{"title":"Crown and Coronation in Hungary 1000–1916 A.D. By János M. Bak and Géza Pálffy","authors":"A. Bárány","doi":"10.47074/hsce.2022-1.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47074/hsce.2022-1.14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":267555,"journal":{"name":"Historical Studies on Central Europe","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131199488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The fact that naming customs may provide valuable information on the cult of saints, requiring multi- and interdisciplinary approaches, is not new. Relating the changes in the cult of certain saints to the naming habits in Hungary in a given period, however, demands a different method. Mariann Slíz’s monograph presents the outcomes of an experiment testing whether we can examine on the macro level in the spatial, temporal, and social dimensions the relationship of a saint’s cult and the personal names related to it (including family names derived from it) based on existing databases, starting from the Middle Ages to the present day. Already at first sight, the enterprise seems challenging, but after reading the author’s well-consid-ered, problem-sensitive and critical presentation of points of view and methods, we become even more aware of the limitations and difficulties of a research project about the complete Hungarian history of names, and we understand why this is the first comprehensive monograph on the topic. The
{"title":"Szentkultusz és személynévadás Magyarországon [Cult of Saints and Naming in Hungary]. By Mariann Slíz","authors":"Eszter Konrád","doi":"10.47074/hsce.2022-1.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47074/hsce.2022-1.15","url":null,"abstract":"The fact that naming customs may provide valuable information on the cult of saints, requiring multi- and interdisciplinary approaches, is not new. Relating the changes in the cult of certain saints to the naming habits in Hungary in a given period, however, demands a different method. Mariann Slíz’s monograph presents the outcomes of an experiment testing whether we can examine on the macro level in the spatial, temporal, and social dimensions the relationship of a saint’s cult and the personal names related to it (including family names derived from it) based on existing databases, starting from the Middle Ages to the present day. Already at first sight, the enterprise seems challenging, but after reading the author’s well-consid-ered, problem-sensitive and critical presentation of points of view and methods, we become even more aware of the limitations and difficulties of a research project about the complete Hungarian history of names, and we understand why this is the first comprehensive monograph on the topic. The","PeriodicalId":267555,"journal":{"name":"Historical Studies on Central Europe","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128079763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Western historical narratives of the Enlightenment tend to depict the eighteenth-centuryaristocracy as a unique promoter of overall progress, whereas Hungarian historiography is moreinclined to appraise their role according to a deprecating approach based on the criticism of atraditional class system. However, it seems clear that a more balanced judgement of the Hungarianaristocracy should involve a complex analysis. In first place, it is to be decided whether erudite andfinancially well-off individuals existed, and if so, to what extent they were willing and capable ofcontributing to various forms of innovation, let alone social and cultural progress. For this reason, thispaper is designed to focus on the activities of Count György Festetics, a Transdanubian Hungarianaristocrat who was educated in the Theresianum, an elite Viennese training institute, but whosecareer prospects were thwarted at the end of the eighteenth century on account of his involvementwith the anti-Habsburg movement of Hungary’s lesser nobility on the death of Emperor Joseph II.This analysis seems justifiable, because Festetics’s decision to set up a farming college in Keszthelyclearly shows his commitment to progress, aiming at the adaptation of modern methods as wellas creating the institutional background for the dissemination of specialist knowledge among thevarious layers of contemporary society.
{"title":"Enlightenment, Modernization, Professional Training","authors":"G. Kurucz","doi":"10.47074/hsce.2022-1.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47074/hsce.2022-1.05","url":null,"abstract":"Western historical narratives of the Enlightenment tend to depict the eighteenth-centuryaristocracy as a unique promoter of overall progress, whereas Hungarian historiography is moreinclined to appraise their role according to a deprecating approach based on the criticism of atraditional class system. However, it seems clear that a more balanced judgement of the Hungarianaristocracy should involve a complex analysis. In first place, it is to be decided whether erudite andfinancially well-off individuals existed, and if so, to what extent they were willing and capable ofcontributing to various forms of innovation, let alone social and cultural progress. For this reason, thispaper is designed to focus on the activities of Count György Festetics, a Transdanubian Hungarianaristocrat who was educated in the Theresianum, an elite Viennese training institute, but whosecareer prospects were thwarted at the end of the eighteenth century on account of his involvementwith the anti-Habsburg movement of Hungary’s lesser nobility on the death of Emperor Joseph II.This analysis seems justifiable, because Festetics’s decision to set up a farming college in Keszthelyclearly shows his commitment to progress, aiming at the adaptation of modern methods as wellas creating the institutional background for the dissemination of specialist knowledge among thevarious layers of contemporary society.","PeriodicalId":267555,"journal":{"name":"Historical Studies on Central Europe","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122257838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
At the beginning of the article the geographic determined differences between the forestsof Upper- and Southern Styria are discussed. Based on the dislocation of the hammer mills, i.e., ofthe final production, from the thirteen century onwards for reasons of the supply with charcoal, theimportance of the Styrian forests for the supply of mines, blast furnaces and hammer mills, for pitwood and charcoal is shown. The focus of the discussion is on the early modern period.The regulatory interventions of the Styrian sovereign by forest consultations, the so-called“Waldberaitungen” from the fifteenth century onwards soon led to the creation of dedication districtsfor the wood require and to the construction of large river rakes in the rivers Enns and Mur with attachedcharring sites. The ecological effects based on intensive logging from the seventeenth century onwardsare described as well as the planned dedication of the Upper Styrian forests to precisely defined blastfurnaces and hammer mills during the reign of Maria Theresia. The first scientifically based and targetedmeasures to protect forest and reforestation also began during this period. The nationalization oflarge forest areas for industrial purposes by Joseph II is also mentioned. The big changes, triggeredby the industrialization during the nineteenth century, represent the end and outlook of the article. Dueto the use of cheaper fossil coal, the management of the forests for the purpose of mining and ironindustry was gradually abandoned from around 1860 onwards. The structural change ultimately led tolarge forests being owned by former industrialists who sold their factories to larger companies such asÖsterreichische Alpine Montangesellschaft (ÖAMG) as part of the general economic development andturned to forestry themselves, also shown by the example of the Mayr-Melnhof family.
{"title":"Styrian Forests as a Basis of Mining Industry during the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times","authors":"B. Reismann","doi":"10.47074/hsce.2022-1.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47074/hsce.2022-1.03","url":null,"abstract":"At the beginning of the article the geographic determined differences between the forestsof Upper- and Southern Styria are discussed. Based on the dislocation of the hammer mills, i.e., ofthe final production, from the thirteen century onwards for reasons of the supply with charcoal, theimportance of the Styrian forests for the supply of mines, blast furnaces and hammer mills, for pitwood and charcoal is shown. The focus of the discussion is on the early modern period.The regulatory interventions of the Styrian sovereign by forest consultations, the so-called“Waldberaitungen” from the fifteenth century onwards soon led to the creation of dedication districtsfor the wood require and to the construction of large river rakes in the rivers Enns and Mur with attachedcharring sites. The ecological effects based on intensive logging from the seventeenth century onwardsare described as well as the planned dedication of the Upper Styrian forests to precisely defined blastfurnaces and hammer mills during the reign of Maria Theresia. The first scientifically based and targetedmeasures to protect forest and reforestation also began during this period. The nationalization oflarge forest areas for industrial purposes by Joseph II is also mentioned. The big changes, triggeredby the industrialization during the nineteenth century, represent the end and outlook of the article. Dueto the use of cheaper fossil coal, the management of the forests for the purpose of mining and ironindustry was gradually abandoned from around 1860 onwards. The structural change ultimately led tolarge forests being owned by former industrialists who sold their factories to larger companies such asÖsterreichische Alpine Montangesellschaft (ÖAMG) as part of the general economic development andturned to forestry themselves, also shown by the example of the Mayr-Melnhof family.","PeriodicalId":267555,"journal":{"name":"Historical Studies on Central Europe","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124033427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study introduces the brief history of Palast – Das Varieté der 3000 (today Friedrichstadt-Palast) in Berlin. Founded by Marion Spadoni, the daughter of the renowned Berliner impresarioPaul Spadoni, it opened in August 1945 and produced new shows every month continuing thecity’s Großvarieté tradition. Her shows had to meet the expectations of the audience as well asthose of the Soviet authorities while bounded by the lack of materials, infrastructure, and staff.Being a private enterprise in the Soviet Occupation Zone, two years later she was accused ofcollaboration, and her business was expropriated. As the venue—despite its significance—isstill often overlooked by theater historians, a foundational research is necessary comparing andsynthesizing various primary sources. The Spadoni Agency’s documentation was destroyed in1944, however, a fragment still exists in the Stadtmuseum Berlin and the Landesarchiv Berlin; as wellas the fonds of the Magistrat der Stadt Berlin, Marion Spadoni’s unpublished memoirs in differentversions, and the reviews and press articles related to the house. The current management of thePalast attempts to establish a new narrative of the venue’s origin, claiming Max Reinhardt and ErikCharell as its founding fathers. The present study shows that this narrative is far from the reality:Spadoni’s establishment was not even rhetorically related to the former defining creative talentsresiding in the house, but to the heritage of the three Großvarietés destroyed during the war: thePlaza, the Scala and the Wintergarten.
该研究介绍了柏林的Palast - Das variet 3000(今天的Friedrichstadt-Palast)的简史。由著名的柏林戏剧家保罗·斯帕多尼的女儿玛丽昂·斯帕多尼创立，于1945年8月开业，每个月都有新的演出，延续了这座城市丰富多彩的传统。她的演出必须满足观众和苏联当局的期望，同时又受到缺乏材料、基础设施和工作人员的限制。作为苏联占领区的一家私营企业，两年后她被指控通敌，她的生意被没收了。由于场地尽管具有重要意义，但仍然经常被戏剧史家所忽视，因此有必要对各种原始资料进行比较和综合的基础研究。1944年，斯帕多尼机构的文件被销毁，然而，在柏林城市博物馆和柏林地方档案馆仍有一个碎片;还有柏林市政法官的档案、马里昂·斯帕多尼未出版的不同版本的回忆录，以及与这座房子有关的评论和新闻报道。palast目前的管理层试图建立一个新的场地起源的叙述，声称Max Reinhardt和ErikCharell是它的创始人。目前的研究表明，这种叙述与现实相去甚远:从修辞上讲，斯帕多尼的建筑与前者定义的居住在这座房子里的创意人才没有关系，而是与战争期间被摧毁的三个groß varietsamas的遗产有关:广场(plaza)、斯卡拉(Scala)和温特加滕(wintergarden)。
{"title":"Entertainment on the Ruins of Berlin","authors":"D. Molnár","doi":"10.47074/hsce.2022-1.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47074/hsce.2022-1.09","url":null,"abstract":"The study introduces the brief history of Palast – Das Varieté der 3000 (today Friedrichstadt-Palast) in Berlin. Founded by Marion Spadoni, the daughter of the renowned Berliner impresarioPaul Spadoni, it opened in August 1945 and produced new shows every month continuing thecity’s Großvarieté tradition. Her shows had to meet the expectations of the audience as well asthose of the Soviet authorities while bounded by the lack of materials, infrastructure, and staff.Being a private enterprise in the Soviet Occupation Zone, two years later she was accused ofcollaboration, and her business was expropriated. As the venue—despite its significance—isstill often overlooked by theater historians, a foundational research is necessary comparing andsynthesizing various primary sources. The Spadoni Agency’s documentation was destroyed in1944, however, a fragment still exists in the Stadtmuseum Berlin and the Landesarchiv Berlin; as wellas the fonds of the Magistrat der Stadt Berlin, Marion Spadoni’s unpublished memoirs in differentversions, and the reviews and press articles related to the house. The current management of thePalast attempts to establish a new narrative of the venue’s origin, claiming Max Reinhardt and ErikCharell as its founding fathers. The present study shows that this narrative is far from the reality:Spadoni’s establishment was not even rhetorically related to the former defining creative talentsresiding in the house, but to the heritage of the three Großvarietés destroyed during the war: thePlaza, the Scala and the Wintergarten.","PeriodicalId":267555,"journal":{"name":"Historical Studies on Central Europe","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131883307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The classic accounts of the history of the Habsburg Empire emphasized the importance of the conflict of nationalities and alleged that national oppression was the root cause of the Empire’s dissolution in 1918. Based on new results, however, the Nepostrans ERC project has raised two important issues: caution against the idea of all-pervasive nationalisms, and the perspective that the disappearance of Austria–Hungary was not a clear and sharp break and that continuities were just as important as ruptures. Built on concepts like ‘phantom boundaries’ (Phantomgrenzen) and New Imperial History, the focus of the Nepostrans ERC project is a dual one. The first aspect centers on the transformation of imperial society, governance, and institutions that emerged due to the war effort, and the second on the transition out of the imperial framework as the key consequence of the latter, with special attention given to social and institutional consequences and the enabling of new statebuilding efforts at a local level. The fundamental issues addressed by the project—running from 2018 to 2023—are the various relations between statehood and society at the local and regional levels that are examined in nine cases: Tyrol, Hradec Králové (Königrätz), southern Banat, Znojmo (Znaim), Prekmurje (Muravidék), Rijeka (Fiume), Kolomiya (Kolomea), Baia Mare (Nagybánya), and the outskirts of Budapest. The cases were primarily selected to represent typical variations in the social and political configuration during investigated period, 1917–1930.
{"title":"A Comparative History of Local Resilience?","authors":"G. Egry","doi":"10.47074/hsce.2022-1.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47074/hsce.2022-1.11","url":null,"abstract":"The classic accounts of the history of the Habsburg Empire emphasized the importance of the conflict of nationalities and alleged that national oppression was the root cause of the Empire’s dissolution in 1918. Based on new results, however, the Nepostrans ERC project has raised two important issues: caution against the idea of all-pervasive nationalisms, and the perspective that the disappearance of Austria–Hungary was not a clear and sharp break and that continuities were just as important as ruptures. Built on concepts like ‘phantom boundaries’ (Phantomgrenzen) and New Imperial History, the focus of the Nepostrans ERC project is a dual one. The first aspect centers on the transformation of imperial society, governance, and institutions that emerged due to the war effort, and the second on the transition out of the imperial framework as the key consequence of the latter, with special attention given to social and institutional consequences and the enabling of new statebuilding efforts at a local level. The fundamental issues addressed by the project—running from 2018 to 2023—are the various relations between statehood and society at the local and regional levels that are examined in nine cases: Tyrol, Hradec Králové (Königrätz), southern Banat, Znojmo (Znaim), Prekmurje (Muravidék), Rijeka (Fiume), Kolomiya (Kolomea), Baia Mare (Nagybánya), and the outskirts of Budapest. The cases were primarily selected to represent typical variations in the social and political configuration during investigated period, 1917–1930.","PeriodicalId":267555,"journal":{"name":"Historical Studies on Central Europe","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128327427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This book is the fourth volume in the series Habsburg Worlds from Brepols, and explores the lands under the rule of the Habsburg Dynasty, including both the Spanish and the Austrian branches, focusing on several different aspects of the history of these regions. The series aims to “foster an interdisciplinary and compara-tive approach necessary for studying the manifold of languages, cultures, history and traditions.” The volume entitled Eagles Looking East and West – Dynasty, Ritual and Representation in Habsburg Hungary and Spain fits well with this approach: the research papers focus on the Eastern or Western domains of the dynasty, while examining similar aspects.
{"title":"Eagles Looking East and West – Dynasty, Ritual and Representation in Habsburg Hungary and Spain. Edited by Tibor Martí and Roberto Quirós Rosado","authors":"D. Baráth","doi":"10.47074/hsce.2022-1.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47074/hsce.2022-1.17","url":null,"abstract":"This book is the fourth volume in the series Habsburg Worlds from Brepols, and explores the lands under the rule of the Habsburg Dynasty, including both the Spanish and the Austrian branches, focusing on several different aspects of the history of these regions. The series aims to “foster an interdisciplinary and compara-tive approach necessary for studying the manifold of languages, cultures, history and traditions.” The volume entitled Eagles Looking East and West – Dynasty, Ritual and Representation in Habsburg Hungary and Spain fits well with this approach: the research papers focus on the Eastern or Western domains of the dynasty, while examining similar aspects.","PeriodicalId":267555,"journal":{"name":"Historical Studies on Central Europe","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121442000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The publication to be presented here is highly significant in itself; nevertheless, it is relevant in another sense: the author, Ernő Marosi, aged 81, died a few months ago. Professor Marosi (18.04.1940 – 09.07.2021) was unquestionably the most significant Hungarian art historian of the last half century, and one of the most prominent medievalists. He graduated from Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest in art history and literature and started to teach there at the Department of Art History in 1963. A professor from 1991, he educated generations of art historians—practically almost all the present-day Hungarian art historians are his former students. He was invited in 1974 to the Institute for Art History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, where he acted first as vice-head and later director (1991–2000). In 1993 he was elected corresponding member of the Academy, and in 2001 he received full membership. He acted as vice president of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences between 2002 and 2008. He also participated in the foundation and work of the Medieval Studies Department of Central European University with his advice, lectures, and seminars. He gave the last public lecture at the department on the Budapest campus of CEU just before teaching went online in early 2020 (this paper was published in HSCE 1, no. 1, pp. 3–27). But beside all his positions and prizes, he was an excellent scholar. As a medievalist, he switched easily between philology and philosophy, but primarily he was an art historian. The present publication is a summary of his oeuvre. When Professor Marosi was 70, he was honored by a Festschrift.1 Thus, the approaching anniversary of his eightieth birthday needed to be celebrated in a
{"title":"The Essential Marosi: a Review of His Collected Essays","authors":"Béla Zsolt Szakács","doi":"10.47074/hsce.2022-1.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47074/hsce.2022-1.13","url":null,"abstract":"The publication to be presented here is highly significant in itself; nevertheless, it is relevant in another sense: the author, Ernő Marosi, aged 81, died a few months ago. Professor Marosi (18.04.1940 – 09.07.2021) was unquestionably the most significant Hungarian art historian of the last half century, and one of the most prominent medievalists. He graduated from Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest in art history and literature and started to teach there at the Department of Art History in 1963. A professor from 1991, he educated generations of art historians—practically almost all the present-day Hungarian art historians are his former students. He was invited in 1974 to the Institute for Art History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, where he acted first as vice-head and later director (1991–2000). In 1993 he was elected corresponding member of the Academy, and in 2001 he received full membership. He acted as vice president of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences between 2002 and 2008. He also participated in the foundation and work of the Medieval Studies Department of Central European University with his advice, lectures, and seminars. He gave the last public lecture at the department on the Budapest campus of CEU just before teaching went online in early 2020 (this paper was published in HSCE 1, no. 1, pp. 3–27). But beside all his positions and prizes, he was an excellent scholar. As a medievalist, he switched easily between philology and philosophy, but primarily he was an art historian. The present publication is a summary of his oeuvre. When Professor Marosi was 70, he was honored by a Festschrift.1 Thus, the approaching anniversary of his eightieth birthday needed to be celebrated in a","PeriodicalId":267555,"journal":{"name":"Historical Studies on Central Europe","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133631315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Count Ludwig von Zinzendorf is first and foremost known as an outstanding Austrianeconomist who greatly contributed to the national reform of finances and administrative efficiency.The early years of his career were spent in the diplomatic service under the guidance and patronageof Count Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz, who placed much hope in the ambitious young aristocrat. Oneof the significant episodes of Zinzendorf’s diplomatic career was a mission to Russia in 1755. Itsformal pretext was to convey the congratulations of the imperial couple to Empress Elizabeth I on thebirth of the heir to the throne, Grand Duke Paul. At the same time, Zinzendorf was entrusted with asecret mission of learning more about the main vectors of Russian foreign policy, establishing moreconfidential relations with the rival groupings at the St. Petersburg court, and promoting closer jointaction between Vienna, London, and St. Petersburg against Prussia in the inevitable continentalwar. The witty analytical mind and exceptional sociability of Zinzendorf allowed him to accomplishboth missions brilliantly, the results of which he reported to Kaunitz. This paper considers both theofficial and unofficial activities of the imperial and Austrian envoy during his visit, the complicationshe faced, and the solutions he found during his two journeys to Russia in 1755 against the backdropof Austrian-Russian relations in their heyday on the eve of the Seven Years’ War.
路德维希·冯·津尊多夫(Ludwig von Zinzendorf)伯爵首先是一位杰出的奥地利经济学家，他为国家财政改革和行政效率做出了巨大贡献。他职业生涯的早期是在温泽尔·安东·冯·考尼茨伯爵的指导和资助下从事外交工作的，他对这位雄心勃勃的年轻贵族寄予了很大的希望。津尊多夫外交生涯中最重要的事件之一是1755年出使俄罗斯。它的正式借口是向伊丽莎白女王一世转达皇室夫妇对王位继承人保罗大公的祝贺。与此同时，津尊多夫被委以一项秘密任务，即更多地了解俄国外交政策的主要内容，与圣彼得堡宫廷中的敌对集团建立更加保密的关系，并促进维也纳、伦敦和圣彼得堡在不可避免的大陆战争中更紧密地联合起来反对普鲁士。津尊多夫机智的分析头脑和非凡的社交能力使他出色地完成了这两项任务，并将结果报告给了考尼茨。本文以七年战争前夕奥俄关系的全盛时期为背景，考察了这位帝国和奥地利使者在访问俄罗斯期间的官方和非官方活动，她所面临的复杂情况，以及他在1755年两次访问俄罗斯期间找到的解决办法。
{"title":"Count Ludwig von Zinzendorf’s Diplomatic Mission to Saint Petersburg in 1755","authors":"Olga Khavanova","doi":"10.47074/hsce.2022-1.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47074/hsce.2022-1.04","url":null,"abstract":"Count Ludwig von Zinzendorf is first and foremost known as an outstanding Austrianeconomist who greatly contributed to the national reform of finances and administrative efficiency.The early years of his career were spent in the diplomatic service under the guidance and patronageof Count Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz, who placed much hope in the ambitious young aristocrat. Oneof the significant episodes of Zinzendorf’s diplomatic career was a mission to Russia in 1755. Itsformal pretext was to convey the congratulations of the imperial couple to Empress Elizabeth I on thebirth of the heir to the throne, Grand Duke Paul. At the same time, Zinzendorf was entrusted with asecret mission of learning more about the main vectors of Russian foreign policy, establishing moreconfidential relations with the rival groupings at the St. Petersburg court, and promoting closer jointaction between Vienna, London, and St. Petersburg against Prussia in the inevitable continentalwar. The witty analytical mind and exceptional sociability of Zinzendorf allowed him to accomplishboth missions brilliantly, the results of which he reported to Kaunitz. This paper considers both theofficial and unofficial activities of the imperial and Austrian envoy during his visit, the complicationshe faced, and the solutions he found during his two journeys to Russia in 1755 against the backdropof Austrian-Russian relations in their heyday on the eve of the Seven Years’ War.","PeriodicalId":267555,"journal":{"name":"Historical Studies on Central Europe","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127629955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper discusses the changes in the forest legislation on different levels of early modern administration in Hungary. By using a wide variety of sources—laws, decrees, instructive documents, and letters—it explains how forests were regarded and handled in the period of the Ottomans’ presence in the Carpathian Basin. In analyzing the sources, the paper shows how the importance of protecting and taking care of forests at different levels of administration can be attested, what the goal of this care for wooded areas was, and how the presence of the Ottoman-age wars changed the ways forests were used in the frontier and the hinterland.
{"title":"For the Benefit of Generations to Come or for the Sake of Survival?","authors":"A. Vadas","doi":"10.47074/hsce.2022-1.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47074/hsce.2022-1.01","url":null,"abstract":"The paper discusses the changes in the forest legislation on different levels of early modern administration in Hungary. By using a wide variety of sources—laws, decrees, instructive documents, and letters—it explains how forests were regarded and handled in the period of the Ottomans’ presence in the Carpathian Basin. In analyzing the sources, the paper shows how the importance of protecting and taking care of forests at different levels of administration can be attested, what the goal of this care for wooded areas was, and how the presence of the Ottoman-age wars changed the ways forests were used in the frontier and the hinterland.","PeriodicalId":267555,"journal":{"name":"Historical Studies on Central Europe","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133846571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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