Pub Date : 2004-04-26DOI: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316476
R. Gómez‐García, M. Burgos-García
Real-time implementation of electronic warfare digital receivers is strongly constrained by the limited operation rate of data processing blocks. This problem can be partially overcome by using monobit DFT instead of a conventional DFT algorithm. The main disadvantage of the monobit approximation lies in the increase of false alarm probability (P/sub FA/). An alternative data processing block based on a filter bank is proposed. This is achieved by means of a genetic algorithm optimization of the monobit DFT filter bank. P/sub D/-P/sub FA/ (detection probability - false alarm probability) performance of the digital receiver using the optimized filter bank is also discussed.
{"title":"Optimization of a monobit FFT radar interceiver using a genetic algorithm","authors":"R. Gómez‐García, M. Burgos-García","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2004.1316476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2004.1316476","url":null,"abstract":"Real-time implementation of electronic warfare digital receivers is strongly constrained by the limited operation rate of data processing blocks. This problem can be partially overcome by using monobit DFT instead of a conventional DFT algorithm. The main disadvantage of the monobit approximation lies in the increase of false alarm probability (P/sub FA/). An alternative data processing block based on a filter bank is proposed. This is achieved by means of a genetic algorithm optimization of the monobit DFT filter bank. P/sub D/-P/sub FA/ (detection probability - false alarm probability) performance of the digital receiver using the optimized filter bank is also discussed.","PeriodicalId":268965,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37509)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114786529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-26DOI: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316422
M. Martorella, F. Berizzi, S. Bruscoli
One of the most critical steps of ISAR image processing is the motion compensation, also known as ISAR image focusing. For non-cooperative targets and especially when external data are not available, autofocusing techniques must be used. Among all the techniques developed for ISAR image autofocusing, the contrast based autofocusing technique has been recently proposed by the authors. One of the critical aspects of such a technique is represented by the solution of an optimisation problem. Because the image contrast is generally a multimodal function, classic optimisation methods do not achieve the best result. In this paper a new solution of the optimisation problem is given by means of genetic algorithms. Moreover, the model of the focusing point phase history is extended to a generic polynomial and the problem of defining the polynomial order is addressed and heuristically solved. The effectiveness of the algorithm improvements, due to both the use of genetic algorithms and to the signal model extension is tested by means of real data.
{"title":"Use of genetic algorithms for ISAR image autofocusing","authors":"M. Martorella, F. Berizzi, S. Bruscoli","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2004.1316422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2004.1316422","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most critical steps of ISAR image processing is the motion compensation, also known as ISAR image focusing. For non-cooperative targets and especially when external data are not available, autofocusing techniques must be used. Among all the techniques developed for ISAR image autofocusing, the contrast based autofocusing technique has been recently proposed by the authors. One of the critical aspects of such a technique is represented by the solution of an optimisation problem. Because the image contrast is generally a multimodal function, classic optimisation methods do not achieve the best result. In this paper a new solution of the optimisation problem is given by means of genetic algorithms. Moreover, the model of the focusing point phase history is extended to a generic polynomial and the problem of defining the polynomial order is addressed and heuristically solved. The effectiveness of the algorithm improvements, due to both the use of genetic algorithms and to the signal model extension is tested by means of real data.","PeriodicalId":268965,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37509)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123775749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-26DOI: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316497
Guohua Wei, Siliang Wu, E. Mao
A vector miss distance estimation algorithm based on source localization is presented. A small antenna array is used for measuring the movement of a target. Phase differences among antennas and range from the target to the origin can be estimated by some modern spectral analysis method, such as ESPRIT or MUSIC. A closed-form source location estimate is given by the solution of a set of linear equations constructed from the estimates of phase differences and range. Then, by utilizing all source locations estimated from different samples, another set of linear equations is formed and unknown vector miss distance parameters can be estimated. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method.
{"title":"Estimation of vector miss distance based on source localization","authors":"Guohua Wei, Siliang Wu, E. Mao","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2004.1316497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2004.1316497","url":null,"abstract":"A vector miss distance estimation algorithm based on source localization is presented. A small antenna array is used for measuring the movement of a target. Phase differences among antennas and range from the target to the origin can be estimated by some modern spectral analysis method, such as ESPRIT or MUSIC. A closed-form source location estimate is given by the solution of a set of linear equations constructed from the estimates of phase differences and range. Then, by utilizing all source locations estimated from different samples, another set of linear equations is formed and unknown vector miss distance parameters can be estimated. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":268965,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37509)","volume":"167 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124160318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-26DOI: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316454
M. French, Jinwoo Suh, J. Damoulakis, S. Crago
New algorithms are being developed in the radar community that blend a priori knowledge source processing with traditional digital signal processing concepts. This operational blend necessitates a system-level architecture capable of delivering both high processing throughput and memory bandwidth. This paper derives these system parameters from the knowledge aided pre-whitening algorithm and evaluates the performance of two high performance embedded computing architectures, the Imagine and Raw processors, on these kernels. The implementation results are compared with the measured performance of a conventional system based on the PowerPC with Altivec. The results show these processors exhibit significant improvements over conventional systems and that each architecture has its own strengths and weaknesses.
{"title":"Novel signal processing architectures for knowledge-based STAP algorithms [radar SIGPRO]","authors":"M. French, Jinwoo Suh, J. Damoulakis, S. Crago","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2004.1316454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2004.1316454","url":null,"abstract":"New algorithms are being developed in the radar community that blend a priori knowledge source processing with traditional digital signal processing concepts. This operational blend necessitates a system-level architecture capable of delivering both high processing throughput and memory bandwidth. This paper derives these system parameters from the knowledge aided pre-whitening algorithm and evaluates the performance of two high performance embedded computing architectures, the Imagine and Raw processors, on these kernels. The implementation results are compared with the measured performance of a conventional system based on the PowerPC with Altivec. The results show these processors exhibit significant improvements over conventional systems and that each architecture has its own strengths and weaknesses.","PeriodicalId":268965,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37509)","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122753739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-26DOI: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316386
H. Kazemi, J. Hacker, H. Xin, M. Grace, B. Norvell, K. Higgins, M. Gilbert
The choice of InP HEMT technology is discussed for a highly efficient integrated T/R module. The module includes a receive path comprising of a low noise amplifier, phase shifter and amplifier consuming only 5 mW of DC power at X-band. The transmit path combines phase shifters and amplifiers to provide 10 mW of power per module at an efficiency of 50%. This is achieved by increasing the cut-off frequency of InP HEMT devices and sacrificing their gain for lower DC power consumption. This provides both DC and RF performance criteria for the space based radar antenna design requirements. Future T/R module technologies are also discussed, based on the antimonide based material system, which have already shown a factor of 3-4 reduction in DC power consumption compared to InP HEMT technology.
{"title":"An ultra-low power integrated T/R module for space-based radar technology","authors":"H. Kazemi, J. Hacker, H. Xin, M. Grace, B. Norvell, K. Higgins, M. Gilbert","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2004.1316386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2004.1316386","url":null,"abstract":"The choice of InP HEMT technology is discussed for a highly efficient integrated T/R module. The module includes a receive path comprising of a low noise amplifier, phase shifter and amplifier consuming only 5 mW of DC power at X-band. The transmit path combines phase shifters and amplifiers to provide 10 mW of power per module at an efficiency of 50%. This is achieved by increasing the cut-off frequency of InP HEMT devices and sacrificing their gain for lower DC power consumption. This provides both DC and RF performance criteria for the space based radar antenna design requirements. Future T/R module technologies are also discussed, based on the antimonide based material system, which have already shown a factor of 3-4 reduction in DC power consumption compared to InP HEMT technology.","PeriodicalId":268965,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37509)","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130317241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-26DOI: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316459
S. Pillai, J. Guerci, S. R. Pillai
The sample support problem in space-time adaptive processing (STAP) arises from the requirement to adapt to a changing interference environment where the available wide-sense-stationary sample support is severely limited for direct implementation of adaptive algorithms. In this paper we outline several approaches to address the sample support problem by utilizing efficient covariance matrix tapering (CMT) methods to retain the a-priori known structure of the covariance matrix. By combining efficient tapering approaches along with terrain knowledge based STAP and other preprocessing schemes such as subarray - subpulse, relaxed projection method, it is possible to reduce the data samples required in a nonstationary environment and consequently achieve superior target detection. In addition, the application of Khatri-Rao product to the data domain implementation of CMT is also introduced thus expanding the class of robust algorithms for real-time STAP implementation.
{"title":"Efficient tapering methods for STAP","authors":"S. Pillai, J. Guerci, S. R. Pillai","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2004.1316459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2004.1316459","url":null,"abstract":"The sample support problem in space-time adaptive processing (STAP) arises from the requirement to adapt to a changing interference environment where the available wide-sense-stationary sample support is severely limited for direct implementation of adaptive algorithms. In this paper we outline several approaches to address the sample support problem by utilizing efficient covariance matrix tapering (CMT) methods to retain the a-priori known structure of the covariance matrix. By combining efficient tapering approaches along with terrain knowledge based STAP and other preprocessing schemes such as subarray - subpulse, relaxed projection method, it is possible to reduce the data samples required in a nonstationary environment and consequently achieve superior target detection. In addition, the application of Khatri-Rao product to the data domain implementation of CMT is also introduced thus expanding the class of robust algorithms for real-time STAP implementation.","PeriodicalId":268965,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37509)","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128185495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-26DOI: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316460
A. Nelander
Terrain scattered interference mitigation methods for airborne radar have been studied and deconvolution methods for interference suppression have been proposed. This paper describes an analysis of the terrain scattered interference mitigation performance for different conditions and limitations. The direct path signal must be accurately estimated without strong multipath errors. A time-limited impulse response is required to avoid too much suppression of target signals. Small relative Doppler shift errors are required between the direct path and the terrain scattered paths. Several strong jamming signal sources cannot be resolved and suppressed. Receiver blocking gives errors in the impulse response estimate. Clutter signals must be suppressed for accurate impulse responses. Numerical stability must be ensured in the inverse filtering and deconvolution operations.
{"title":"Analysis of terrain scattered interference-mitigation","authors":"A. Nelander","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2004.1316460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2004.1316460","url":null,"abstract":"Terrain scattered interference mitigation methods for airborne radar have been studied and deconvolution methods for interference suppression have been proposed. This paper describes an analysis of the terrain scattered interference mitigation performance for different conditions and limitations. The direct path signal must be accurately estimated without strong multipath errors. A time-limited impulse response is required to avoid too much suppression of target signals. Small relative Doppler shift errors are required between the direct path and the terrain scattered paths. Several strong jamming signal sources cannot be resolved and suppressed. Receiver blocking gives errors in the impulse response estimate. Clutter signals must be suppressed for accurate impulse responses. Numerical stability must be ensured in the inverse filtering and deconvolution operations.","PeriodicalId":268965,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37509)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128753850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-26DOI: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316406
Daoying Ma, A. Zhang
Detecting the activities and predicting the tendencies of large groups of targets in wide battlefields are critical inputs to formulating sound military decisions. Modern airborne radar sensors can provide wide-area surveillance coverage of battlefield ground activities. When obscured by terrain or other factors, some objects may only be detectable at intervals, generating intermittent radar data and creating difficulties for tracking groups over time. We present an algorithm, termed CoreTracking, which dynamically groups individual targets into clusters and tracks the clusters over time. Most traditional clustering techniques are static-object-oriented. We propose a "core member" concept to support dynamic-object-oriented clustering and to mitigate the effects of data intermittence. Observing the movement of the core cluster members, we can track the clusters across frames and predict their future movements. The performance and results of applying the CoreTracking algorithm to CASTFOREM data sets is also presented.
{"title":"CoreTracking: an efficient approach to clustering moving targets and tracking clusters","authors":"Daoying Ma, A. Zhang","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2004.1316406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2004.1316406","url":null,"abstract":"Detecting the activities and predicting the tendencies of large groups of targets in wide battlefields are critical inputs to formulating sound military decisions. Modern airborne radar sensors can provide wide-area surveillance coverage of battlefield ground activities. When obscured by terrain or other factors, some objects may only be detectable at intervals, generating intermittent radar data and creating difficulties for tracking groups over time. We present an algorithm, termed CoreTracking, which dynamically groups individual targets into clusters and tracks the clusters over time. Most traditional clustering techniques are static-object-oriented. We propose a \"core member\" concept to support dynamic-object-oriented clustering and to mitigate the effects of data intermittence. Observing the movement of the core cluster members, we can track the clusters across frames and predict their future movements. The performance and results of applying the CoreTracking algorithm to CASTFOREM data sets is also presented.","PeriodicalId":268965,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37509)","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127051136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-26DOI: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316490
Liu Zhaolei, Zhang Guangyi
The paper investigates the effect of system geometry of netted sensors on the performance of target position estimation. Each sensor can provide range and bearing measurements, bearing only, or range only measurements. Analyses are based on the Cramer-Rao low bound and geometric dilution of precision in a 2D plane. It is concluded that target position estimation accuracy is dependent not only on the range between the sensors and the target but also on the intersection angles between the sensors' line-of-sight to the target. Scenarios in which there are two or three sensors are discussed in detail.
{"title":"Effect of system geometry of multi-sensor on accuracy of target position estimation","authors":"Liu Zhaolei, Zhang Guangyi","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2004.1316490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2004.1316490","url":null,"abstract":"The paper investigates the effect of system geometry of netted sensors on the performance of target position estimation. Each sensor can provide range and bearing measurements, bearing only, or range only measurements. Analyses are based on the Cramer-Rao low bound and geometric dilution of precision in a 2D plane. It is concluded that target position estimation accuracy is dependent not only on the range between the sensors and the target but also on the intersection angles between the sensors' line-of-sight to the target. Scenarios in which there are two or three sensors are discussed in detail.","PeriodicalId":268965,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37509)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114092423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-26DOI: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316468
J. Ferrante
A Kalman filter-based approach for fusing track data from two separate phased array radar sensors is developed and applied to a select ICBM case to demonstrate the potential enhancement of position and velocity estimates over a single radar. When compared to a theoretical assessment based on steady state filter performance, the Kalman filter approach yielded performance enhancements within 7% of theoretical prediction. The theoretical assessment indicated a 33% improvement in position accuracy and a 29% improvement in velocity accuracy for an assumed bias error in both radars. The simulation yielded a 29% improvement in position accuracy and a 22% improvement in velocity accuracy with the same bias assumption. The improvement was computed relative to the radar with twice the beamwidth and the same sensitivity as the second "fused" radar. The two radars were assumed to be collocated at the terminal area of ICBM flight.
{"title":"A Kalman filter-based radar track data fusion algorithm applied to a select ICBM case","authors":"J. Ferrante","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2004.1316468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2004.1316468","url":null,"abstract":"A Kalman filter-based approach for fusing track data from two separate phased array radar sensors is developed and applied to a select ICBM case to demonstrate the potential enhancement of position and velocity estimates over a single radar. When compared to a theoretical assessment based on steady state filter performance, the Kalman filter approach yielded performance enhancements within 7% of theoretical prediction. The theoretical assessment indicated a 33% improvement in position accuracy and a 29% improvement in velocity accuracy for an assumed bias error in both radars. The simulation yielded a 29% improvement in position accuracy and a 22% improvement in velocity accuracy with the same bias assumption. The improvement was computed relative to the radar with twice the beamwidth and the same sensitivity as the second \"fused\" radar. The two radars were assumed to be collocated at the terminal area of ICBM flight.","PeriodicalId":268965,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37509)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127142213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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