Pub Date : 1923-08-01DOI: 10.1109/JOAIEE.1923.6593478
Spooner
E. L. Bowles: Mr. Spooner has presented some very interesting data concerning an involved and difficult subject. The analysis of circuits containing what are rather equivocally called “variable constants,” is a difficult and sometimes an impossible problem. At present we are faced with a very serious situation no matter which way we turn. Variable coefficients of resistance are met with in the case of gaseous or thermionic conduction, and they are met with also in the case of circuits containing magnetic materials. In fact, even dielectrics suggest the consideration of variable coefficients. In view of these conditions, it seems that we should talk of the Coefficients of an electric circuit rather than the Constants, for after all, in developing the subject, one must overcome the handicap which results from a treatment of the electric circuit on the basis of constants.
E. L.鲍尔斯:斯普纳先生提出了一些非常有趣的数据，涉及一个复杂而困难的主题。对包含“可变常数”的电路的分析是一个困难的问题，有时甚至是不可能的问题。目前，无论我们走哪条路，都面临着非常严峻的形势。在气体或热离子传导的情况下会遇到可变的电阻系数，在含有磁性材料的电路中也会遇到。事实上，即使是电介质也建议考虑变系数。鉴于这些情况，我们似乎应该讨论电路的系数，而不是常数，因为在发展这门学科时，毕竟必须克服由于根据常数来处理电路而造成的障碍。
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Pub Date : 1923-08-01DOI: 10.1109/JOAIEE.1923.6593471
H. B. Dwight
A precise method of calculation is describ d for determining the skin effect in isolated tubular conductors. This may be used where more accurate results are desired than are given by the curves and approximate methods of calculation previously published by the writer. The present calculation requires the use of certain numerical values of Bessel functions, a table for which is given. Asymptotic series for calculating them are given, which are complete with their general terms. An example is worked out, and the result checked up with the published curves.
{"title":"A precise method of calculation of skin effect in isolated tubes","authors":"H. B. Dwight","doi":"10.1109/JOAIEE.1923.6593471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JOAIEE.1923.6593471","url":null,"abstract":"A precise method of calculation is describ d for determining the skin effect in isolated tubular conductors. This may be used where more accurate results are desired than are given by the curves and approximate methods of calculation previously published by the writer. The present calculation requires the use of certain numerical values of Bessel functions, a table for which is given. Asymptotic series for calculating them are given, which are complete with their general terms. An example is worked out, and the result checked up with the published curves.","PeriodicalId":268640,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1923-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116661848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1923-07-01DOI: 10.1109/JOAIEE.1923.6593433
W. F. Sims
The question of how far to go with duplication of equipment and the installation of safeguards is one that plays an important part in central station design. The extent to which these provisions are made has an important bearing on the cost of installation and has a direct influence upon the dependability of the service rendered. Stations on larger interconnected systems require a greater degree of protection of this nature than is usually the case in stations on small systems on account of the importance of the service as well as the more serious results of short circuits, due to the greater concentration of energy. This article discusses the more important considerations to be taken into account and points out that local conditions will have a determining influence on the decision made.
{"title":"Desirable duplication and safeguarding in the electrical equipment of a generating station","authors":"W. F. Sims","doi":"10.1109/JOAIEE.1923.6593433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JOAIEE.1923.6593433","url":null,"abstract":"The question of how far to go with duplication of equipment and the installation of safeguards is one that plays an important part in central station design. The extent to which these provisions are made has an important bearing on the cost of installation and has a direct influence upon the dependability of the service rendered. Stations on larger interconnected systems require a greater degree of protection of this nature than is usually the case in stations on small systems on account of the importance of the service as well as the more serious results of short circuits, due to the greater concentration of energy. This article discusses the more important considerations to be taken into account and points out that local conditions will have a determining influence on the decision made.","PeriodicalId":268640,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1923-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124849881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1923-07-01DOI: 10.1109/JOAIEE.1923.6594067
F. Brueggeman
With the increasing vehicular traffic in recent years various types of signal lights for street intersections and safety islands have come into use. To distinguish these lights at a distance from ordinary street lights, red globes are used to a considerable extent. However, the base of the post is not sufficiently lighted when a red globe is used and on this account, there is danger of motorists running into it. This difficulty was overcome by the use of luminaires adopted by the South Park Commission in Chicago, and they have been used on busy intersections of Chicago boulevards with very satisfactory results.
{"title":"A luminaire for a safety island or boulevard crossing","authors":"F. Brueggeman","doi":"10.1109/JOAIEE.1923.6594067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JOAIEE.1923.6594067","url":null,"abstract":"With the increasing vehicular traffic in recent years various types of signal lights for street intersections and safety islands have come into use. To distinguish these lights at a distance from ordinary street lights, red globes are used to a considerable extent. However, the base of the post is not sufficiently lighted when a red globe is used and on this account, there is danger of motorists running into it. This difficulty was overcome by the use of luminaires adopted by the South Park Commission in Chicago, and they have been used on busy intersections of Chicago boulevards with very satisfactory results.","PeriodicalId":268640,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1923-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126366557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1923-07-01DOI: 10.1109/JOAIEE.1923.6594063
Howe
F. L. Rhodes: Mr. Howe's valuable paper advances our knowledge of a subject which has occupied the attention of engineering investigators for more than three hundred years. Study of the resistance of plates to the motion of fluids against them, goes back to the time of Galileo. Sir Isaac Newton, about 1687, announced the general formula based on theoretical considerations, indicating that the pressure varies with the square of the velocity, that is, P = K V2.
F. L. Rhodes: Howe先生的这篇有价值的论文提高了我们对一个主题的认识，这个主题已经占据了工程研究者三百多年的注意力。研究板对流体运动的阻力，可以追溯到伽利略时代。大约在1687年，艾萨克·牛顿爵士根据理论上的考虑，提出了压强随速度的平方而变化的一般公式，即P = kv2。
{"title":"Discussion on “wind shielding between conductors of telegraph and telephonelines”","authors":"Howe","doi":"10.1109/JOAIEE.1923.6594063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JOAIEE.1923.6594063","url":null,"abstract":"F. L. Rhodes: Mr. Howe's valuable paper advances our knowledge of a subject which has occupied the attention of engineering investigators for more than three hundred years. Study of the resistance of plates to the motion of fluids against them, goes back to the time of Galileo. Sir Isaac Newton, about 1687, announced the general formula based on theoretical considerations, indicating that the pressure varies with the square of the velocity, that is, P = K V2.","PeriodicalId":268640,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1923-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125150086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1923-06-01DOI: 10.1109/JOAIEE.1923.6593540
F. Peek
During a thunder storm lightning voltages that reach the transmission line appear across insulators, transformers and other apparatus at the extremely rapid rate of millions of volts per second. With this rapid rate of application the voltage may reach a very high value in a microsecond (millionth of a second). Hence, since there is always a delay or lag in the breakdown of insulation, quite peculiar effects result from these voltages. For instance, some remarkable phenomena that take place are: Much higher lightning voltages are usually required to jump a given distance than voltages at normal operating frequency; conductors at normal frequency voltages are often good insulators for lightning voltages; water may be punctured like oil; the wet and dry spark-over voltage of insulators are equal; the lightning discharge has a decidedly explosive effect, etc. In addition to the characteristics just mentioned, a study has also been made of the change in voltage and shape of a lightning wave as it travels over a transmission line at the velocity of light. In order that a laboratory study may be of a practical as well as a theoretical interest, it is necessary to be able to reproduce lightning voltages in the laboratory on a large scale and of known characteristics. This investigation was started some years ago with a 200-kv. generator. The generator has been added to from time to time until now, 2,000,000 volts are available and single lightning strokes can be obtained that increase at the rate of 50 million million volts per second. The power is of the order of millions of kilowatts. It is believed that this generator closely approximates voltage and other conditions that usually occur on transmission lines. The lightning voltages used in this investigation were far in excess of any heretofore produced in a laboratory. This impulse generator discharge must not be confused with that produced by an oscillator. The lightning generator, unlike the ocillator, discharges with a loud sharp report or crack. The photographic study shows the lightning spark-over of insulator strings that are of such a length as rarely to spark-over in practise even in bad lightning country. The photographs of the flashes show all the characteristics of lightning such as a zig-zag path, side flashes, etc. The study of the travel of the lightning wave on transmission lines is of interest. It indicates for instance, a certain protective effect of corona and shows that under certain conditions inductance coils may increase the lightning voltage four fold. Certain phases of the ground wire have also been studied.
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Pub Date : 1923-06-01DOI: 10.1109/JOAIEE.1923.6593545
W. H. Martin, A. B. Clark
The combination of the public address system and the telephone line makes it possible for a speaker to address simultaneously audiences located at a number of places. This paper discusses various applications of this combination, states the requirements for the lines, shows the circuit arrangements used and describes some of the important operating features. A description is given of the system used on Armistice Day, 1921, when large audiences at Arlington, New York and San Francisco joined in the ceremonies attending the Burial of the Unknown Soldier at the National Cemetery at Arlington, Virginia. The application of the public address system apparatus and methods to radio broadcasting is also briefly discussed.
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Pub Date : 1923-06-01DOI: 10.1109/JoAIEE.1923.6593547
L. J. Peters
This paper is essentially a treatment of certain types of coupled circuit networks by methods similar to those used in the discussion of the properties of long lines with distributed constants. This method of treating those coupled circuit chains to which it can be applied far surpasses other methods of treatment in several important ways. First, the number of elements in the chain can be made as large as desired without complicating the problem in any way whatsoever. Second, the very method of treatment leads directly to the rational design of selective systems of a type which the older methods of treatment did not even show to exist. Third, this method of attacking the problem is much better adapted to a transient state treatment (following the methods of J. R. Carson and T. C. Fry) than the older methods of handling the coupled circuit problem. In the second section of this paper there is developed the general theory of the properties of identical circuits coupled so as to form a chain. The equations giving the current and voltage of any circuit in the chain are identical in form with those giving the current and voltage at any point of a long line with distributed constants. The propagation constant however, instead of being an algebraic function of the circuit constants and the impressed frequency as in the case for the line with distributed constants, is a transcendental function of the circuit constants and the frequency of the current being transmitted. The nature of this transcendental function is such that sharp changes occur in the characteristic curve which portrays the attenuation constant as a function of the frequency. The third section shows how, by proper termination and design, these sharp changes in the attenuation frequency characteristic can be employed to build up filter networks. The fourth section gives an application of the general theory by presenting a detailed treatment of simple series circuits magnetically coupled so as to form a chain. In this section a number of curves is presented. These curves give a visual picture of the general theory and bring out points useful in the designing of selective networks which must meet preassigned requirements. The fifth section discusses the problem of building up filters using sections of many different types. General methods of attacking this problem are given and design formulas for three different types of filter sections which may be used together in building up a filter system, are derived. Curves are given which illustrate the methods of building up desirable characteristics. The design of selective systems is put upon a rational basis.
本文实质上是用类似于讨论具有分布常数的长线的性质的方法来处理某些类型的耦合电路网络。这种处理耦合电路链的方法在几个重要方面远远超过其他处理方法。首先，链中的元素数量可以根据需要任意增加，而不会以任何方式使问题复杂化。其次，这种治疗方法直接导致了选择性系统的合理设计，这种系统的类型是旧的治疗方法甚至没有显示出存在的。第三，这种解决问题的方法比处理耦合电路问题的旧方法更适合于瞬态处理(遵循J. R. Carson和T. C. Fry的方法)。在本文的第二节中，我们发展了耦合成链的相同电路的性质的一般理论。给出链中任何电路的电流和电压的方程与给出具有分布常数的长线上任意点的电流和电压的方程在形式上是相同的。然而，传播常数不是像分布常数线路那样是电路常数和外加频率的代数函数，而是电路常数和传输电流频率的超越函数。这个超越函数的性质是这样的，在描述衰减常数作为频率函数的特征曲线上发生急剧变化。第三部分展示了如何通过适当的终端和设计，这些衰减频率特性的急剧变化可以用来建立滤波器网络。第四节给出了一般理论的一个应用，详细介绍了简单串联电路的磁耦合，以形成一个链。在本节中，将展示一些曲线。这些曲线给出了一般理论的直观图像，并指出了在设计必须满足预定要求的选择性网络时有用的点。第五部分讨论了使用许多不同类型的部分构建过滤器的问题。本文给出了解决这一问题的一般方法，并推导了三种不同类型的滤波器截面的设计公式，它们可以一起用于构建一个滤波器系统。给出了曲线，说明了建立理想特性的方法。选择系统的设计建立在合理的基础上。
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Pub Date : 1923-06-01DOI: 10.1109/JOAIEE.1923.6593436
F. Hodson
Review of the Subject. — The paper describes the development of the large electric melting furnace; the limitations of large electrode furnaces; the design and construction of the largest electric melting furnace ever built; the advantages of correct heat application in the large furnaces; the influence of the new Soderberg Continuous Electrode on furnace design; and possibility of using large electric furnaces as an intermediate process for the manufacture of cheap steel.
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Pub Date : 1923-06-01DOI: 10.1109/JOAIEE.1923.6593535
C. T. Guildford
The object of this article is (a) To describe an installation of electric heating of a cotton weave shed. (b) To test the excellency of methods of estimating quantity of heat required for buildings of this kind. (c) To derive a parity between the cost per kw-hr. and a ton of coal for heating in climates where the average winter temperatures are about 22 deg. and 48 deg. respectively. (d) To determine under what conditions electric heating in a textile mill may be used.
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