Pub Date : 2004-07-26DOI: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316440
E. Im, S. Durden, Y. Rahrnat-Sarnii, H. Fang, V. Cable, M. Lou, J. Huang
The current geostationary operational environmental satellites (GOES) are equipped to make cloud top measurements only. In contrast, a millimeter-wave radar allows 3D measurements of precipitation associated with hurricanes and other convective systems. It also provide important inputs for numerical weather prediction models for improving the accuracy of weather nowcasting and forecasting. Recently, a novel instrument concept and the associated critical technologies are being developed for a 35 GHz Doppler radar for detailed monitoring of hurricanes and severe storms from a geostationary orbit. This instrument is designed to be capable of producing rainfall rate at 13-km horizontal resolution and 300-m vertical resolution, and the line-of-sight Doppler velocity at 0.3 m/s precision, of the 3D hurricane structure once per hour throughout its life cycle.
{"title":"Advanced geostationary radar for hurricane monitoring and studies","authors":"E. Im, S. Durden, Y. Rahrnat-Sarnii, H. Fang, V. Cable, M. Lou, J. Huang","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2004.1316440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2004.1316440","url":null,"abstract":"The current geostationary operational environmental satellites (GOES) are equipped to make cloud top measurements only. In contrast, a millimeter-wave radar allows 3D measurements of precipitation associated with hurricanes and other convective systems. It also provide important inputs for numerical weather prediction models for improving the accuracy of weather nowcasting and forecasting. Recently, a novel instrument concept and the associated critical technologies are being developed for a 35 GHz Doppler radar for detailed monitoring of hurricanes and severe storms from a geostationary orbit. This instrument is designed to be capable of producing rainfall rate at 13-km horizontal resolution and 300-m vertical resolution, and the line-of-sight Doppler velocity at 0.3 m/s precision, of the 3D hurricane structure once per hour throughout its life cycle.","PeriodicalId":268965,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37509)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132770682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-26DOI: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316494
H. Esfandyarpour, Y. Norouzi, M. Nayebi
A new design for two-frequency MTI radar is introduced. The suggested system can change its frequency in each pulse. Therefore, the system is very resistant to electronic warfare. The analytical results of our calculation show that the system has a very high blind speed and in realistic situations it increases signal-to-noise ratio, although it widens clutter bandwidth and detects some spurious targets.
{"title":"A novel two frequency MTI radar","authors":"H. Esfandyarpour, Y. Norouzi, M. Nayebi","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2004.1316494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2004.1316494","url":null,"abstract":"A new design for two-frequency MTI radar is introduced. The suggested system can change its frequency in each pulse. Therefore, the system is very resistant to electronic warfare. The analytical results of our calculation show that the system has a very high blind speed and in realistic situations it increases signal-to-noise ratio, although it widens clutter bandwidth and detects some spurious targets.","PeriodicalId":268965,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37509)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126937678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-26DOI: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316402
M. Stuff, M. Biancalana, G. Arnold, J. Garbarino
General Dynamics Advanced Information Systems (GDAIS), supported by the USA Air Force, has been investigating exploiting moving targets whose returns are captured by conventional SAR systems. The result is a processing system that can extract the detailed 3D motions of a moving object. This system is called Three-Dimensional Motion and Geometric Information (3DMAGI). This paper reports on work done with a full volume of data from the National Ground Intelligence Center (NGIC) and vehicle trajectories measured by an inertial system on a moving vehicle. Its goal is to determine how to best use the rich data available from advanced processing to produce images and image products that will simplify the task of exploiting the radar image. The data and sample trajectory are described as well as how they are used to emulate the result of 3DMAGI processing. The work consists of investigations into the methods of creating a 3D data volume that matches the NGIC chamber collection, starting from a small subset defined by the data surface which lies in the full volume. How much extrapolation is needed to get acceptable results is the first question posed. From there, the question of just what methods yield the best results is examined. Limitations of various methods are explained with examples. Comparisons of each method of extrapolation to the original data volume are presented to give an indication of progress toward the goal.
{"title":"Imaging moving objects in 3D from single aperture synthetic aperture radar","authors":"M. Stuff, M. Biancalana, G. Arnold, J. Garbarino","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2004.1316402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2004.1316402","url":null,"abstract":"General Dynamics Advanced Information Systems (GDAIS), supported by the USA Air Force, has been investigating exploiting moving targets whose returns are captured by conventional SAR systems. The result is a processing system that can extract the detailed 3D motions of a moving object. This system is called Three-Dimensional Motion and Geometric Information (3DMAGI). This paper reports on work done with a full volume of data from the National Ground Intelligence Center (NGIC) and vehicle trajectories measured by an inertial system on a moving vehicle. Its goal is to determine how to best use the rich data available from advanced processing to produce images and image products that will simplify the task of exploiting the radar image. The data and sample trajectory are described as well as how they are used to emulate the result of 3DMAGI processing. The work consists of investigations into the methods of creating a 3D data volume that matches the NGIC chamber collection, starting from a small subset defined by the data surface which lies in the full volume. How much extrapolation is needed to get acceptable results is the first question posed. From there, the question of just what methods yield the best results is examined. Limitations of various methods are explained with examples. Comparisons of each method of extrapolation to the original data volume are presented to give an indication of progress toward the goal.","PeriodicalId":268965,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37509)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122192853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-26DOI: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316418
J. Besada, J. García, A. Soto, M. Gomez
A real time calibration system, capable of handling several different sensors and estimating the "constant" biases of these different sensors, is described. The system can use the most common sensors used for airport surveillance. Theoretical results of the system are provided.
{"title":"On-line sensor calibration for airport data fusion","authors":"J. Besada, J. García, A. Soto, M. Gomez","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2004.1316418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2004.1316418","url":null,"abstract":"A real time calibration system, capable of handling several different sensors and estimating the \"constant\" biases of these different sensors, is described. The system can use the most common sensors used for airport surveillance. Theoretical results of the system are provided.","PeriodicalId":268965,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37509)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129917892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-26DOI: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316438
D. Page, S. Scarborough, S. Crooks
A technique for incorporating past coherent processing interval (CPI) radar data into knowledge-aided space-time adaptive processing (KASTAP) is described. The technique forms Earth-based clutter reflectivity maps to provide improved knowledge of clutter statistics in nonhomogeneous terrain environments. The maps are utilized to calculate predicted clutter covariance matrices as a function of range. Using a data set provided under the DARPA knowledge-aided sensor signal processing and expert reasoning (KASSPER) program, predicted clutter statistics are compared to measured statistics to verify the accuracy of the approach. Robust STAP weight vectors are calculated using a technique that combines covariance tapering, adaptive estimation of gain and phase corrections, knowledge-aided pre-whitening, and eigenvalue rescaling. Several performance metrics are calculated, including signal-to-interference plus noise (SINR) loss, target detections and false alarms, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and tracking performance. The results show a significant benefit to using knowledge-aided processing based on multiple CPI clutter reflectivity maps.
{"title":"Improving knowledge-aided STAP performance using past CPI data [radar signal processing]","authors":"D. Page, S. Scarborough, S. Crooks","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2004.1316438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2004.1316438","url":null,"abstract":"A technique for incorporating past coherent processing interval (CPI) radar data into knowledge-aided space-time adaptive processing (KASTAP) is described. The technique forms Earth-based clutter reflectivity maps to provide improved knowledge of clutter statistics in nonhomogeneous terrain environments. The maps are utilized to calculate predicted clutter covariance matrices as a function of range. Using a data set provided under the DARPA knowledge-aided sensor signal processing and expert reasoning (KASSPER) program, predicted clutter statistics are compared to measured statistics to verify the accuracy of the approach. Robust STAP weight vectors are calculated using a technique that combines covariance tapering, adaptive estimation of gain and phase corrections, knowledge-aided pre-whitening, and eigenvalue rescaling. Several performance metrics are calculated, including signal-to-interference plus noise (SINR) loss, target detections and false alarms, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and tracking performance. The results show a significant benefit to using knowledge-aided processing based on multiple CPI clutter reflectivity maps.","PeriodicalId":268965,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37509)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124047644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-26DOI: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316491
Dongpo Zhang, Xingzhao Liu
Over-the-horizon (OTH) HF radars work in a heavily congested HF band. It is quite difficult to find broad clear frequency bands for system requirements. The randomly discontinuous spectra (RDS) signal is employed to combat spectrum congestion since it can evade the external interferences in the frequency domain. However, the spectra discontinuity of the signal gives rise to high range sidelobes when matching the reflected echo, which is much more difficult for target detection. So it is indispensable to investigate the technique for sidelobes suppression of the range profile when an RDS signal is utilized. In this paper, we introduce a new signal processing technique, that is radically different from the conventional technique, to lower range sidelobes based on suppressing the self-clutter of the radar range ambiguity function (AF) by mismatch filtering. Simulation results show that the peak sidelobe level can be reduced to -30 dB while the frequency bands span up to 400 kHz.
{"title":"Range sidelobes suppression for wideband randomly discontinuous spectra OTH-HF radar signal","authors":"Dongpo Zhang, Xingzhao Liu","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2004.1316491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2004.1316491","url":null,"abstract":"Over-the-horizon (OTH) HF radars work in a heavily congested HF band. It is quite difficult to find broad clear frequency bands for system requirements. The randomly discontinuous spectra (RDS) signal is employed to combat spectrum congestion since it can evade the external interferences in the frequency domain. However, the spectra discontinuity of the signal gives rise to high range sidelobes when matching the reflected echo, which is much more difficult for target detection. So it is indispensable to investigate the technique for sidelobes suppression of the range profile when an RDS signal is utilized. In this paper, we introduce a new signal processing technique, that is radically different from the conventional technique, to lower range sidelobes based on suppressing the self-clutter of the radar range ambiguity function (AF) by mismatch filtering. Simulation results show that the peak sidelobe level can be reduced to -30 dB while the frequency bands span up to 400 kHz.","PeriodicalId":268965,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37509)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132941507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-26DOI: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316417
C. Cai, Weixian Liu, J. Fu, Yilong Lu
The paper deals with Doppler frequency extraction in foliage penetrating radar (FPR). The strong echoes from dense foliage and the high attenuation of the radar microwaves often make it difficult for traditional time-frequency distributions to represent the Doppler frequency clearly and locally. A Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) technology is proposed to extract the desired signal from interference and to give a new Doppler frequency Hilbert spectrum. Higher signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR) and higher resolution in the time-frequency distribution are obtained.
{"title":"Doppler frequency extraction of foliage penetration radar based on the Hilbert-Huang transform technology","authors":"C. Cai, Weixian Liu, J. Fu, Yilong Lu","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2004.1316417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2004.1316417","url":null,"abstract":"The paper deals with Doppler frequency extraction in foliage penetrating radar (FPR). The strong echoes from dense foliage and the high attenuation of the radar microwaves often make it difficult for traditional time-frequency distributions to represent the Doppler frequency clearly and locally. A Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) technology is proposed to extract the desired signal from interference and to give a new Doppler frequency Hilbert spectrum. Higher signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR) and higher resolution in the time-frequency distribution are obtained.","PeriodicalId":268965,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37509)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122094915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-26DOI: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316396
K. Morrison
The use of SAR imaging is an important tool in the laboratory RCS characterization of signature critical platforms. Despite measures to the contrary, air turbulence and mechanical vibration can produce complex perturbations of the target during the imaging process. Model code was written to provide simulations over a wide range of representative target motions and imaging schemes. The slow swept-frequency data collection schemes of many laboratory radars mean that the target can undergo significant motion during and between pulses, leading to substantial and time-varying defocusing of range profiles. Conventional motion-correction schemes cannot be used as they rely on the presence of clearly defined range profiles which can be tracked over the imaging process. It was found that replacement of a monotonically increasing frequency waveform with one in which the frequency sampling order was repeatedly randomized could produce a significant recovery of the imagery, especially in combination with data averaging. The pattern of the image degradation was found to have a complex dependence on the radar waveform scheme and target motion characteristics.
{"title":"Recovery of badly motion-degraded SAR imagery by the use of frequency-randomized waveforms","authors":"K. Morrison","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2004.1316396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2004.1316396","url":null,"abstract":"The use of SAR imaging is an important tool in the laboratory RCS characterization of signature critical platforms. Despite measures to the contrary, air turbulence and mechanical vibration can produce complex perturbations of the target during the imaging process. Model code was written to provide simulations over a wide range of representative target motions and imaging schemes. The slow swept-frequency data collection schemes of many laboratory radars mean that the target can undergo significant motion during and between pulses, leading to substantial and time-varying defocusing of range profiles. Conventional motion-correction schemes cannot be used as they rely on the presence of clearly defined range profiles which can be tracked over the imaging process. It was found that replacement of a monotonically increasing frequency waveform with one in which the frequency sampling order was repeatedly randomized could produce a significant recovery of the imagery, especially in combination with data averaging. The pattern of the image degradation was found to have a complex dependence on the radar waveform scheme and target motion characteristics.","PeriodicalId":268965,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37509)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125744273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-26DOI: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316403
C. Chen
Along-track interferometry (ATI) is an interferometric synthetic aperture radar technique that can be used to measure Earth-surface velocities. As such, the ATI technique holds promise for the detection of slowly moving ground targets. However, the models often used to characterize ATI performance were developed mainly in the context of mapping ocean currents, and they do not necessarily apply to the case of discrete, moving ground targets amidst clutter. We provide expressions for more accurately modeling the behavior of an ATI system in the context of ground moving target indication. Analysis and design equations are given for topics including target defocus, signal-to-noise and signal-to-clutter ratios, interferometric correlation, interferometric phase bias, target detection, geolocation accuracy, and area coverage rate.
{"title":"Performance assessment of along-track interferometry for detecting ground moving targets","authors":"C. Chen","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2004.1316403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2004.1316403","url":null,"abstract":"Along-track interferometry (ATI) is an interferometric synthetic aperture radar technique that can be used to measure Earth-surface velocities. As such, the ATI technique holds promise for the detection of slowly moving ground targets. However, the models often used to characterize ATI performance were developed mainly in the context of mapping ocean currents, and they do not necessarily apply to the case of discrete, moving ground targets amidst clutter. We provide expressions for more accurately modeling the behavior of an ATI system in the context of ground moving target indication. Analysis and design equations are given for topics including target defocus, signal-to-noise and signal-to-clutter ratios, interferometric correlation, interferometric phase bias, target detection, geolocation accuracy, and area coverage rate.","PeriodicalId":268965,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37509)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129397667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-26DOI: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316431
N. Levanon, E. Mozeson
Two recent results are combined to create a radar signal with improved performance. The signal is created initially from a coherent train of N identical modified Costas pulses. An orthogonal set of N phase codes is then overlayed on the N pulses.
{"title":"Orthogonal train of modified Costas pulses","authors":"N. Levanon, E. Mozeson","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2004.1316431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2004.1316431","url":null,"abstract":"Two recent results are combined to create a radar signal with improved performance. The signal is created initially from a coherent train of N identical modified Costas pulses. An orthogonal set of N phase codes is then overlayed on the N pulses.","PeriodicalId":268965,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37509)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129509415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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