{"title":"Hungarian Psychiatry, Society and Politics in the Long Nineteenth Century. By Emese Lafferton","authors":"Janka Kovács","doi":"10.47074/hsce.2022-1.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47074/hsce.2022-1.19","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":267555,"journal":{"name":"Historical Studies on Central Europe","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128537848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The most important cultural establishment in Slovakia, the Slovak National Theatre (SNT),was founded in 1920. The beginnings of this institution were extremely complicated because itsactivities were not managed by the state, but by a private company called the Cooperative of theSlovak National Theatre. This joint company was founded in 1919 and consisted of representativesof the then governing bodies, the Slovak intelligentsia, and representatives of banks and otherassociations. In the first two seasons, the Cooperative was dealing with operation issues, mostly withobtaining the financial resources needed. The complete artistic program was in the hands of the firstdirector of the SNT, Bedřich Jeřábek (1920–1922). During this period, however, we cannot talk aboutthe profiling of the dramaturgy of opera and operetta on the SNT stage. This period was followed bythat of directors and private entrepreneurs Oskar Nedbal (1923–1930) and Antonín Drašar (1931–1938), who due to the financial incompetence of the Cooperative, took the management of theSNT fully into their own hands. Both directors, together with the heads of the opera ensembles,preferred modern and experimental dramaturgy, including the latest works of art. Whereas Drašarused a pragmatic approach to resolving the theatre’s financial problems, for Nedbal caused the lossof his function and life.This study deals with the comparison of the work and theatre management of individual directorsin the interwar period, with an emphasis on opera and operetta dramaturgy.
{"title":"The Role of the Director and His Impact on the Dramaturgy of the Slovak National Theatre in the Interwar Period","authors":"Michal Ščepán","doi":"10.47074/hsce.2022-1.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47074/hsce.2022-1.07","url":null,"abstract":"The most important cultural establishment in Slovakia, the Slovak National Theatre (SNT),was founded in 1920. The beginnings of this institution were extremely complicated because itsactivities were not managed by the state, but by a private company called the Cooperative of theSlovak National Theatre. This joint company was founded in 1919 and consisted of representativesof the then governing bodies, the Slovak intelligentsia, and representatives of banks and otherassociations. In the first two seasons, the Cooperative was dealing with operation issues, mostly withobtaining the financial resources needed. The complete artistic program was in the hands of the firstdirector of the SNT, Bedřich Jeřábek (1920–1922). During this period, however, we cannot talk aboutthe profiling of the dramaturgy of opera and operetta on the SNT stage. This period was followed bythat of directors and private entrepreneurs Oskar Nedbal (1923–1930) and Antonín Drašar (1931–1938), who due to the financial incompetence of the Cooperative, took the management of theSNT fully into their own hands. Both directors, together with the heads of the opera ensembles,preferred modern and experimental dramaturgy, including the latest works of art. Whereas Drašarused a pragmatic approach to resolving the theatre’s financial problems, for Nedbal caused the lossof his function and life.This study deals with the comparison of the work and theatre management of individual directorsin the interwar period, with an emphasis on opera and operetta dramaturgy.","PeriodicalId":267555,"journal":{"name":"Historical Studies on Central Europe","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125251249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This review article examines two conflicting approaches to nineteenth-century Habsburg history. The relatively new but now widely applied framework of global history reaches beyond the nation-state to empires and transnational, preferably transcontinental connections. Pieter Judson calls his magisterial volume A New History. As detailed below, he concentrates on transnational social and cultural connections within its borders and into the wider world. Like the general practice of global history, the diplomacy of great power politics and the domestic conflicts of party politics are barely mentioned. The longer standing approach, particularly to the post-1867 framework of Austria–Hungary, is comparative history. Its interwar founding fathers, as repre-sented in the first section of a new reader ( The Rise of Comparative History , edited by Trencsényi, Iordachi and Apor, pp. 61–142) focus instead on comparing the economic and social history of near neighbours. The selections from Henri Pirenne, Henri Sée, and more explicitly from Marc Bloch spell out the attraction of comparing similar cases in order to identify the differences. Austria and Hungary, 1867– 1914, compiled an ample record of separate economic statistics and elected bodies to invite this approach. The invitation to compare the foreign policies of the competing European powers before 1914 is of even longer standing in scholarship too
这篇评论文章考察了两种相互冲突的19世纪哈布斯堡历史研究方法。相对较新的、但现在被广泛应用的全球历史框架超越了民族国家，延伸到了帝国和跨国(最好是跨大陆)联系。彼得·贾德森称他的权威著作为《新历史》。正如下文所详述的，他集中研究了跨国社会和文化在其边界内以及进入更广阔世界的联系。就像全球历史的一般实践一样，大国政治的外交和政党政治的国内冲突几乎没有被提及。更长久的方法，特别是对1867年后奥匈帝国的框架，是比较历史。新读本《比较历史的兴起》(the Rise of Comparative History, trencsimonyi, Iordachi and Apor主编，第61-142页)的第一节中所描述的两次世界大战之间的奠基人，将重点放在了比较近邻的经济和社会历史上。Henri Pirenne, Henri ssame和Marc Bloch的选段更明确地说明了比较相似案例以识别差异的吸引力。奥地利和匈牙利(1867年至1914年)编制了大量独立的经济统计数据，并选出了一些机构来采用这种方法。比较1914年前相互竞争的欧洲大国外交政策的邀请在学术领域也存在得更久
{"title":"The Habsburg Monarchy and Austria–Hungary Between Global and Comparative History","authors":"John R. Lampe","doi":"10.47074/hsce.2022-1.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47074/hsce.2022-1.20","url":null,"abstract":"This review article examines two conflicting approaches to nineteenth-century Habsburg history. The relatively new but now widely applied framework of global history reaches beyond the nation-state to empires and transnational, preferably transcontinental connections. Pieter Judson calls his magisterial volume A New History. As detailed below, he concentrates on transnational social and cultural connections within its borders and into the wider world. Like the general practice of global history, the diplomacy of great power politics and the domestic conflicts of party politics are barely mentioned. The longer standing approach, particularly to the post-1867 framework of Austria–Hungary, is comparative history. Its interwar founding fathers, as repre-sented in the first section of a new reader ( The Rise of Comparative History , edited by Trencsényi, Iordachi and Apor, pp. 61–142) focus instead on comparing the economic and social history of near neighbours. The selections from Henri Pirenne, Henri Sée, and more explicitly from Marc Bloch spell out the attraction of comparing similar cases in order to identify the differences. Austria and Hungary, 1867– 1914, compiled an ample record of separate economic statistics and elected bodies to invite this approach. The invitation to compare the foreign policies of the competing European powers before 1914 is of even longer standing in scholarship too","PeriodicalId":267555,"journal":{"name":"Historical Studies on Central Europe","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129183888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present review focuses on how this book, analyzing “a unique case of how to pull success out of failure within the Soviet bloc” (p. ix), offers insights into topics rele-vant for an international audience of business, economic, and transnational history. The book offers overview of the development of Hungarian agriculture during the Socialist era, laying equal weight on the periods of forced collectivization and that of the development of a successful ‘Hungarian model’ by combining multidimen-sional historical comparison with transfer studies. Six chronological chapters take the reader through the transfer and implementation of the Soviet kolkhoz model and of the American ‘closed production system’ embedded into the development of Hungarian agricultural policy in the framework of the Cold War, stressing the impor-tance of local agency and the partial simultaneity of model transfers. Chapter 7 con-textualizes the ‘Hungarian agricultural miracle’ and presents the circumstances, such as the decreasing prices of agricultural products on the world market and Hungary’s growing indebtedness leading to a renewal of high extractions from agriculture, which meant that “Hungary’s hybrid agriculture reached its developmental limits” (p. 283). The conclusion reflects on how comparative and transfer studies can be combined in the field of transnational history. The book is based on extensive archi-val research, on the contemporary Hungarian and foreign press, and on an impres-sive collection of oral sources, in part thanks to the author’s decades-long research on the history of Hungarian agriculture in the Socialist era. The first chapter clarifies the
{"title":"The Hungarian Agricultural Miracle? Sovietization and Americanization in a Communist Country. By Zsuzsanna Varga.","authors":"M. Hidvégi","doi":"10.47074/hsce.2022-1.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47074/hsce.2022-1.21","url":null,"abstract":"The present review focuses on how this book, analyzing “a unique case of how to pull success out of failure within the Soviet bloc” (p. ix), offers insights into topics rele-vant for an international audience of business, economic, and transnational history. The book offers overview of the development of Hungarian agriculture during the Socialist era, laying equal weight on the periods of forced collectivization and that of the development of a successful ‘Hungarian model’ by combining multidimen-sional historical comparison with transfer studies. Six chronological chapters take the reader through the transfer and implementation of the Soviet kolkhoz model and of the American ‘closed production system’ embedded into the development of Hungarian agricultural policy in the framework of the Cold War, stressing the impor-tance of local agency and the partial simultaneity of model transfers. Chapter 7 con-textualizes the ‘Hungarian agricultural miracle’ and presents the circumstances, such as the decreasing prices of agricultural products on the world market and Hungary’s growing indebtedness leading to a renewal of high extractions from agriculture, which meant that “Hungary’s hybrid agriculture reached its developmental limits” (p. 283). The conclusion reflects on how comparative and transfer studies can be combined in the field of transnational history. The book is based on extensive archi-val research, on the contemporary Hungarian and foreign press, and on an impres-sive collection of oral sources, in part thanks to the author’s decades-long research on the history of Hungarian agriculture in the Socialist era. The first chapter clarifies the","PeriodicalId":267555,"journal":{"name":"Historical Studies on Central Europe","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126615345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study presents the possibilities and framework for cooperation between towns in Hungary through the operation of the Town League of Upper Hungary. The cooperation of towns in the Kingdom of Hungary happened primarily through regional relations. At first, the basis for cooperation was provided by common economic interests, but this area broadened considerably in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. After the battle of Mohács (1526), the towns of Hungary became full members of the Hungarian Estates. The Kingdom of Hungary, which was part of the Habsburg Monarchy, gained considerable autonomy in internal politics. This was based on a compromise with the Habsburg rulers to ensure protection against the Ottoman Empire. The free royal towns were the least influential members of this country that had strong Estates. Nevertheless, cooperation between the towns became nationwide. The diets provided the forum for all free royal towns in the country to represent their common interests in a coordinated way. There are traces of this nationwide cooperation as early as the mid-sixteenth century, but it was from the early seventeenth century that it was the strongest. The reason was that in those decades state taxes were becoming heavier and more burdensome for towns. This nationwide cooperation was not only manifested in the field of taxation, but from the first quarter of the seventeenth century onwards, it increasingly extended to religious matters. In the background, there was the increasing recatholization of the Habsburg Monarchy. In this special matter, close links were forged also with the otherwise strongly anti-urban lower nobility.
{"title":"The Beginnings of the Cooperation of Free Royal Towns in the Kingdom of Hungary in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries","authors":"I. Németh","doi":"10.47074/hsce.2021-2.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47074/hsce.2021-2.03","url":null,"abstract":"The study presents the possibilities and framework for cooperation between towns in Hungary through the operation of the Town League of Upper Hungary. The cooperation of towns in the Kingdom of Hungary happened primarily through regional relations. At first, the basis for cooperation was provided by common economic interests, but this area broadened considerably in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. After the battle of Mohács (1526), the towns of Hungary became full members of the Hungarian Estates. The Kingdom of Hungary, which was part of the Habsburg Monarchy, gained considerable autonomy in internal politics. This was based on a compromise with the Habsburg rulers to ensure protection against the Ottoman Empire. The free royal towns were the least influential members of this country that had strong Estates. Nevertheless, cooperation between the towns became nationwide. The diets provided the forum for all free royal towns in the country to represent their common interests in a coordinated way. There are traces of this nationwide cooperation as early as the mid-sixteenth century, but it was from the early seventeenth century that it was the strongest. The reason was that in those decades state taxes were becoming heavier and more burdensome for towns. This nationwide cooperation was not only manifested in the field of taxation, but from the first quarter of the seventeenth century onwards, it increasingly extended to religious matters. In the background, there was the increasing recatholization of the Habsburg Monarchy. In this special matter, close links were forged also with the otherwise strongly anti-urban lower nobility.","PeriodicalId":267555,"journal":{"name":"Historical Studies on Central Europe","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115217237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study deals with questions of the political cooperation of Moravian territorial lord’s towns (the Moravian Fourth Estate) in the sixteenth and early seventeenth century. This issue is viewed through the prism of political negotiations about the very high tax burden on the towns. After an outline of the structure of the estate-organized society of the Moravian Margraviate and the role of territorial lord’s—royal and chamber—towns in it, the article introduces the natural and fiscal burdens weighing down the urban organisms and escalating in line with the wars of the Habsburg Monarchy against the expansive Ottoman Empire. The burden on Moravian towns was much heavier than on other segments of the estate-structured society. This was the basis for the towns’ concerted efforts to find relief, which manifested itself during the Fifteen Years’ War with the High Porte in 1593–1606. Surviving sources offer detailed documentation of the 1604 negotiations, when at the initiative of Brno, an attempt was made to counter the pressure of the higher estates that intended to further increase the tax burden on territorial lord’s towns. However, these negotiations illustrate that effective joint action of the town representations was hindered by individual municipalities’ particular interests. Individualism generally exacerbated the towns’ weak position in the political system of the time. In the broader coordinates of early modern Europe, in the Bohemian lands, urban space was less developed and the bourgeoisie was significantly weaker than in their Western and Southern European counterparts. Therefore, the limited coordination of the territorial lord’s towns in the fight against the higher estates did not lead to the desired results.
{"title":"Tax Policy of the Fourth Estate?","authors":"Tomáš Sterneck","doi":"10.47074/hsce.2021-2.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47074/hsce.2021-2.04","url":null,"abstract":"The study deals with questions of the political cooperation of Moravian territorial lord’s towns (the Moravian Fourth Estate) in the sixteenth and early seventeenth century. This issue is viewed through the prism of political negotiations about the very high tax burden on the towns. After an outline of the structure of the estate-organized society of the Moravian Margraviate and the role of territorial lord’s—royal and chamber—towns in it, the article introduces the natural and fiscal burdens weighing down the urban organisms and escalating in line with the wars of the Habsburg Monarchy against the expansive Ottoman Empire. The burden on Moravian towns was much heavier than on other segments of the estate-structured society. This was the basis for the towns’ concerted efforts to find relief, which manifested itself during the Fifteen Years’ War with the High Porte in 1593–1606. Surviving sources offer detailed documentation of the 1604 negotiations, when at the initiative of Brno, an attempt was made to counter the pressure of the higher estates that intended to further increase the tax burden on territorial lord’s towns. However, these negotiations illustrate that effective joint action of the town representations was hindered by individual municipalities’ particular interests. Individualism generally exacerbated the towns’ weak position in the political system of the time. In the broader coordinates of early modern Europe, in the Bohemian lands, urban space was less developed and the bourgeoisie was significantly weaker than in their Western and Southern European counterparts. Therefore, the limited coordination of the territorial lord’s towns in the fight against the higher estates did not lead to the desired results.","PeriodicalId":267555,"journal":{"name":"Historical Studies on Central Europe","volume":"145 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122057278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The book under review, Cultural Encounters (abbreviated from Cultural Encounters on Byzantium’s Northern Frontier, c. AD 500–700: Coins, Artifacts and History), is a monograph by Dr. Andrei Gandila, currently associate professor at the University of Alabama in Huntsville. Cultural Encounters is the expanded and updated version of his PhD thesis, defended in 2013 at the University of Florida. The focus of the work is the Danube frontier of the Byzantine Empire in Late Antiquity (AD 500–700), which is today divided between Hungary, Romania, Serbia, and Bulgaria. Despite finishing his PhD research in the US, his background as a native of Romania, archaeological field work in Romania and Italy, and much research in museums and libraries in Europe and the US guarantee that the author’s work is of high quality and reliability, thus destined to be a great success in elucidating the complicated history of the interaction between the “Barbaricum” and Byzantium during the period under discussion. Since its publication, Cultural Encounters has received much attention from academics.1 Tracing the reasons for this, I think that—except for the author’s personal background and rich academic experience—the interdisciplinary analysis is its main merit. This guarantees that the author’s arguments are supported by strong written sources, material objects, and theoretical practice: these include rich historical sources (the works of more than 50 authors from antiquity are cited; see the bibliography on pp. 291–292), a wide range of archaeological evidence (including coins, pottery, amphorae, lamps, molds and metallurgical products, brooches and
正在审查的书，文化遭遇(简称拜占庭北部边境的文化遭遇，c.公元500-700年:硬币，文物和历史)，是安德烈Gandila博士的专著，现任亨茨维尔阿拉巴马大学副教授。《文化相遇》是他2013年在佛罗里达大学(University of Florida)答辩的博士论文的扩展和更新版本。该作品的重点是古代晚期(公元500-700年)拜占庭帝国的多瑙河边界，今天被匈牙利、罗马尼亚、塞尔维亚和保加利亚瓜分。尽管在美国完成了他的博士研究，但他作为罗马尼亚人的背景，在罗马尼亚和意大利的考古实地工作，以及在欧洲和美国的博物馆和图书馆的大量研究，保证了作者的工作是高质量和可靠的，因此注定是一个巨大的成功，在阐明“巴巴里库姆”和拜占庭在讨论期间相互作用的复杂历史。《文化遭遇》一书出版以来，受到了学术界的广泛关注究其原因，笔者认为，除了作者的个人背景和丰富的学术经验外，跨学科分析是其主要优点。这保证了作者的论点得到强有力的书面来源、实物和理论实践的支持:这些包括丰富的历史来源(引用了50多位古代作者的作品;参见参考书目第291-292页)，广泛的考古证据(包括硬币，陶器，双耳陶罐，灯，模具和冶金产品，胸针和
{"title":"Cultural Encounters on Byzantium’s Northern Frontier, c. AD 500–700: Coins, Artifacts and History. By Andrei Gandila.","authors":"Ling Qiang","doi":"10.47074/hsce.2021-2.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47074/hsce.2021-2.12","url":null,"abstract":"The book under review, Cultural Encounters (abbreviated from Cultural Encounters on Byzantium’s Northern Frontier, c. AD 500–700: Coins, Artifacts and History), is a monograph by Dr. Andrei Gandila, currently associate professor at the University of Alabama in Huntsville. Cultural Encounters is the expanded and updated version of his PhD thesis, defended in 2013 at the University of Florida. The focus of the work is the Danube frontier of the Byzantine Empire in Late Antiquity (AD 500–700), which is today divided between Hungary, Romania, Serbia, and Bulgaria. Despite finishing his PhD research in the US, his background as a native of Romania, archaeological field work in Romania and Italy, and much research in museums and libraries in Europe and the US guarantee that the author’s work is of high quality and reliability, thus destined to be a great success in elucidating the complicated history of the interaction between the “Barbaricum” and Byzantium during the period under discussion. Since its publication, Cultural Encounters has received much attention from academics.1 Tracing the reasons for this, I think that—except for the author’s personal background and rich academic experience—the interdisciplinary analysis is its main merit. This guarantees that the author’s arguments are supported by strong written sources, material objects, and theoretical practice: these include rich historical sources (the works of more than 50 authors from antiquity are cited; see the bibliography on pp. 291–292), a wide range of archaeological evidence (including coins, pottery, amphorae, lamps, molds and metallurgical products, brooches and","PeriodicalId":267555,"journal":{"name":"Historical Studies on Central Europe","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128529516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Conservation’s Roots: Managing for Sustainability in Preindustrial Europe, 1100–1800. Edited by Abigail P. Dowling and Richard Keyser.","authors":"A. Vadas","doi":"10.47074/hsce.2021-2.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47074/hsce.2021-2.14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":267555,"journal":{"name":"Historical Studies on Central Europe","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131438712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is abundant research on the history of urbanization in the Carpathian Basin with a special focus on the history of urbanization in the Great Hungarian Plain. Over the past years, there have been investigations concerning climate and historical ecology issues, as well as economic and social history, the results of which enable us to obtain an overview of the complex processes in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.It has been confirmed that prior to the Industrial Age (1850), climate change had made a profound impact on the conversion of the settlement network in the terrain and on the expansion of livestock farming. The climate in the seventeenth century seems to have been cooler and more humid, thus in the Great Hungarian Plain there were large areas covered with water. This significantly restricted the possibilities of crop cultivation as well as population growth. The warming-up period in the eighteenth century resulted in the shrinking of areas covered in water, the transition to flood plain farming and the extension of plough land crop cultivation, ultimately leading to population growth. There is evidence that by the turn of the eighteenth-nineteenth centuries, grain trade in the Carpathian Basin had been integrated into the Central European continental crop trading system, however, livestock farming was unique to the Great Hungarian Plain. From the mid-nineteenth century, due to the construction of the railway system in the Great Hungarian Plain, which revolutionized cargo transport, plus due to river regulations and drainage works, the economic structure of the area saw profound changes. In the meanwhile, the population and labor force supply were also increasing at a rapid rate. Marshlands and meadows were replaced by arable land and an increasingly growing crop production, which provided the foundations for the grain trade. Thus, new market centers emerged in the Great Hungarian Plain. Between 1828 and 1925, the number of market centers went up by 293, which represents an elevenfold rise. The growing density of the market center system significantly defined not only various aspects of urbanization, but also the general modernization of the Great Hungarian Plain.The purpose of my research is to analyze how changes in the climate influenced the settlement network, and the social and economic profile of the Great Hungarian Plain in the period concerned. Why was the favorable picture of a dynamically improving and modernizing Great Hungarian Plain at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries conceptualized by the public as an underdeveloped area characterized by a series of economic and social tensions? How do all these factors contribute to the revision of the emerging historiographic picture of the economic and social consequences of the Trianon Peace Treaty?
{"title":"The Economic and Ecological Contexts of Urbanization in the Great Hungarian Plain during the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries","authors":"Z. Szilágyi","doi":"10.47074/hsce.2021-2.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47074/hsce.2021-2.05","url":null,"abstract":"There is abundant research on the history of urbanization in the Carpathian Basin with a special focus on the history of urbanization in the Great Hungarian Plain. Over the past years, there have been investigations concerning climate and historical ecology issues, as well as economic and social history, the results of which enable us to obtain an overview of the complex processes in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.It has been confirmed that prior to the Industrial Age (1850), climate change had made a profound impact on the conversion of the settlement network in the terrain and on the expansion of livestock farming. The climate in the seventeenth century seems to have been cooler and more humid, thus in the Great Hungarian Plain there were large areas covered with water. This significantly restricted the possibilities of crop cultivation as well as population growth. The warming-up period in the eighteenth century resulted in the shrinking of areas covered in water, the transition to flood plain farming and the extension of plough land crop cultivation, ultimately leading to population growth. There is evidence that by the turn of the eighteenth-nineteenth centuries, grain trade in the Carpathian Basin had been integrated into the Central European continental crop trading system, however, livestock farming was unique to the Great Hungarian Plain. From the mid-nineteenth century, due to the construction of the railway system in the Great Hungarian Plain, which revolutionized cargo transport, plus due to river regulations and drainage works, the economic structure of the area saw profound changes. In the meanwhile, the population and labor force supply were also increasing at a rapid rate. Marshlands and meadows were replaced by arable land and an increasingly growing crop production, which provided the foundations for the grain trade. Thus, new market centers emerged in the Great Hungarian Plain. Between 1828 and 1925, the number of market centers went up by 293, which represents an elevenfold rise. The growing density of the market center system significantly defined not only various aspects of urbanization, but also the general modernization of the Great Hungarian Plain.The purpose of my research is to analyze how changes in the climate influenced the settlement network, and the social and economic profile of the Great Hungarian Plain in the period concerned. Why was the favorable picture of a dynamically improving and modernizing Great Hungarian Plain at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries conceptualized by the public as an underdeveloped area characterized by a series of economic and social tensions? How do all these factors contribute to the revision of the emerging historiographic picture of the economic and social consequences of the Trianon Peace Treaty?","PeriodicalId":267555,"journal":{"name":"Historical Studies on Central Europe","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125872895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For the past thirty years, the history of the nobility has been one of the fields of social history that have mobilized most researchers. This trend is largely due to the interest shown in new family collections, in correspondence and in private writings. We see this abundant mass of publications as being the reflection of the diversity of the nobility. A first block of authors have isolated noble categories: parliamentary nobility, “second” order nobility, poor nobility, etc. A second type of research has focused on personages emblematic of their milieus, and finally, some historians have been interested in comparisons with other European aristocracies. The second section of the article will show how the transformations of the monarchical state engendered mutations in the second order. Finally, it will be shown how scholarship on social changes has more particularly studied differences between town and country, material culture and mobility and noble culture.
{"title":"Explosion in the History of the Nobility in French Historiography","authors":"Michel Figeac","doi":"10.47074/hsce.2021-2.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47074/hsce.2021-2.01","url":null,"abstract":"For the past thirty years, the history of the nobility has been one of the fields of social history that have mobilized most researchers. This trend is largely due to the interest shown in new family collections, in correspondence and in private writings. We see this abundant mass of publications as being the reflection of the diversity of the nobility. A first block of authors have isolated noble categories: parliamentary nobility, “second” order nobility, poor nobility, etc. A second type of research has focused on personages emblematic of their milieus, and finally, some historians have been interested in comparisons with other European aristocracies. The second section of the article will show how the transformations of the monarchical state engendered mutations in the second order. Finally, it will be shown how scholarship on social changes has more particularly studied differences between town and country, material culture and mobility and noble culture.","PeriodicalId":267555,"journal":{"name":"Historical Studies on Central Europe","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128758608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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