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Humanistic social work: core principles in practice, by Malcolm Payne 马尔科姆·佩恩著《人本主义社会工作:实践中的核心原则》
Pub Date : 2012-02-01 DOI: 10.1080/17486831.2012.636260
Brij Mohan
‘‘[Humankind] is a detotalized-totality,’’ wrote Jean-Paul Sartre (1992, p. 7). As I write this review, London is on fire. Only a few weeks ago, a demented young man shot innocent children in the world’s most peaceful city in Norway. Americans are grieving the death of 30 servicemen, including 22 Navy Seals, in a Chinook helicopter that was shot down a few days ago in Afghanistan; the disillusionment of the debt crisis has changed American world-view forever. While this psychodrama of murderous politics goes on in the West, about a million children are near starvation death in Somalia. In this troubled global context, it sounds uplifting that someone would talk about humanism. ButHumanistic Social Work, regretfully, fails to be that messiah of hope. The core principles of its ‘‘practice’’ as well as the notion microhumanism do not add up to be self-liberatory. ‘‘Anarchy in the UK’’ is on account of massive alienation as ‘‘Britain’s rioters [are] young, poor and disillusioned’’. ‘‘It’s notmy fault if reality isMarxist,’’ Che told Sartre when the latter visited Cuba at ‘‘the honeymoon of the revolution’’ (quoted by Hayman, 1987, p. 371). Humanism, Sartre pursued, ‘‘should be founded on need’’ (Hayman, 1987, p. 371). There is a class war in the streets of London and Tripoli as I conclude this review. In a world plagued by mindlessness, savagery, terror, poverty, hunger, genocide, war, and ubiquitous public corruption, one cannot remain inside the womb of self. Malcolm Payne is a thoughtful social work educator. But his new book, despite its well-intentioned premise, falls short of its promise. It is encouraging to see in Humanistic Social Work that someone finds the ‘‘contemporary social work’’ flawed as it focuses ‘‘too much on problems and deficits’’ (p. ix). ‘‘Freedom is conceived only as the nihilation of a given,’’ Sartre concluded (1966, p. 588). Arguably, a case for Logical Humanism ‘‘emanates from a retro-modern despair of post-modernity’’ (Mohan, 2006, p. 282). Philosophically, I have been an unabashed supporter of the humanistic approach to all our social problems that, dialectically, deals with dehumanization and its scourges. Any praxis devoid of this ‘‘negative’’ dimension is an invalid perspective. ‘‘Humanistic practice of social work,’’ Payne believes, ‘‘define[s] the positive only as the absence of negative . . .’’ (p. x). His postmodern emphasis on ‘‘human rights thinking, microsociology, and social construction thinking as an important requirement in fulfilling both individual personal development and the mandate of social agencies’’ (p. x) is an incomplete and self-contradictory recipe. The Parsonian system and its ‘‘mandate of social agencies’’ and emphasis on ‘‘client’’-centered ‘‘practice’’ is untransformational at best (Gouldner, 1971). Clientization is not a humanistic approach. Also, to emphasize ‘‘micro’’ at the expense of its ‘‘macro’’ dimension and their symbiosis is an intellectual impossibility. Social work, as we teach
让-保罗·萨特(Jean-Paul Sartre, 1992年,第7页)写道:“(人类)是一个去总化的整体。”就在几周前,一名精神错乱的年轻人在挪威这个世界上最和平的城市枪杀了无辜的儿童。美国人正在哀悼30名军人的死亡,其中包括22名海豹突击队队员,他们几天前在阿富汗被一架支努干直升机击落;债务危机的幻灭永远地改变了美国人的世界观。正当西方国家上演这种政治凶杀的心理剧时,索马里却有大约100万儿童濒临饿死。在这个混乱的全球背景下,有人谈论人道主义听起来令人振奋。但遗憾的是,人道主义社会工作未能成为希望的救世主。其“实践”的核心原则以及微观人本主义的概念加起来并不等于自我解放。“英国的无政府状态”是由于“英国的暴乱者(是)年轻人、穷人和幻灭者”造成的大规模异化。“如果现实是马克思主义的,那不是我的错,”当萨特在“革命的蜜月期”访问古巴时,切告诉萨特(引用自海曼,1987,第371页)。萨特追求的人文主义“应该建立在需要的基础上”(海曼,1987,第371页)。在我结束这篇评论时,伦敦和的黎波里的街头正在进行一场阶级斗争。在一个被愚昧、野蛮、恐怖、贫穷、饥饿、种族灭绝、战争和无处不在的公共腐败所困扰的世界里,一个人不能呆在自我的子宫里。马尔科姆·佩恩是一位有思想的社会工作教育家。但是他的新书,尽管出发点是好的,却没有达到预期的效果。令人鼓舞的是,在《人本社会工作》一书中,有人发现“当代社会工作”存在缺陷,因为它“过多地关注问题和缺陷”(第ix页)。萨特总结道,“自由只是被视为既定事物的虚无”(1966年,第588页)。可以说,逻辑人文主义的一个案例“源于对后现代性的后现代绝望”(Mohan, 2006,第282页)。在哲学上,我毫不掩饰地支持用人文主义方法来解决我们所有的社会问题,辩证地处理非人化及其祸害。任何缺乏这种“消极”维度的实践都是无效的观点。佩恩认为,“社会工作的人本主义实践只将积极定义为消极的缺失……”(第x页)。他的后现代主义强调“人权思维、微观社会学和社会建构思维是实现个人发展和社会机构使命的重要要求”(第x页)是一个不完整和自相矛盾的配方。帕森体系及其“社会机构的授权”和对“客户”为中心的“实践”的强调充其量是不具有变革性的(古尔德纳,1971)。客户化不是一种人性化的方法。此外,以牺牲“宏观”维度和它们的共生关系为代价来强调“微观”是一种智力上的不可能。随着我们的教学和实践,社会工作正日益变得反智化(Mohan, 2007, 2011;Stoez, Karger, & Carrilio, 2010)。国际化
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引用次数: 0
Tuberculosis and utilization of healthcare facilities by the Lepchas of Sikkim 结核病和锡金Lepchas对医疗设施的利用
Pub Date : 2012-02-01 DOI: 10.1080/17486831.2012.636256
Yasoda Sharma, V. Pillai
All tuberculosis (TB) control programs in India since their inception have heavily depended on a medical model of diagnosis and cure. The socio-economic factors associated with TB control in India have not been adequately investigated. In spite of the heavy investments made on TB control, its prevalence rates remain high among a few sub-populations such as the Scheduled Tribes who live in isolation far away from urban areas. The state of Sikkim, for example, has a TB prevalence rate of 1002 per 100,000 population. Nearly 23% of this population is classified under Scheduled Tribes. Very little is known about the likelihood of tribals seeking modern medical treatment for TB in India. The objective of this study is to explore utilization of medical services among those suffering from TB in Sikkim. For this study a sample of 50 households was acquired using the quota sampling method from a tribal village called Chota-Singtham, in East Sikkim. We found that those who have TB are more likely to use modern healthcare than those who do not. The effect of “having tuberculosis” on “modern medical care utilization” is significant and positive. We also found that those who perceive their own experiences of poverty as a source of illness are less likely to seek modern medical care. Results of this study suggest that programs and projects to improve modern healthcare utilization should be undertaken in conjunction with poverty eradication programs.
印度所有结核病控制规划自成立以来都严重依赖于诊断和治疗的医学模式。与印度结核病控制有关的社会经济因素尚未得到充分调查。尽管在结核病控制方面进行了大量投资,但在远离城市地区的与世隔绝的附表部落等少数亚群体中,结核病的流行率仍然很高。例如,锡金邦的结核病患病率为每10万人1002例。近23%的人口被归为在册部落。在印度,人们对部落寻求现代结核病治疗的可能性知之甚少。本研究的目的是探讨锡金结核病患者对医疗服务的利用情况。在本研究中,采用配额抽样方法从东锡金一个名为Chota-Singtham的部落村庄获得了50户家庭的样本。我们发现,那些患有结核病的人比那些没有结核病的人更有可能使用现代医疗保健。“患肺结核”对“现代医疗保健利用”的影响是显著的、积极的。我们还发现,那些认为自己的贫困经历是疾病根源的人不太可能寻求现代医疗保健。本研究结果建议,提高现代医疗保健利用的计划和项目应与消除贫困的计划相结合。
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引用次数: 3
Social welfare in North Korea: ethical and ideological conflicts and dilemmas 朝鲜的社会福利:伦理与意识形态的冲突与困境
Pub Date : 2012-02-01 DOI: 10.1080/17486831.2011.595079
Suk-Young Kang, T. D. Watts
Social welfare in North Korea has historically experienced ethical and ideological conflicts and dilemmas. There is a continuing conflict between military needs and social welfare needs. In traditional Marxist–Leninist thinking, the social welfare sector is large, well developed, and (theoretically) exists to serve the socialist citizenry in equalitarian ways. This principle is at odds with the perceived needs for military security by a country perceiving itself “under siege.”
朝鲜的社会福利在历史上经历了伦理和意识形态的冲突和困境。在军事需要和社会福利需要之间存在着持续的冲突。在传统的马克思列宁主义思想中,社会福利部门规模庞大,发展良好,(理论上)存在的目的是以平等的方式为社会主义公民服务。这一原则与一个认为自己“被围困”的国家对军事安全的感知需求不一致。
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引用次数: 2
Women in the Middle East and North Africa: change and continuity, by Elhum Haghighat-Sordellini 《中东和北非的女性:变化与延续》,作者:埃尔胡姆·哈格海特·索德利尼
Pub Date : 2012-02-01 DOI: 10.1080/17486831.2012.636261
S. Kapur
certain undergraduate students who are interested only in isolated self-help issues. To those who wish to see social work as a vehicle of social transformation, this is a disappointment. A self-help practice guide is useful to withstand a personal misfortune but it does not go far enough when your house is on fire, the country has gone bankrupt and its civic culture has melted down. The contours of the twentyfirst century appear challenging and uncertain. We must first look inside the box before we reconnect the dots outside the box. What is eminently clear is that our poverty of culture has failed humanity as a whole.
某些本科生只对孤立的自助问题感兴趣。对于那些希望将社会工作视为社会转型工具的人来说,这是令人失望的。自助实践指南在抵御个人不幸时是有用的,但当你的房子着火、国家破产、公民文化崩溃时,它就远远不够了。21世纪的轮廓似乎充满挑战和不确定性。在重新连接盒子外面的点之前,我们必须先看看盒子里面。非常清楚的是,我们文化的贫乏使整个人类失败了。
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引用次数: 0
Human rights in social work: an essential basis 社会工作中的人权:必不可少的基础
Pub Date : 2011-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/17486831.2011.595070
E. Reichert
The social work profession in the United States has been reluctant to integrate human rights principles into academic curricula. The teaching of human rights remains in an infant stage, even though the Council of Social Work Education now mandates integration of human rights into social work education. A major difficulty in integrating human rights into the profession concerns a lack of understanding as to what human rights actually mean. This article defines human rights and discusses their meaning for social workers. The discussion includes an overview of the universalism versus cultural relativism challenge that occurs when discussing human rights, as well as the promises of human rights.
美国的社会工作专业一直不愿将人权原则纳入学术课程。人权的教学仍然处于初级阶段,尽管社会工作教育理事会现在要求将人权纳入社会工作教育。将人权纳入专业的一个主要困难是对人权的实际含义缺乏了解。本文定义了人权,并讨论了人权对社会工作者的意义。讨论包括在讨论人权时发生的普遍主义与文化相对主义挑战的概述,以及人权的承诺。
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引用次数: 21
The Gift – Marcel Mauss and international aid 礼物——马塞尔·莫斯和国际援助
Pub Date : 2011-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/17486831.2011.595069
R. Kowalski
Mauss’ Gift is a valuable although neglected lens for examining international aid. Having delineated the often misunderstood characteristics of the Gift, the article re-examines development assistance. Whereas the market and welfare state are compatible with the modernity project, the Gift is argued to be incompatible with them whilst still pervasive in human affairs. The article finds that donors downplay the Gift system and yet are dependent upon relationships that only the system of the Gift can provide; they push modernity's market exchange where the Gift is the cultural norm; and they offer aid to promote autonomy whilst buying influence for themselves. The conclusion offers donors some possible responses including the separation of relationship management, humanitarian aid and development investment; providing for reciprocity; providing voice; and tapping into the potential of the Potlatch.
莫斯的《礼物》是审视国际援助的一个有价值但却被忽视的视角。在描述了经常被误解的礼物的特征之后,本文重新审视了发展援助。虽然市场和福利国家与现代性计划是相容的,但人们认为,天赋与它们是不相容的,但它仍然普遍存在于人类事务中。本文发现,赠与人淡化赠与制度,但仍然依赖于只有赠与制度才能提供的关系;他们推动了现代性的市场交换,其中“礼物”是文化规范;他们提供援助以促进自治,同时为自己购买影响力。结论为捐助者提供了一些可能的应对措施,包括将关系管理、人道主义援助和发展投资分开;互惠的:提供互惠的;提供的声音;挖掘Potlatch的潜力。
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引用次数: 41
Maternal mortality in developing countries: applicability of Amartya Sen's theoretical perspectives 发展中国家的孕产妇死亡率:Amartya Sen理论视角的适用性
Pub Date : 2011-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/17486831.2011.595071
Dheeshana S. Jayasundara, S. Panchanadeswaran
Maternal mortality is a serious problem faced by developing countries and has been identified as a key millennium development goal. This paper empirically tested the efficacy of Amartya Sen's human development perspectives to combat maternal mortality. Path analysis was used to test the empirical model. Test results found full support of the theoretical model. The findings have significant implications for reducing maternal mortality through social development efforts that improve reproductive capability.
产妇死亡率是发展中国家面临的一个严重问题,已被确定为一项关键的千年发展目标。本文通过实证检验了Amartya Sen的人类发展观点在降低孕产妇死亡率方面的有效性。采用通径分析对实证模型进行检验。测试结果完全支持理论模型。研究结果对通过提高生殖能力的社会发展努力降低产妇死亡率具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 2
Ethnocentric bias in the comparative study of social welfare: the case of welfare reforms in Hong Kong 社会福利比较研究中的种族中心主义偏见:以香港福利改革为例
Pub Date : 2011-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/17486831.2011.595072
R. Chau, S. Yu
By studying the debate on whether the pro-market reforms in Hong Kong are positively related to Confucianism, this paper is intended to contribute to the examination of the importance of two views on the ethnocentric bias in the comparative study of social welfare. The first view attributes the bias to the under-emphasis between the western and non-western governments in organising social welfare. The second view attributes the bias to the over-emphasis on the similarities between the western and non-western governments in organising social welfare. Based on the study of Hong Kong as a case, this paper argues that both views enhance our understanding of how non-western governments organise social welfare in response to their cultural heritage and the ideas upheld by some western governments.
通过研究香港的市场化改革是否与儒家思想有正相关的争论,本文旨在探讨两种关于种族中心偏见的观点在社会福利比较研究中的重要性。第一种观点将这种偏见归因于西方和非西方政府在组织社会福利方面的重视程度不足。第二种观点将这种偏见归因于过分强调西方和非西方政府在组织社会福利方面的相似之处。本文以香港为个案进行研究,认为这两种观点有助我们了解非西方政府如何因应其文化遗产而组织社会福利,以及一些西方政府所秉持的理念。
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引用次数: 4
Integrated community development through dialogue, capacity-building and partnership in an Australian town 通过对话、能力建设和伙伴关系在澳大利亚小镇实现综合社区发展
Pub Date : 2011-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/17486831.2011.595076
M. Pawar, R. Torres
This article discusses the process of mobilising the four sectors – community, government, non-government organisations and business – towards developing dialogical relationships, building community capacity and creating opportunities to meet the felt needs of youth in a rural town in Australia. Drawing on Paulo Freire's thoughts, the qualitative data, field education records, community workers actions and the authors’ reflections, it critically analyses several key factors that facilitated and hindered participation of a range of agencies and people in initiating and maintaining community projects. The article argues that, although challenging, the four sectors can develop partnerships and work together, and similar integrated community-based projects can be replicated elsewhere.
本文讨论了动员四个部门——社区、政府、非政府组织和企业——发展对话关系、建设社区能力和创造机会以满足澳大利亚农村城镇青年的感受需求的过程。借鉴保罗·弗莱雷的思想、定性数据、实地教育记录、社区工作者的行动和作者的思考,批判性地分析了促进和阻碍一系列机构和个人参与发起和维护社区项目的几个关键因素。这篇文章认为,尽管具有挑战性,但这四个部门可以发展伙伴关系并共同努力,类似的以社区为基础的综合项目可以在其他地方复制。
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引用次数: 5
Homeownership among single Vietnamese American adults 单身越南裔美国人的住房拥有率
Pub Date : 2011-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/17486831.2011.595074
T. Tran, Phu Phan
This paper explored factors contributing to homeownership among single Vietnamese American adults aged 25–64 using the 1980, 1990, and 2000 census data. The data were stratified into two subsamples based on age (25–49 and 50–64). Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify which of the 10 selected variables had statistically significant association with homeownership in each age group across the three censuses. The results revealed that among single Vietnamese Americans adults there was a healthy trend of changes in homeownership throughout these three decades of resettlement. Two factors that had somewhat consistent measures of association with homeownership were personal income and number of siblings. Despite the limited variation in sample sizes for the older single adults aged 50–64, this study provided some valuable preliminary insights into the homeownership of one of the newly established immigrant communities in the United States. The results highlight the role of economic achievement and family support in impacting the successful assimilation of newly-arrived immigrants or refugees.
本文利用1980年、1990年和2000年的人口普查数据,探讨了25-64岁单身越南裔美国人拥有住房的因素。数据根据年龄(25-49岁和50-64岁)分为两个亚样本。进行逻辑回归分析,以确定10个选定变量中哪些与三次人口普查中每个年龄组的住房拥有率有统计学意义。结果显示,在这三十年的重新安置中,单身越南裔美国人的住房拥有率出现了健康的变化趋势。个人收入和兄弟姐妹的数量这两个因素在某种程度上与房屋所有权有关联。尽管50-64岁的老年单身成年人的样本量变化有限,但本研究为美国新建立的移民社区之一的住房所有权提供了一些有价值的初步见解。研究结果强调了经济成就和家庭支持在影响新移民或难民成功同化方面的作用。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Comparative Social Welfare
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