯尼亚-坦桑尼亚，当时还没有繁殖。那时，成千上万只鸟在苏盘岛上繁殖。因此，证据表明，在非洲东部和南部的两个主要繁殖区之间，数量下降和不断移动。在弗拉门戈运动的影响下，在非洲的差距再次扩大。-小弗拉门戈(Phoeniconaias minor)产于非洲，在非洲东部的裂谷(Valle del Rift)，在非洲南部的博茨瓦纳和纳米比亚(parte sur de Africa)。3个方面的研究结果:(1)建立了6个种群的种群分布;(2)建立了6个种群的种群分布;Aqui哟hago una resefia de la evidencia, demuestra disminuciones, lo庄严的de 20 afios, 21%乙醇的ser tan阿特拉斯科莫对位las poblaciones africana (de 5.1一3.99米隆目前),y 27%对位poblaciones de la杰克逊苏尔德非洲(de 55.000一40.000 individuos en 20 afios)。在不同的证据基础上，不同的证据表明，不同的证据是不同的，不同的证据是不同的。1 .在纳特隆(坦桑尼亚)和苏亚纳(博茨瓦纳)2 200公里处的火山能源缺乏推定;2.在两个区域内的弗拉门戈火山观测站缺乏推定;3 .在北部的弗拉门戈火山观测站不存在(南)。在禁运期间，非洲其他地区的居民有55 000人失业，1971年在埃托沙(纳米比亚)有1 600万人失业，1974年在苏潘有170万人失业。与此同时，非洲东部地区也出现了类似的现象，比如在德尔谷裂谷地区。在当地的调查中，我们发现了一种新的方法，即在距离上与其他地方的人保持距离。在莫桑比克的其他地区，由于缺乏可替代的气候条件，减少了观测到的持续迁徙的可能性。最后，我们于1997年5月1日在肯尼亚和坦桑尼亚登记了《弗拉门戈少年登记法》，这是一项关于在肯尼亚和坦桑尼亚境内进行大规模繁殖的法律。在中国的时刻，弗拉门戈的脚步，在苏亚潘的脚步。“证据证明”是指在非洲南部的“生殖原则地区”和“生殖原则地区”的持续运动中，在非洲南部的“生殖原则地区”和“生殖原则地区”的持续运动的可能性。
{"title":"Declines and Movements of Lesser Flamingos in Africa","authors":"R. Simmons","doi":"10.2307/1522145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1522145","url":null,"abstract":"-Lesser Flamingos (Phoeniconaias minor) occur mainly in Africa where they breed on isolated and often inhospitable soda lakes in the Rift Valley (East Africa), and on old lake beds in southern Africa (Botswana and Namibia). Controversy surrounds 2 aspects of their ecology: (1) whether populations are stable or declining, and (2) whether East African and southern African populations are genetically isolated. Here I review evidence showing that declines may be as high as 21% over 2 decades for African populations (5.10 million to 3.99 million present day), and 27% for southern African populations (55,000-40,000 birds in 20 years). Similarity in these declines, based on different sources of evidence, suggest the declines are real and not artifacts. Evidence for disjunct populations in East and southern Africa was based on (1) a presumed energetic inability to fly the 2,200 km from Natron (Tanzania) to Sua Pan (Botswana), (2) no evidence of birds landing in areas midway between the 2 areas, and (3) no evidence for birds flying north (or south). However, because resident southern African populations never exceed 55,000 birds, the 1 million birds reliably estimated from Etosha (Namibia) in 1971, and the 1.7 million birds reported from Sua Pan in 1974, show that birds must have come from elsewhere. Simultaneous declines in East African populations suggest an exodus from the Rift Valley. Research has also shown that flamingos deposit fat as do other migratory birds, allowing them to cover the distance nonstop. Night flights and alternative coastal routes through Mozambique would reduce the likelihood that birds would be seen migrating. Finally, an influx of thousands of young Lesser Flamingos into Kenya-Tanzania was reported in April-May 1997, when no breeding was known. At that time thousands of birds had been breeding on Sua Pan. The evidence, therefore, suggests both a population decline and constant movement between the 2 main breeding areas in East and southern Africa. DISMINUCIONES EN LA POBLACION Y MOVIMIENTOS DEL FLAMENCO MENOR EN AFRICA Resumen.-El flamenco menor (Phoeniconaias minor) ocurre mayormente en Africa donde se reproduce en lagunas saladas aisladas y frecuentemente inh6spitas el Valle del Rift (Africa oriental), y en las cuencas secas de las lagunas en la parte sur de Africa (Botswana y Namibia). Dos aspectos de su ecologia son pol6micos: (1) si las poblaciones son estables 6 estin disminuyendo y (2) si las poblaciones del este y del sur de Africa son aisladas geneticamente. Aqui yo hago una resefia de la evidencia que demuestra disminuciones que, a lo largo de 20 afios, pueden ser tan altas como 21% para las poblaciones africanas (de 5.1 a 3.99 millones actualmente), y 27% para poblaciones de la parte sur de Africa (de 55.000 a 40.000 individuos en 20 afios). En base a distintas fuentes de evidencia, estas disminuciones parecen ser reales y no artefactos. La evidencia para la separaci6n de las poblaciones en el este y el sur de Africa","PeriodicalId":266321,"journal":{"name":"Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126314388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
-Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber roseus) chicks have been ringed in the Camargue (southern France) since 1947, and similar long-term marking projects have since begun at several other breeding sites in the Old World. Capture and marking techniques are discussed. PVC leg bands engraved with a unique code that can be read in the field provide the ideal tool for studying many aspects of flamingo breeding biology, movements, life history, survival, and longevity. Identification of the foraging areas used by breeding birds is particularly relevent to the conservation of this species. UNA APRECIACION DEL PROGRAMA DE ANILLAMIENTO DEL FLAMENCO COMUN EN LA CAMARGA (SUR DE FRANCIA)Y ALGUNOS ASPECTOS DE LA REPRODUCCION DE LA ESPECIE BASADOS EN EL ESTUDIO DE INDIVIDUOS MARCADOS Resumen.-Los pollos de flamenco comtin (Phoenicopterus ruber roseus) han sido anillados en la Camarga (sur de Francia) desde 1947, y otros proyectos de largo plazo de marcaje tambi6n se han iniciado en otros sitios de reproducci6n en el Viejo Mundo. Se discuten m6todos de captura y t6cnicas de marcaje. Los anillos de plistico grabados con un c6digo inico que pueden leerse en el campo proporcionan un instrumento ideal para el estudio de varios aspectos de la biologia reproductiva del flamenco, de movimientos, de la historia vital, de su supervivencia, y su longevidad. La identificaci6n de ireas de alimentaci6n usadas por flamencos durante la temporada de reproducci6n es particularmente relevante para la conservaci6n de esta especie.
{"title":"An Overview of the Greater Flamingo Ringing Program in the Camargue (Southern France) and Some Aspects of the Species' Breeding Biology Studied Using Marked Individuals","authors":"Alan R. Johnson","doi":"10.2307/1522140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1522140","url":null,"abstract":"-Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber roseus) chicks have been ringed in the Camargue (southern France) since 1947, and similar long-term marking projects have since begun at several other breeding sites in the Old World. Capture and marking techniques are discussed. PVC leg bands engraved with a unique code that can be read in the field provide the ideal tool for studying many aspects of flamingo breeding biology, movements, life history, survival, and longevity. Identification of the foraging areas used by breeding birds is particularly relevent to the conservation of this species. UNA APRECIACION DEL PROGRAMA DE ANILLAMIENTO DEL FLAMENCO COMUN EN LA CAMARGA (SUR DE FRANCIA)Y ALGUNOS ASPECTOS DE LA REPRODUCCION DE LA ESPECIE BASADOS EN EL ESTUDIO DE INDIVIDUOS MARCADOS Resumen.-Los pollos de flamenco comtin (Phoenicopterus ruber roseus) han sido anillados en la Camarga (sur de Francia) desde 1947, y otros proyectos de largo plazo de marcaje tambi6n se han iniciado en otros sitios de reproducci6n en el Viejo Mundo. Se discuten m6todos de captura y t6cnicas de marcaje. Los anillos de plistico grabados con un c6digo inico que pueden leerse en el campo proporcionan un instrumento ideal para el estudio de varios aspectos de la biologia reproductiva del flamenco, de movimientos, de la historia vital, de su supervivencia, y su longevidad. La identificaci6n de ireas de alimentaci6n usadas por flamencos durante la temporada de reproducci6n es particularmente relevante para la conservaci6n de esta especie.","PeriodicalId":266321,"journal":{"name":"Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121039050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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