Pub Date : 2021-10-30DOI: 10.53346/wjbpr.2021.1.2.0132
Ezea Moses Chukwuemeka, Chukwuma Okechukwu George, Igwe Joy Ogugua, Abone Harrison Odera, Moses Ikechukwu Benjamin, Ibezim Chidozie Ngozi, Esimone Charles Okechukwu
This study was designed to investigate the seroprevalence and impact of Haematological and biochemical markers of dengue virus infection among subjects co-infected with hepatitis B virus infection in Enugu State, Nigeria. The study involved a cross-sectional study consisting of 150 subjects (120 discordant and concordant partners of hepatitis B, and 30 controls). Dengue Virus IgM and IgG were analyzed using ELISA rapid kit while HBsAg was screened using a rapid ELISA diagnostic strip. Both Dengue and HBsAg were re-screened later to reaffirm the result using Ichroma Fluorescence Immunoassay (FIA). Haematological parameters were analyzed using Mindray autoanalyser while ALT/AST was analyzed using COBASS 111. Statistical analysis was performed using Graph Pad Prism. The results showed a prevalence of 44.7% dengue virus seropositivity among the study population, 43.3% in dengue/hepatitis B co-infected subjects. The dengue virus seropositive participants had significantly greater IgG (70.1%) levels compared to IgM (29.9%), more in females (68.6%) compared to males (31.4%), and predominantly in the age group 31 to 40 years. A significant higher (p<0.005) mean haemoglobin was seen in males compared to females, and there is no significant difference in both WBC and platelets. A greater mean of ALT (p=0.005), AST (p=0.018) is gotten in Dengue/HBV co-infection when compared to non- Dengue/HBV co-infected subjects. This study revealed a high seroprevalence of dengue virus infection and the possibility of hepatic complications. This calls for urgent medical attention and more studies to confirm the circulating strains of the dengue virus as well as its involvement in hepatic complications.
本研究旨在调查尼日利亚埃努古州合并乙型肝炎病毒感染的受试者中登革热病毒感染的血液学和生化标志物的血清阳性率及其影响。该研究涉及一项由150名受试者组成的横断面研究(120名乙型肝炎不一致和一致的伴侣，30名对照)。采用ELISA快速试剂盒检测登革病毒IgM和IgG，采用ELISA快速诊断条检测HBsAg。随后对登革热和HBsAg进行重新筛选，用荧光免疫分析法(FIA)确认结果。血液学参数分析采用迈瑞自动分析仪，ALT/AST分析采用COBASS 111。使用Graph Pad Prism进行统计分析。结果显示，登革热病毒血清阳性率在研究人群中为44.7%，在登革热/乙型肝炎合并感染人群中为43.3%。登革热病毒血清阳性参与者的IgG(70.1%)水平明显高于IgM(29.9%)，女性(68.6%)高于男性(31.4%)，且主要集中在31至40岁年龄组。男性平均血红蛋白显著高于女性(p<0.005)，白细胞和血小板无显著差异。与非登革/HBV合并感染的受试者相比，登革/HBV合并感染的受试者ALT (p=0.005)和AST (p=0.018)的平均值更高。本研究显示登革热病毒感染的血清高流行率和肝脏并发症的可能性。这需要紧急的医疗关注和更多的研究，以确认登革热病毒的流行毒株及其与肝脏并发症的关系。
{"title":"Dengue in co-infection with Hepatitis B virus in Enugu, Eastern Nigeria: Seroprevalence, impacts and risk of increasing transmission","authors":"Ezea Moses Chukwuemeka, Chukwuma Okechukwu George, Igwe Joy Ogugua, Abone Harrison Odera, Moses Ikechukwu Benjamin, Ibezim Chidozie Ngozi, Esimone Charles Okechukwu","doi":"10.53346/wjbpr.2021.1.2.0132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53346/wjbpr.2021.1.2.0132","url":null,"abstract":"This study was designed to investigate the seroprevalence and impact of Haematological and biochemical markers of dengue virus infection among subjects co-infected with hepatitis B virus infection in Enugu State, Nigeria. The study involved a cross-sectional study consisting of 150 subjects (120 discordant and concordant partners of hepatitis B, and 30 controls). Dengue Virus IgM and IgG were analyzed using ELISA rapid kit while HBsAg was screened using a rapid ELISA diagnostic strip. Both Dengue and HBsAg were re-screened later to reaffirm the result using Ichroma Fluorescence Immunoassay (FIA). Haematological parameters were analyzed using Mindray autoanalyser while ALT/AST was analyzed using COBASS 111. Statistical analysis was performed using Graph Pad Prism. The results showed a prevalence of 44.7% dengue virus seropositivity among the study population, 43.3% in dengue/hepatitis B co-infected subjects. The dengue virus seropositive participants had significantly greater IgG (70.1%) levels compared to IgM (29.9%), more in females (68.6%) compared to males (31.4%), and predominantly in the age group 31 to 40 years. A significant higher (p<0.005) mean haemoglobin was seen in males compared to females, and there is no significant difference in both WBC and platelets. A greater mean of ALT (p=0.005), AST (p=0.018) is gotten in Dengue/HBV co-infection when compared to non- Dengue/HBV co-infected subjects. This study revealed a high seroprevalence of dengue virus infection and the possibility of hepatic complications. This calls for urgent medical attention and more studies to confirm the circulating strains of the dengue virus as well as its involvement in hepatic complications.","PeriodicalId":267430,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Biological and Pharmaceutical Research","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117010043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-30DOI: 10.53346/wjbpr.2021.1.2.0121
N. Blaise
Background: The public health problems associated with oral health are a serious burden on countries around the world. Those problems are acute in developing countries which are hit by non-communicable chronic diseases, including oral diseases. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to assess the oral health of individuals from both urban and rural areas in Bafia, Cameroon. Materials and Methods: A commnunity and descriptive cross-sectional survey with probability sampling was used in this study. 2,840 individuals, aged 5 years and older, were selected, using a two-staged simple random sampling technique. The study was based on a structured questionnaire completed by the participants, and on a clinical examination performed by the dentists. Statistical methods included bivariate analyses. Results: Among the 2,759 participants who successfully completed the survey, 53.4% were males and 46.6% were females. Majority of the participants i.e., 52.4 % belonged to 17 years and more vs 47.6 % who belonged to 05-17 years age group. Of the total individuals examined, 50.4% had a poor oral health level, of which 42.9% urban dwellers and 57% rural dwellers. Conclusion: There is a significant need for increased public awareness and regular surveillance of oral hygiene practices, as well as the complications associated with poor oral hygiene. In addition, development of guidelines, public health awareness programmess and dental community educational programmes are urgently needed.
{"title":"Oral health assessment of urban and rural dwellers in Bafia-Cameroon","authors":"N. Blaise","doi":"10.53346/wjbpr.2021.1.2.0121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53346/wjbpr.2021.1.2.0121","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The public health problems associated with oral health are a serious burden on countries around the world. Those problems are acute in developing countries which are hit by non-communicable chronic diseases, including oral diseases. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to assess the oral health of individuals from both urban and rural areas in Bafia, Cameroon. Materials and Methods: A commnunity and descriptive cross-sectional survey with probability sampling was used in this study. 2,840 individuals, aged 5 years and older, were selected, using a two-staged simple random sampling technique. The study was based on a structured questionnaire completed by the participants, and on a clinical examination performed by the dentists. Statistical methods included bivariate analyses. Results: Among the 2,759 participants who successfully completed the survey, 53.4% were males and 46.6% were females. Majority of the participants i.e., 52.4 % belonged to 17 years and more vs 47.6 % who belonged to 05-17 years age group. Of the total individuals examined, 50.4% had a poor oral health level, of which 42.9% urban dwellers and 57% rural dwellers. Conclusion: There is a significant need for increased public awareness and regular surveillance of oral hygiene practices, as well as the complications associated with poor oral hygiene. In addition, development of guidelines, public health awareness programmess and dental community educational programmes are urgently needed.","PeriodicalId":267430,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Biological and Pharmaceutical Research","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129782489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-11DOI: 10.53346/wjbpr.2021.1.2.0126
L. Carlsen, P. Hansen, B. Saeed, Rita S. Elias
The possible effect of curcumin as a potential natural cancer treatment drug has been intensively discussed. In the present study the probabilities of a series of curcumin analogues to possess potential as antineoplastic, prostate cancer treatment and anticarcinogenic agents has been studied theoretically applying a selection of quantitative structure-activity relation and absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) approaches. From spectroscopic studies it is evident that these compounds can be found in both enol and diketo forms, the former in general the more predominant in non-polar solvents, whereas in polar solvents, like water an increasing amount of the diketo form can be noted. Hence, the probabilities for both the enols and diketo forms to possess the above-mentioned effects were studied. In most cases the enol form shows the highest probabilities for being effective although the differences are not significant. Thus, it is suggested to look at the sum of effects of the keto and the enol forms in relation to the possible therapeutic effects of the compounds here studied.
{"title":"Curcumin analogues for possible cancer treatment A QSAR and partial ordering study","authors":"L. Carlsen, P. Hansen, B. Saeed, Rita S. Elias","doi":"10.53346/wjbpr.2021.1.2.0126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53346/wjbpr.2021.1.2.0126","url":null,"abstract":"The possible effect of curcumin as a potential natural cancer treatment drug has been intensively discussed. In the present study the probabilities of a series of curcumin analogues to possess potential as antineoplastic, prostate cancer treatment and anticarcinogenic agents has been studied theoretically applying a selection of quantitative structure-activity relation and absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) approaches. From spectroscopic studies it is evident that these compounds can be found in both enol and diketo forms, the former in general the more predominant in non-polar solvents, whereas in polar solvents, like water an increasing amount of the diketo form can be noted. Hence, the probabilities for both the enols and diketo forms to possess the above-mentioned effects were studied. In most cases the enol form shows the highest probabilities for being effective although the differences are not significant. Thus, it is suggested to look at the sum of effects of the keto and the enol forms in relation to the possible therapeutic effects of the compounds here studied.","PeriodicalId":267430,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Biological and Pharmaceutical Research","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134252579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.53346/wjbpr.2021.1.1.0115
Nisha Poudel, Ram Asheshwar Mandal, A. B. Mathema, K. Timilsina
The Santalum album is becoming a popular income generating tree species in Nepal but its growth performance has not been assessed so far yet. Thus, this study was objectively conducted to assess mean annual increment, income from Santalum album and value chain analysis. The Private plantation of Pyuthan district was selected for the study site. The diameter and height of 450 plants were measured and their age was recorded. Total fifteen key informant interviews, forty five farmers’ interviews and one focused group discussion were conducted to collect primary data. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics .Mean annual increment, price of Santalum album and contribution of Santalum album in total income were analyzed. The result showed that the highest mean annual diameter increment was 51.94 cm and lowest mean annual increment was 28.25cm, the highest mean height increment was 6.39 m and the lowest mean annual height increment was4.47m and the highest mean volume increment was 0.678 m3but the lowest mean annual volume increment was 0.134 m3. The estimated maximum range of annual income from Santalum album was US$ 221-530 which was 10-15% contribution in farmers annual income while minimum range of this was US$ 194-265 and it contributes<10%.The difference of the price of Santalum album between the farmers and users in Kathmandu was2200 times more.
{"title":"Growth performance of Santalum album its income potentiality: A study from Pyuthan District, Nepal","authors":"Nisha Poudel, Ram Asheshwar Mandal, A. B. Mathema, K. Timilsina","doi":"10.53346/wjbpr.2021.1.1.0115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53346/wjbpr.2021.1.1.0115","url":null,"abstract":"The Santalum album is becoming a popular income generating tree species in Nepal but its growth performance has not been assessed so far yet. Thus, this study was objectively conducted to assess mean annual increment, income from Santalum album and value chain analysis. The Private plantation of Pyuthan district was selected for the study site. The diameter and height of 450 plants were measured and their age was recorded. Total fifteen key informant interviews, forty five farmers’ interviews and one focused group discussion were conducted to collect primary data. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics .Mean annual increment, price of Santalum album and contribution of Santalum album in total income were analyzed. The result showed that the highest mean annual diameter increment was 51.94 cm and lowest mean annual increment was 28.25cm, the highest mean height increment was 6.39 m and the lowest mean annual height increment was4.47m and the highest mean volume increment was 0.678 m3but the lowest mean annual volume increment was 0.134 m3. The estimated maximum range of annual income from Santalum album was US$ 221-530 which was 10-15% contribution in farmers annual income while minimum range of this was US$ 194-265 and it contributes<10%.The difference of the price of Santalum album between the farmers and users in Kathmandu was2200 times more.","PeriodicalId":267430,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Biological and Pharmaceutical Research","volume":"74 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114012417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.53346/wjbpr.2021.1.1.0118
D. Susha, Sameer Sharma
Affecting the vast majority of the population, diabetes has become one of the major causes of death in India and the world. With the growing number of diabetic people in India, one in six people in the world with diabetes is from India. Bacopa monnieri is a wonder herb having many pharmacological applicaions. Traditionally, Brahmi is used to improve memory and concentration. Asthma, bronchitis, gastric ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, anxiety, etc. DDP-4 inhibitors cause antihyperglycemic effect and regulates blood glucose. PPARs effectively regulates blood glucose levels and reduce triglycerides. The isoform of PPARs i.e., PPARγ plays a vital role in insulin sensitivity. The role of these protein receptors in treating T1DM is under research. Though few instances prove their effectiveness to treat T1DM, its efficacy is questionable and requires more research input. Branched chain and aromatic amino acids like tyrosine and glutamine have their functional role in regulating blood glucose level and onset of diabetic conditions. Bioactive ligands like Jujubogenin, bacogenin and luteolin are selected based on their interactions and binding affinity. T1DM mainly affects children and prediabetic period before the onset of T1DM provides us the golden opportunity to treat or suppress the condition through medical interventions. Thus, the ligand-macromolecule interaction and their efficacy in controlling Type-1 diabetes mellitus is the basis of this study.
{"title":"A Computational approach of phytochemicals from Bacopa monnieri in contrast to DPP-4 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma as a Target for type-1 diabetes","authors":"D. Susha, Sameer Sharma","doi":"10.53346/wjbpr.2021.1.1.0118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53346/wjbpr.2021.1.1.0118","url":null,"abstract":"Affecting the vast majority of the population, diabetes has become one of the major causes of death in India and the world. With the growing number of diabetic people in India, one in six people in the world with diabetes is from India. Bacopa monnieri is a wonder herb having many pharmacological applicaions. Traditionally, Brahmi is used to improve memory and concentration. Asthma, bronchitis, gastric ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, anxiety, etc. DDP-4 inhibitors cause antihyperglycemic effect and regulates blood glucose. PPARs effectively regulates blood glucose levels and reduce triglycerides. The isoform of PPARs i.e., PPARγ plays a vital role in insulin sensitivity. The role of these protein receptors in treating T1DM is under research. Though few instances prove their effectiveness to treat T1DM, its efficacy is questionable and requires more research input. Branched chain and aromatic amino acids like tyrosine and glutamine have their functional role in regulating blood glucose level and onset of diabetic conditions. Bioactive ligands like Jujubogenin, bacogenin and luteolin are selected based on their interactions and binding affinity. T1DM mainly affects children and prediabetic period before the onset of T1DM provides us the golden opportunity to treat or suppress the condition through medical interventions. Thus, the ligand-macromolecule interaction and their efficacy in controlling Type-1 diabetes mellitus is the basis of this study.","PeriodicalId":267430,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Biological and Pharmaceutical Research","volume":"5 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126006361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.53346/wjbpr.2021.1.1.0013
Ammar Talib Nasser, A. Hasan, Amer Khazaal Saleh, M. Saleh
Aim: To explore the prevalence of rotavirus infection along with the molecular detection and genotyping of group A rotavirus (RVA) among bovine calves up to 5 months old in Diyala province-Iraq. Methods: This is a cross sectional study conducted in Diyala province-Iraq during the period of 2019-2020. One hundred bovine calves with age range of 1-5 months were included in the study. All were suffering acute gastroenteritis. Serum anti-rotavirus IgM and IgG plus fecal rotavirus Ag were tested for using ELISA techniques. Stool samples positive for rotavirus Ag were submitted for reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) for G and P genes, followed by sequencing and genotyping thereafter. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 25 and P values ≤ 0.05 were considered significant. Results: The positivity rate of anti-rotavirus IgM was 80% (P = 0.0001), and that of anti-rotavirus IgG was 79% (P = 0.0001). The rotavirus stool antigen was detected in 68% of calves (P = 0.01). A total of 45 stool samples which were positive for rotavirus Ag were submitted for RT-PCR; 13 (28.9%) were positive and 32 (71.1%) were negative (P = 0.084). 10 PCR positive samples were used for sequencing and genotyping and indicated that all investigated strains belonged to G1P[8] genotype. Conclusion: The current strains analyzed belonged to the G1P[8] RVA genotypes, affirming that employment of VP7 gene polymorphism accurately yielded uniform phylogenetic distances amongst investigated rotavirus strains and that there were no noticeable assortment events between human and animal rotavirus strains in Diyala province.
{"title":"Immunological and molecular detection of rotavirus genotype in calves with gastroenteritis in Diyala-Iraq","authors":"Ammar Talib Nasser, A. Hasan, Amer Khazaal Saleh, M. Saleh","doi":"10.53346/wjbpr.2021.1.1.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53346/wjbpr.2021.1.1.0013","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: To explore the prevalence of rotavirus infection along with the molecular detection and genotyping of group A rotavirus (RVA) among bovine calves up to 5 months old in Diyala province-Iraq. Methods: This is a cross sectional study conducted in Diyala province-Iraq during the period of 2019-2020. One hundred bovine calves with age range of 1-5 months were included in the study. All were suffering acute gastroenteritis. Serum anti-rotavirus IgM and IgG plus fecal rotavirus Ag were tested for using ELISA techniques. Stool samples positive for rotavirus Ag were submitted for reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) for G and P genes, followed by sequencing and genotyping thereafter. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 25 and P values ≤ 0.05 were considered significant. Results: The positivity rate of anti-rotavirus IgM was 80% (P = 0.0001), and that of anti-rotavirus IgG was 79% (P = 0.0001). The rotavirus stool antigen was detected in 68% of calves (P = 0.01). A total of 45 stool samples which were positive for rotavirus Ag were submitted for RT-PCR; 13 (28.9%) were positive and 32 (71.1%) were negative (P = 0.084). 10 PCR positive samples were used for sequencing and genotyping and indicated that all investigated strains belonged to G1P[8] genotype. Conclusion: The current strains analyzed belonged to the G1P[8] RVA genotypes, affirming that employment of VP7 gene polymorphism accurately yielded uniform phylogenetic distances amongst investigated rotavirus strains and that there were no noticeable assortment events between human and animal rotavirus strains in Diyala province.","PeriodicalId":267430,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Biological and Pharmaceutical Research","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130601699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bachelor's and diploma dental hygienists' practices vary in different countries regarding education duration, the scope of practice, salary, and challenges. The present review article aims to posit a comparison of the dental hygiene profession in Qatar and other world's countries as US, UK, Europe, Australia, Asia, and GCC countries; to identify the challenges and gaps of dental hygiene in the dental hygiene field in Qatar, and to set suggestions for dental hygienists' associations worldwide to resolve the present challenges that dental hygienists face. The review used various articles to explore the history of dental hygienists and compare the profession in different countries. The study adopted the scholarly publications that the researchers obtained from academic databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, published theses and dissertations, a popular news article, the trade sources commonly referred to as the trade publications, and government documents. The findings suggest that lower salaries and limited scope of work are eminent in Asia and GCC countries. European countries have different legislation for dental hygienists, making their scope of work limited to the country where the professionals study. This review also suggests the high level of stress, burnout, and musculoskeletal disorders among dental hygienist professions in most countries. We recommend resolving the dental hygienists' challenges by increasing awareness among the dentists, medical professions, and general public, standardizing their scope of practice, assigning those assistants, and giving those technologies to simplify their work.
{"title":"Dental hygienist in Qatar: Review and challenges","authors":"Najat Alyafei, Amani Adel El-Hamarnah, Syeda Hafsa Azhar, Belal Ghassan Mardieh, Mohammad Faris Alshwatereeh, Suadah Ismail Asraf, Shaijiya Banu, Fahimeh Hossain Ghadiri, Elham Saleh, Fahina Kunhammad Pokker","doi":"10.53346/wjbpr.2021.1.1.0116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53346/wjbpr.2021.1.1.0116","url":null,"abstract":"Bachelor's and diploma dental hygienists' practices vary in different countries regarding education duration, the scope of practice, salary, and challenges. The present review article aims to posit a comparison of the dental hygiene profession in Qatar and other world's countries as US, UK, Europe, Australia, Asia, and GCC countries; to identify the challenges and gaps of dental hygiene in the dental hygiene field in Qatar, and to set suggestions for dental hygienists' associations worldwide to resolve the present challenges that dental hygienists face. The review used various articles to explore the history of dental hygienists and compare the profession in different countries. The study adopted the scholarly publications that the researchers obtained from academic databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, published theses and dissertations, a popular news article, the trade sources commonly referred to as the trade publications, and government documents. The findings suggest that lower salaries and limited scope of work are eminent in Asia and GCC countries. European countries have different legislation for dental hygienists, making their scope of work limited to the country where the professionals study. This review also suggests the high level of stress, burnout, and musculoskeletal disorders among dental hygienist professions in most countries. We recommend resolving the dental hygienists' challenges by increasing awareness among the dentists, medical professions, and general public, standardizing their scope of practice, assigning those assistants, and giving those technologies to simplify their work.","PeriodicalId":267430,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Biological and Pharmaceutical Research","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123795989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.53346/wjbpr.2021.1.1.0011
Manish S. Junagade, A. Goyal
A clinically useful drug may have limitations in practice because of undesirable side effects, poor solubility, and poor bioavailability, short duration of action, first-pass effect, poor absorption & adverse effects. There are increased efforts in research to increase the therapeutic efficacy of drugs by eliminating or minimizing the undesirable properties of drug molecules. Some of the problems can be solved using a formulation development approach but in some cases, chemical modification in the molecule is necessary to correct the pharmacokinetic parameters. One of the approaches to convert the existing molecule to a more efficient molecule is prodrug design. Mutual Prodrug is the molecule in which an active drug molecule is attached to a carrier molecule having pharmacological activity. So a mutual prodrug consists of two pharmacologically active molecules connected by a bio labile linkage. Both molecules in this act as a pro moiety of each other. The design of mutual prodrug is very fruitful in the area of research & has given successful results in increasing the clinical & therapeutic effectiveness of the drugs. The present article takes a review of various applications of mutual prodrugs & development in this field in the last few decades.
{"title":"‘Mutual Prodrug’ and approach to increase the effectiveness of Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs","authors":"Manish S. Junagade, A. Goyal","doi":"10.53346/wjbpr.2021.1.1.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53346/wjbpr.2021.1.1.0011","url":null,"abstract":"A clinically useful drug may have limitations in practice because of undesirable side effects, poor solubility, and poor bioavailability, short duration of action, first-pass effect, poor absorption & adverse effects. There are increased efforts in research to increase the therapeutic efficacy of drugs by eliminating or minimizing the undesirable properties of drug molecules. Some of the problems can be solved using a formulation development approach but in some cases, chemical modification in the molecule is necessary to correct the pharmacokinetic parameters. One of the approaches to convert the existing molecule to a more efficient molecule is prodrug design. Mutual Prodrug is the molecule in which an active drug molecule is attached to a carrier molecule having pharmacological activity. So a mutual prodrug consists of two pharmacologically active molecules connected by a bio labile linkage. Both molecules in this act as a pro moiety of each other. The design of mutual prodrug is very fruitful in the area of research & has given successful results in increasing the clinical & therapeutic effectiveness of the drugs. The present article takes a review of various applications of mutual prodrugs & development in this field in the last few decades.","PeriodicalId":267430,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Biological and Pharmaceutical Research","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117254476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：