Pub Date : 2004-04-26DOI: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316436
G. R. Legters, J. Guerci
The Knowledge-Aided Sensor Signal Processing and Expert Reasoning (KASSPER) program aims to improve airborne ground moving target indicator (GMTI) radar performance by taking into account all available prior knowledge. One powerful piece of information is that the radar return signal is a superposition of near-ideal plane-waves. A plane-wave signal and clutter model or sampled GMTI radar data can be used to calibrate the receive array, suppress clutter, and detect moving targets. Each range gate is processed independently. Sample covariance matrices are unnecessary. The synthetic KASSPER challenge datacube is processed to demonstrate performance.
{"title":"Physics-based airborne GMTI radar signal processing","authors":"G. R. Legters, J. Guerci","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2004.1316436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2004.1316436","url":null,"abstract":"The Knowledge-Aided Sensor Signal Processing and Expert Reasoning (KASSPER) program aims to improve airborne ground moving target indicator (GMTI) radar performance by taking into account all available prior knowledge. One powerful piece of information is that the radar return signal is a superposition of near-ideal plane-waves. A plane-wave signal and clutter model or sampled GMTI radar data can be used to calibrate the receive array, suppress clutter, and detect moving targets. Each range gate is processed independently. Sample covariance matrices are unnecessary. The synthetic KASSPER challenge datacube is processed to demonstrate performance.","PeriodicalId":268965,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37509)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114427313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-26DOI: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316467
A. Farina, M.G. Del Gaudio, U. D'Elia, S. Immediata, L. Ortenzi, L. Timmoneri, M.R. Toma
Some aspects of detection and tracking of ballistic targets are analysed in this paper. In particular, the RCS model versus aspect angle is obtained for a notional target starting from its CAD model. Subsequently, the kinematic model of the ballistic target is derived; it includes the main forces acting on it, namely, the thrust, the drag and the gravity. On the basis of these two models it is possible to determine the detection probability of a notional L-band radar during the target flight and to build up an interactive multiple model (IMM) for target tracking. The performance evaluation of the design IMM tracking algorithm is obtained via Monte Carlo simulation. In particular, highly manoeuvring aircraft and ballistic targets in the boost phase are used to check the capability of the IMM.
{"title":"Detection and tracking of ballistic target","authors":"A. Farina, M.G. Del Gaudio, U. D'Elia, S. Immediata, L. Ortenzi, L. Timmoneri, M.R. Toma","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2004.1316467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2004.1316467","url":null,"abstract":"Some aspects of detection and tracking of ballistic targets are analysed in this paper. In particular, the RCS model versus aspect angle is obtained for a notional target starting from its CAD model. Subsequently, the kinematic model of the ballistic target is derived; it includes the main forces acting on it, namely, the thrust, the drag and the gravity. On the basis of these two models it is possible to determine the detection probability of a notional L-band radar during the target flight and to build up an interactive multiple model (IMM) for target tracking. The performance evaluation of the design IMM tracking algorithm is obtained via Monte Carlo simulation. In particular, highly manoeuvring aircraft and ballistic targets in the boost phase are used to check the capability of the IMM.","PeriodicalId":268965,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37509)","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132230141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-26DOI: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316470
A. Steinhardt, J. Guerci
This paper presents a survey of the challenges associated with STAP applied to real world radar problems. We then discuss solutions that have proved viable and why, and provide hints at what may be in store in the future. A primary contention is that better physical insight is the key to better STAP. We appear to have nearly exhausted the benefit of theoretical refinements on existing elegant, through inadequate mathematical statistical models.
{"title":"STAP for RADAR: what works, what doesn't, and what's in store. IEEE radar conference, 2004","authors":"A. Steinhardt, J. Guerci","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2004.1316470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2004.1316470","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a survey of the challenges associated with STAP applied to real world radar problems. We then discuss solutions that have proved viable and why, and provide hints at what may be in store in the future. A primary contention is that better physical insight is the key to better STAP. We appear to have nearly exhausted the benefit of theoretical refinements on existing elegant, through inadequate mathematical statistical models.","PeriodicalId":268965,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37509)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128666952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-26DOI: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316498
P. Corbell, T. Hale
Research done in recent years has clearly demonstrated large improvements in clutter suppression and target detection by including elevation adaptivity, otherwise described as 3-dimensional (3D) STAP. The paper further quantifies the performance gains garnered by 3D STAP by fixing the degrees of freedom (DOF) and varying the array dimensions to include the equivalently sized linear array. The focus is placed on performance bounds established by matched filter and 3D cross-spectral metric (CSM) SINR curves generated with known covariances. The mathematical extension of the CSM from 2D to 3D is shown to be straightforward, thus allowing the CSM to serve as a partially adaptive performance bound for eigenvalue-selection based 3D STAP algorithms.
{"title":"3-dimensional STAP performance analysis using the cross-spectral metric","authors":"P. Corbell, T. Hale","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2004.1316498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2004.1316498","url":null,"abstract":"Research done in recent years has clearly demonstrated large improvements in clutter suppression and target detection by including elevation adaptivity, otherwise described as 3-dimensional (3D) STAP. The paper further quantifies the performance gains garnered by 3D STAP by fixing the degrees of freedom (DOF) and varying the array dimensions to include the equivalently sized linear array. The focus is placed on performance bounds established by matched filter and 3D cross-spectral metric (CSM) SINR curves generated with known covariances. The mathematical extension of the CSM from 2D to 3D is shown to be straightforward, thus allowing the CSM to serve as a partially adaptive performance bound for eigenvalue-selection based 3D STAP algorithms.","PeriodicalId":268965,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37509)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133792106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-26DOI: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316393
C. Chen
This paper describes a modified polar format algorithm for SAR image-formation processing. The algorithm focuses on raw data, assuming a spherical reference surface (ground surface), and, unlike standard polar format algorithms, it assumes spherical rather than planar signal wavefronts. The algorithm, or some variant of it based on the game geometry, is therefore more suitable than the standard polar format algorithm in spaceborne applications for which there is significant curvature of the platform flight track and/or curvature of the Earth surface. The algorithm is described here in the context of spotlight-mode data acquisition.
{"title":"Modified polar format algorithm for processing spaceborne SAR data","authors":"C. Chen","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2004.1316393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2004.1316393","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a modified polar format algorithm for SAR image-formation processing. The algorithm focuses on raw data, assuming a spherical reference surface (ground surface), and, unlike standard polar format algorithms, it assumes spherical rather than planar signal wavefronts. The algorithm, or some variant of it based on the game geometry, is therefore more suitable than the standard polar format algorithm in spaceborne applications for which there is significant curvature of the platform flight track and/or curvature of the Earth surface. The algorithm is described here in the context of spotlight-mode data acquisition.","PeriodicalId":268965,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37509)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133541313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-26DOI: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316423
P. Rosen
Repeat pass radar interferometry has developed into a wide ranging geodetic and change mapping tool from space. For large areas of the Earth, and for numerous applications that demand more persistent monitoring, the true potential of the repeat pass technique remains largely untapped. While the research community has made enormous strides in extracting as much information as possible from existing data sets, fundamentally new observing systems are needed for breakthroughs in a number of areas. Repeat pass interferometry techniques applied on missions to the terrestrial planets, Earth's Moon and the icy moons of Jupiter can reveal new insights in to the history of the surface and near subsurface.
{"title":"Developments in repeat pass interferometric radar for Earth and planetary sciences","authors":"P. Rosen","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2004.1316423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2004.1316423","url":null,"abstract":"Repeat pass radar interferometry has developed into a wide ranging geodetic and change mapping tool from space. For large areas of the Earth, and for numerous applications that demand more persistent monitoring, the true potential of the repeat pass technique remains largely untapped. While the research community has made enormous strides in extracting as much information as possible from existing data sets, fundamentally new observing systems are needed for breakthroughs in a number of areas. Repeat pass interferometry techniques applied on missions to the terrestrial planets, Earth's Moon and the icy moons of Jupiter can reveal new insights in to the history of the surface and near subsurface.","PeriodicalId":268965,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37509)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123414904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-26DOI: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316489
R. Hersey, W. Melvin, J. McClellan, E. Culpepper
This paper considers the novel application of space-time adaptive processing (STAP) to conformal array radar. Using numerical simulation, we characterize the performance potential of two candidate conformal array designs: a tapered, belly-mounted canoe and a conformal array taking the shape of a chined radome. We find the nonlinear nature of the conformal array design induces clutter angle-Doppler nonstationarity. This nonstationarity leads to covariance matrix estimation errors and a consequent degradation in STAP performance potential. We find these additional losses reside in the range of 4-10 dB for the two array designs under consideration. Finally, we briefly investigate several ameliorating solutions based on localized processing and time-varying weights, achieving performance gains on the order of several decibels to fully mitigating nonstationary behavior over regions of the detection space.
{"title":"Adaptive conformal array radar","authors":"R. Hersey, W. Melvin, J. McClellan, E. Culpepper","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2004.1316489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2004.1316489","url":null,"abstract":"This paper considers the novel application of space-time adaptive processing (STAP) to conformal array radar. Using numerical simulation, we characterize the performance potential of two candidate conformal array designs: a tapered, belly-mounted canoe and a conformal array taking the shape of a chined radome. We find the nonlinear nature of the conformal array design induces clutter angle-Doppler nonstationarity. This nonstationarity leads to covariance matrix estimation errors and a consequent degradation in STAP performance potential. We find these additional losses reside in the range of 4-10 dB for the two array designs under consideration. Finally, we briefly investigate several ameliorating solutions based on localized processing and time-varying weights, achieving performance gains on the order of several decibels to fully mitigating nonstationary behavior over regions of the detection space.","PeriodicalId":268965,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37509)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125324794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-26DOI: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316387
M. Fischman, C. Le, P. Rosen
The space based radar (SBR) program includes a joint technology demonstration between NASA and the Air Force to design a low-earth orbiting, 2/spl times/50 m L-band (1.26 GHz) radar system for both Earth science and intelligence-related observations. A key subsystem aboard SBR is the electronically-steerable digital beamformer (DBF) network that interfaces between 32 smaller sub-antenna panels in the array and the on-board processing electronics for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and moving target indication (MTI). In this paper, we describe the development of a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) based DBF processor for handling the algorithmically simple yet computationally intensive inner-product operations for wideband, coherent beamforming across the 50 m length of the array. Tests with an antenna array simulator demonstrate that the beamformer performance metrics (0.07/spl deg/ rms phase precision per channel, -39.0 dB peak sidelobe level) will meet the system-level requirements for SAR and MTI operating modes.
{"title":"A digital beamforming processor for the joint DoD/NASA space based radar mission","authors":"M. Fischman, C. Le, P. Rosen","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2004.1316387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2004.1316387","url":null,"abstract":"The space based radar (SBR) program includes a joint technology demonstration between NASA and the Air Force to design a low-earth orbiting, 2/spl times/50 m L-band (1.26 GHz) radar system for both Earth science and intelligence-related observations. A key subsystem aboard SBR is the electronically-steerable digital beamformer (DBF) network that interfaces between 32 smaller sub-antenna panels in the array and the on-board processing electronics for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and moving target indication (MTI). In this paper, we describe the development of a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) based DBF processor for handling the algorithmically simple yet computationally intensive inner-product operations for wideband, coherent beamforming across the 50 m length of the array. Tests with an antenna array simulator demonstrate that the beamformer performance metrics (0.07/spl deg/ rms phase precision per channel, -39.0 dB peak sidelobe level) will meet the system-level requirements for SAR and MTI operating modes.","PeriodicalId":268965,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37509)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125486924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-26DOI: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316397
J. Alter, R.M. White, F. Kretschmer, I. D. Olin, C. Temes
Contemporary signal processing combined with phased array technology using digital beamforming enables the development of an important new radar system class that provides a continuous and uninterrupted multifunction capability within a coverage volume. The central idea of ubiquitous radar is to "look everywhere all of the time". It requires the illumination of a wide coverage volume while continuously receiving signals from a "pincushion" of narrow beams filling the volume. There are no gaps either in coverage space or in time, so that all targets can be detected at the earliest time and tracks initiated. Conceptually, this technology can combine surveillance, tracking and weapons control. The paper summarizes and reviews a concept study for implementing ubiquitous radar.
{"title":"Ubiquitous radar: an implementation concept","authors":"J. Alter, R.M. White, F. Kretschmer, I. D. Olin, C. Temes","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2004.1316397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2004.1316397","url":null,"abstract":"Contemporary signal processing combined with phased array technology using digital beamforming enables the development of an important new radar system class that provides a continuous and uninterrupted multifunction capability within a coverage volume. The central idea of ubiquitous radar is to \"look everywhere all of the time\". It requires the illumination of a wide coverage volume while continuously receiving signals from a \"pincushion\" of narrow beams filling the volume. There are no gaps either in coverage space or in time, so that all targets can be detected at the earliest time and tracks initiated. Conceptually, this technology can combine surveillance, tracking and weapons control. The paper summarizes and reviews a concept study for implementing ubiquitous radar.","PeriodicalId":268965,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37509)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125544940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-26DOI: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316486
D.R. Obuchon, D. Garren, J. S. Goldstein, R. Greene, J. A. North
Conventional SAR image formation includes the effects of only direct-scattering events. However, multipath events can be included in the measured phase history data. These multipath effects appear as "ghosts" in SAR images, thereby creating adverse image reconstructions. In order to separate the direct scatterers from the multipath scattering effects, an image reconstruction algorithm for multipath scattering (IRAMS) is applied. This method incorporates a wavelet-like inversion estimate of the multipath ghosts.
{"title":"Drift inversion estimation of multipath ghosts in SAR image reconstruction","authors":"D.R. Obuchon, D. Garren, J. S. Goldstein, R. Greene, J. A. North","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2004.1316486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2004.1316486","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional SAR image formation includes the effects of only direct-scattering events. However, multipath events can be included in the measured phase history data. These multipath effects appear as \"ghosts\" in SAR images, thereby creating adverse image reconstructions. In order to separate the direct scatterers from the multipath scattering effects, an image reconstruction algorithm for multipath scattering (IRAMS) is applied. This method incorporates a wavelet-like inversion estimate of the multipath ghosts.","PeriodicalId":268965,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37509)","volume":"171 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126206034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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