Pub Date : 2011-06-01DOI: 10.1080/17486831.2011.567020
Raymond K. H. Chan
Like other developed Asian societies, Hong Kong has experienced dramatic demographic changes since the 1980s; the rapid decline of the birth rate and the upsurge in the number of senior citizens have had a significant impact on caregiving services’ provisions and strategies. While families continue to play an important role by providing care and financial aid, the number of government-subsidized caregiving services sponsored by non-governmental organizations has grown since the 1970s. The private sector is also playing a more influential role in the provision of residential care services for the elderly. The incremental shifts in care provision during the past decades were a result of the pressures accompanying socio-economic and demographic changes, as well as the political demands of feminists and children's rights advocates. The shift in the care regime was also very much shaped by institutional considerations and government interests.
{"title":"Patterns and paths of child care and elder care in Hong Kong","authors":"Raymond K. H. Chan","doi":"10.1080/17486831.2011.567020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17486831.2011.567020","url":null,"abstract":"Like other developed Asian societies, Hong Kong has experienced dramatic demographic changes since the 1980s; the rapid decline of the birth rate and the upsurge in the number of senior citizens have had a significant impact on caregiving services’ provisions and strategies. While families continue to play an important role by providing care and financial aid, the number of government-subsidized caregiving services sponsored by non-governmental organizations has grown since the 1970s. The private sector is also playing a more influential role in the provision of residential care services for the elderly. The incremental shifts in care provision during the past decades were a result of the pressures accompanying socio-economic and demographic changes, as well as the political demands of feminists and children's rights advocates. The shift in the care regime was also very much shaped by institutional considerations and government interests.","PeriodicalId":270572,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Social Welfare","volume":"295 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115260378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-06-01DOI: 10.1080/17486831.2011.567019
S. Baek, E. Sung, Sung Hee Lee
Alarming demographic trends in Korea, particularly an unprecedented decrease in the fertility rate and an acceleration in the ageing rate, have been viewed as emerging social risks since the late 1990s. The necessity to address the consequences of these trends led to important political changes in recent decades, which have had major financial and operational impacts on the Korean care regime. The state has increased its financing of care services. Operationally, there has been a shift to “socialization of care” through vitalization of markets. Despite these important changes, the burden of care is still shouldered by families, and the priorities established by government policy have created winners and losers, depending on the type of care needed. Moreover, coverage limitations in Long-Term Care Insurance elder care services have done little to improve the financial hardship of those who require services. Extra (fee-based) programs offered by child care services have also increased the financial demand on families.
{"title":"The current coordinates of the Korean care regime","authors":"S. Baek, E. Sung, Sung Hee Lee","doi":"10.1080/17486831.2011.567019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17486831.2011.567019","url":null,"abstract":"Alarming demographic trends in Korea, particularly an unprecedented decrease in the fertility rate and an acceleration in the ageing rate, have been viewed as emerging social risks since the late 1990s. The necessity to address the consequences of these trends led to important political changes in recent decades, which have had major financial and operational impacts on the Korean care regime. The state has increased its financing of care services. Operationally, there has been a shift to “socialization of care” through vitalization of markets. Despite these important changes, the burden of care is still shouldered by families, and the priorities established by government policy have created winners and losers, depending on the type of care needed. Moreover, coverage limitations in Long-Term Care Insurance elder care services have done little to improve the financial hardship of those who require services. Extra (fee-based) programs offered by child care services have also increased the financial demand on families.","PeriodicalId":270572,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Social Welfare","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129073212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-06-01DOI: 10.1080/17486831.2011.567017
Xiaoyuan Shang, Xiaoming Wu
As a result of rapid socio-economic change, a steep decline in the fertility rate and an ageing population, the care regime in China faces challenges. Using existing data (primarily the National Surveys on Social Support to Older People in Rural and Urban China, conducted by the China Research Centre on Ageing in 2000 and 2006), we examine the change in China's care regime, focusing on the infrastructure (services and financing) and the distribution of provision among four sectors: family, state, community and the market. We show that the care regime in China remains traditional, relying heavily on the family. Although facing challenges, the state is hesitant to assume more responsibility for funding and provision.
{"title":"The care regime in China: elder and child care","authors":"Xiaoyuan Shang, Xiaoming Wu","doi":"10.1080/17486831.2011.567017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17486831.2011.567017","url":null,"abstract":"As a result of rapid socio-economic change, a steep decline in the fertility rate and an ageing population, the care regime in China faces challenges. Using existing data (primarily the National Surveys on Social Support to Older People in Rural and Urban China, conducted by the China Research Centre on Ageing in 2000 and 2006), we examine the change in China's care regime, focusing on the infrastructure (services and financing) and the distribution of provision among four sectors: family, state, community and the market. We show that the care regime in China remains traditional, relying heavily on the family. Although facing challenges, the state is hesitant to assume more responsibility for funding and provision.","PeriodicalId":270572,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Social Welfare","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132029016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-06-01DOI: 10.1080/17486831.2011.567016
N. Soma, J. Yamashita, Raymond K. H. Chan
This special issue focuses on the changing care regimes for children and older people in the East Asian societies of China, Korea, Japan, Taiwan and Hong Kong. As a result of dramatic changes in family structures and behaviours, each society has been struggling to reform its care regime. Each chapter addresses the impact of demographic trends on the care regimes, and the conclusion highlights the similarities and differences among these societies. The purpose of this introductory chapter is to map the demographic shifts and the changing profile of the family in each society, and to present a framework for the analysis of both elder and child care.
{"title":"Comparative framework for care regime analysis in East Asia","authors":"N. Soma, J. Yamashita, Raymond K. H. Chan","doi":"10.1080/17486831.2011.567016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17486831.2011.567016","url":null,"abstract":"This special issue focuses on the changing care regimes for children and older people in the East Asian societies of China, Korea, Japan, Taiwan and Hong Kong. As a result of dramatic changes in family structures and behaviours, each society has been struggling to reform its care regime. Each chapter addresses the impact of demographic trends on the care regimes, and the conclusion highlights the similarities and differences among these societies. The purpose of this introductory chapter is to map the demographic shifts and the changing profile of the family in each society, and to present a framework for the analysis of both elder and child care.","PeriodicalId":270572,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Social Welfare","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124907188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-06-01DOI: 10.1080/17486831.2011.567021
Kate Yeong Tsyr Wang
This paper begins with an analysis of Taiwanese attitudes towards traditional gender roles and filial piety. The effects of the feminist movement and of advocacy groups for the elderly on caregiving policies are then examined. Care arrangements for preschool children and the elderly in Taiwan are described, as well as the role of the government in these arrangements. Our findings show similarities in child care and elder care trends: many of the caregiving responsibilities of the family have been taken up by the state, the market, and non-profit agencies, although the family still plays a dominant role. The marketplace has assumed an increasing share of child care provision for preschoolers. Care for seniors is often provided by migrant domestic workers who are hired by the family. The expansion of the government's role in these matters in recent years has led to pressing policy issues, which this paper will address.
{"title":"Child care and elder care arrangements in Taiwan","authors":"Kate Yeong Tsyr Wang","doi":"10.1080/17486831.2011.567021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17486831.2011.567021","url":null,"abstract":"This paper begins with an analysis of Taiwanese attitudes towards traditional gender roles and filial piety. The effects of the feminist movement and of advocacy groups for the elderly on caregiving policies are then examined. Care arrangements for preschool children and the elderly in Taiwan are described, as well as the role of the government in these arrangements. Our findings show similarities in child care and elder care trends: many of the caregiving responsibilities of the family have been taken up by the state, the market, and non-profit agencies, although the family still plays a dominant role. The marketplace has assumed an increasing share of child care provision for preschoolers. Care for seniors is often provided by migrant domestic workers who are hired by the family. The expansion of the government's role in these matters in recent years has led to pressing policy issues, which this paper will address.","PeriodicalId":270572,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Social Welfare","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130827010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-06-01DOI: 10.1080/17486831.2011.567018
N. Soma, J. Yamashita
Japan has one of the lowest fertility rates (1.37 in 2009) and one of the highest proportions of seniors (22.1% in 2009) in the world. Pronatalist policy reforms have been developed in recent years, which call into question long-standing assumptions about the provision of care by the state, the market, non-profit organisations and the family. This article examines how the balance of the four poles of the “care diamond” is changing in terms of financing and providing elder and child care in Japan. We begin by briefly explaining the foundation of social care and Japanese social policy development, which is the background of the current policy agenda for child and elder care in Japan. We then explain the current elder and child care policies, and examine the results of the government's plan of “defamilialisation”.
{"title":"Child care and elder care regimes in Japan","authors":"N. Soma, J. Yamashita","doi":"10.1080/17486831.2011.567018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17486831.2011.567018","url":null,"abstract":"Japan has one of the lowest fertility rates (1.37 in 2009) and one of the highest proportions of seniors (22.1% in 2009) in the world. Pronatalist policy reforms have been developed in recent years, which call into question long-standing assumptions about the provision of care by the state, the market, non-profit organisations and the family. This article examines how the balance of the four poles of the “care diamond” is changing in terms of financing and providing elder and child care in Japan. We begin by briefly explaining the foundation of social care and Japanese social policy development, which is the background of the current policy agenda for child and elder care in Japan. We then explain the current elder and child care policies, and examine the results of the government's plan of “defamilialisation”.","PeriodicalId":270572,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Social Welfare","volume":"159 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114568082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-06-01DOI: 10.1080/17486831.2011.567023
Raymond K. H. Chan, N. Soma, J. Yamashita
The five Asian societies reviewed in this special issue have exhibited similar demographic trends, which have, in turn, presented similar challenges to their care systems. Various care regimes and arrangements have been initiated to tackle these recent challenges. Care regimes rely on care services from different sectors. While the family retains its significant role in all these societies, its care burden has been shared by other sectors, especially the state. While the state primarily provides funding, community and market sectors are playing a more significant role in the provision of services. Demographic and political forces (e.g. feminism, elderly and children's rights advocacy) have compelled the state to expand its involvement; however, the details of the reconstituted care regimes and the redistribution of roles and burdens reflect each society's institutional legacy, their ideological commitment to state or market, and their range of alternatives to state provision.
{"title":"Care regimes and responses: East Asian experiences compared","authors":"Raymond K. H. Chan, N. Soma, J. Yamashita","doi":"10.1080/17486831.2011.567023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17486831.2011.567023","url":null,"abstract":"The five Asian societies reviewed in this special issue have exhibited similar demographic trends, which have, in turn, presented similar challenges to their care systems. Various care regimes and arrangements have been initiated to tackle these recent challenges. Care regimes rely on care services from different sectors. While the family retains its significant role in all these societies, its care burden has been shared by other sectors, especially the state. While the state primarily provides funding, community and market sectors are playing a more significant role in the provision of services. Demographic and political forces (e.g. feminism, elderly and children's rights advocacy) have compelled the state to expand its involvement; however, the details of the reconstituted care regimes and the redistribution of roles and burdens reflect each society's institutional legacy, their ideological commitment to state or market, and their range of alternatives to state provision.","PeriodicalId":270572,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Social Welfare","volume":"561 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123031695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-02-01DOI: 10.1080/17486831.2011.532954
M. Ozawa, Yongwoo Lee, Kate Yeong Tsyr Wang
This study investigated the economic conditions of female-headed households in Taiwan and compared them with those in the United States and Sweden in 2000. At the descriptive level, we investigated the socioeconomic backgrounds of the households, the rate of poverty, distributive effects of public and private transfers, and Gini coefficients at each stage of income distribution. We then conducted logistic regression analyses of the poverty rate at the last stage of income distribution. The major finding was that within the context of a small welfare state, Taiwan had the lowest poverty rate before transfers and the second lowest poverty rate after transfers of the three countries we studied. Moreover, at the last stage of income distribution, only two independent variables (education and work status of the household head) affected the poverty rate. We conclude that Taiwan, as one of the developmental welfare regimes in Asia, had created a different way of enhancing the economic wellbeing of female-headed households in the past, compared with the other two countries.
{"title":"Economic conditions of female-headed households in Taiwan in comparison with the United States and Sweden","authors":"M. Ozawa, Yongwoo Lee, Kate Yeong Tsyr Wang","doi":"10.1080/17486831.2011.532954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17486831.2011.532954","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the economic conditions of female-headed households in Taiwan and compared them with those in the United States and Sweden in 2000. At the descriptive level, we investigated the socioeconomic backgrounds of the households, the rate of poverty, distributive effects of public and private transfers, and Gini coefficients at each stage of income distribution. We then conducted logistic regression analyses of the poverty rate at the last stage of income distribution. The major finding was that within the context of a small welfare state, Taiwan had the lowest poverty rate before transfers and the second lowest poverty rate after transfers of the three countries we studied. Moreover, at the last stage of income distribution, only two independent variables (education and work status of the household head) affected the poverty rate. We conclude that Taiwan, as one of the developmental welfare regimes in Asia, had created a different way of enhancing the economic wellbeing of female-headed households in the past, compared with the other two countries.","PeriodicalId":270572,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Social Welfare","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122371913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-02-01DOI: 10.1080/17486831.2011.532950
Priscilla D. Allen, W. Klein
The United States is witnessing dramatic increases in the aging population where one out of five of the approximate 309 million persons will be aged 65 and over within the next year based on increases in life expectancy and decreases in fertility replacement rates, the eldest members of the boomer generation (those born between 1946 and 1964) turning 65 in 2011, and improvements in health. Both challenges and opportunities exist for a multigenerational workforce in the future. Opportunities for elders remaining in or returning to the workforce are anticipated, and traditional retirement will be altered given that 80% of baby boomers, as cited in the National Institute on Aging's Health and Retirement Study, are expect to work past traditional retirement age. Population aging has vast political, social and economic realities for the United States and for the global community. Demographic trends, implications for the US workforce, and recommendations from institutes and organizations as leaders in promoting productive aging are provided as a means to seize upon the opportunities for action that are embedded in many of the challenges faced by the aging society of the United States.
美国正在见证老龄化人口的急剧增加，大约3.09亿人中有五分之一的人将在明年达到65岁及以上，原因是预期寿命的延长和生育率的下降，婴儿潮一代(1946年至1964年之间出生的人)中最年长的成员将在2011年年满65岁，以及健康状况的改善。未来的多代劳动力既有挑战，也有机遇。据美国国家老龄健康与退休研究所(National Institute on Aging's Health and retirement Study)称，鉴于80%的婴儿潮一代预计将在传统退休年龄之后继续工作，预计老年人将有机会留在或重返职场，而传统的退休制度将发生改变。人口老龄化对美国和全球社会具有巨大的政治、社会和经济现实。人口趋势，对美国劳动力的影响，以及作为促进生产性老龄化的领导者的机构和组织的建议，作为抓住美国老龄化社会所面临的许多挑战所蕴含的行动机会的手段。
{"title":"Productive challenges and opportunities in work and retirement: background from the United States","authors":"Priscilla D. Allen, W. Klein","doi":"10.1080/17486831.2011.532950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17486831.2011.532950","url":null,"abstract":"The United States is witnessing dramatic increases in the aging population where one out of five of the approximate 309 million persons will be aged 65 and over within the next year based on increases in life expectancy and decreases in fertility replacement rates, the eldest members of the boomer generation (those born between 1946 and 1964) turning 65 in 2011, and improvements in health. Both challenges and opportunities exist for a multigenerational workforce in the future. Opportunities for elders remaining in or returning to the workforce are anticipated, and traditional retirement will be altered given that 80% of baby boomers, as cited in the National Institute on Aging's Health and Retirement Study, are expect to work past traditional retirement age. Population aging has vast political, social and economic realities for the United States and for the global community. Demographic trends, implications for the US workforce, and recommendations from institutes and organizations as leaders in promoting productive aging are provided as a means to seize upon the opportunities for action that are embedded in many of the challenges faced by the aging society of the United States.","PeriodicalId":270572,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Social Welfare","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133405963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-02-01DOI: 10.1080/17486831.2011.532984
Hanam S. Phang
This article critically reviews issues and challenges facing population ageing in Korea, focusing on productivity change, economic growth, and old-age income security. To that end, trends and prospects of population ageing in Korea are first presented and, then, their impacts on economic growth, employment of the old-aged, and old-age income security are discussed. Policy measures and initiatives need to cope with the challenges are discussed to conclude the paper.
{"title":"Issues and challenges facing population ageing in Korea: productivity, economic growth, and old-age income security","authors":"Hanam S. Phang","doi":"10.1080/17486831.2011.532984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17486831.2011.532984","url":null,"abstract":"This article critically reviews issues and challenges facing population ageing in Korea, focusing on productivity change, economic growth, and old-age income security. To that end, trends and prospects of population ageing in Korea are first presented and, then, their impacts on economic growth, employment of the old-aged, and old-age income security are discussed. Policy measures and initiatives need to cope with the challenges are discussed to conclude the paper.","PeriodicalId":270572,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Social Welfare","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129243598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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