Pub Date : 2005-11-01DOI: 10.1191/0143624405bt137oa
S. Pretlove, T. Oreszczyn, I. Ridley, T. Wilkinson, D. Crowther
This paper describes the development, testing and validation of a simple steady-state hygrothermal bed model (BED) which predicts conditions of temperature and relative humidity within the bed core (the occupied space between mattress and covering), given the temperature and relative humidity of the bedroom. BED is the second of three simple steady-state models that in combination allow the impact of modifying bedroom hygrothermal conditions on dust mite populations to be assessed. The first of the trio is Condensation Targeter II, an existing validated model that predicts average monthly conditions of temperature and relative humidity within the bedroom. These conditions are then used as boundary conditions for the BED model which predicts hygrothermal conditions within the bed core. Finally, these outputs are in turn used as inputs to a simple Mite Population Index (MPI) model (to be described elsewhere) that predicts their likely effect on house dust mite population growth in the bed. As reported here, BED has been validated using monitored bedroom and bed data for a full year in three dwellings and the results show that the steady state model predicts monthly bed hygrothermal conditions with a reasonable degree of accuracy. Using Condensation Targeter II and BED in combination, a sensitivity study has been carried out to assess the impact of changes in input parameters of both models on hygrothermal conditions in the bed core. This highlights the importance that the design of the fabric and services of the building has on the hygrothermal conditions in a bed. The impact of climate change has also been assessed using future climate change scenarios. Practical application: This paper describes in detail a simple steady-state model, (BED) which is used to predict the monthly average temperature and relative humidity within a bed, given the ambient conditions within the bedroon. The input parameters, output parameters and the model formulae are provided so that the model can be easily implemented. BED is the second of three simple models that are used to predict, first the bedroon conditions (Condensation Targeter II), second the bed conditions (BED) and finally the likely effect on house dust mite population growth using a simple Mite Population Index (MPI).
{"title":"A steady-state model for predicting hygrothermal conditions in beds in relation to house dust mite requirements","authors":"S. Pretlove, T. Oreszczyn, I. Ridley, T. Wilkinson, D. Crowther","doi":"10.1191/0143624405bt137oa","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1191/0143624405bt137oa","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the development, testing and validation of a simple steady-state hygrothermal bed model (BED) which predicts conditions of temperature and relative humidity within the bed core (the occupied space between mattress and covering), given the temperature and relative humidity of the bedroom. BED is the second of three simple steady-state models that in combination allow the impact of modifying bedroom hygrothermal conditions on dust mite populations to be assessed. The first of the trio is Condensation Targeter II, an existing validated model that predicts average monthly conditions of temperature and relative humidity within the bedroom. These conditions are then used as boundary conditions for the BED model which predicts hygrothermal conditions within the bed core. Finally, these outputs are in turn used as inputs to a simple Mite Population Index (MPI) model (to be described elsewhere) that predicts their likely effect on house dust mite population growth in the bed. As reported here, BED has been validated using monitored bedroom and bed data for a full year in three dwellings and the results show that the steady state model predicts monthly bed hygrothermal conditions with a reasonable degree of accuracy. Using Condensation Targeter II and BED in combination, a sensitivity study has been carried out to assess the impact of changes in input parameters of both models on hygrothermal conditions in the bed core. This highlights the importance that the design of the fabric and services of the building has on the hygrothermal conditions in a bed. The impact of climate change has also been assessed using future climate change scenarios. Practical application: This paper describes in detail a simple steady-state model, (BED) which is used to predict the monthly average temperature and relative humidity within a bed, given the ambient conditions within the bedroon. The input parameters, output parameters and the model formulae are provided so that the model can be easily implemented. BED is the second of three simple models that are used to predict, first the bedroon conditions (Condensation Targeter II), second the bed conditions (BED) and finally the likely effect on house dust mite population growth using a simple Mite Population Index (MPI).","PeriodicalId":272488,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research and Technology","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121675467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-11-01DOI: 10.1191/0143624405bt138tn
L. de Santoli, G. Felici
In this paper we present an expert system for the energy performance evaluation of buildings. The system is obtained from the integration of different evaluation methodologies in a unified framework and results in a friendly tool made available to internet users, who can obtain, in real time, good quality performance certificates. The scope of the project is to develop a performance assessment of buildings that is both complete and flexible, and that could be extended to different environmental conditions. The project has been originated from the official European procedure EPBD 2002/91/CE which states the essential requirements in a performance-based building strategy. The expert system designed in the first stage of the project has been embedded in a software tool named BEEPS (Building Environment and Energy Performance System), where a Life Cycle Analysis technique is implemented to provide a material and energy balance over the entire life of the material, product or service. This embodies the knowledge of experts in energy evaluations and makes such knowledge available to users in a comprehensible and concise way. A dynamic set of rules processes the data on the building, draws the proper conclusions and constructs a certificate in textual form combining analysis, motivations and suggestions to improve the energetic efficiency of the considered building. The system has been customized for the production of energy performance certificates of buildings in Italy, taking into account climatic conditions, indoor environment requirements, and cost-effectiveness. Residential premises and winter have been considered in a first stage. In the paper we also describe the validation of the proposed tool on 120 case-studies related to residential real estate built in Rome during the last century. Additional components of the project that strongly contribute to the effectiveness of BEEPS are also described, such as the analysis of the building typology and the use of the Geographical Information System for data gathering. The full system is currently available on-line at www.beepsitalia.it. Practical application: In this paper an expert system for the energy performance evaluation of buildings is presented. The scope of the study is to develop a tool for the performance assessment of buildings that is both complete and flexible, and that could be extended to different environmental conditions which matchesthe European Directive EPBD 2002/91/CE. The expert system designed has been embedded in a software tool named BEEPS (Building Environment and Energy Performance System), this is available on-line at www.beepsitalia.it.
{"title":"Use of an expert system rating for the energy performance of a building","authors":"L. de Santoli, G. Felici","doi":"10.1191/0143624405bt138tn","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1191/0143624405bt138tn","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we present an expert system for the energy performance evaluation of buildings. The system is obtained from the integration of different evaluation methodologies in a unified framework and results in a friendly tool made available to internet users, who can obtain, in real time, good quality performance certificates. The scope of the project is to develop a performance assessment of buildings that is both complete and flexible, and that could be extended to different environmental conditions. The project has been originated from the official European procedure EPBD 2002/91/CE which states the essential requirements in a performance-based building strategy. The expert system designed in the first stage of the project has been embedded in a software tool named BEEPS (Building Environment and Energy Performance System), where a Life Cycle Analysis technique is implemented to provide a material and energy balance over the entire life of the material, product or service. This embodies the knowledge of experts in energy evaluations and makes such knowledge available to users in a comprehensible and concise way. A dynamic set of rules processes the data on the building, draws the proper conclusions and constructs a certificate in textual form combining analysis, motivations and suggestions to improve the energetic efficiency of the considered building. The system has been customized for the production of energy performance certificates of buildings in Italy, taking into account climatic conditions, indoor environment requirements, and cost-effectiveness. Residential premises and winter have been considered in a first stage. In the paper we also describe the validation of the proposed tool on 120 case-studies related to residential real estate built in Rome during the last century. Additional components of the project that strongly contribute to the effectiveness of BEEPS are also described, such as the analysis of the building typology and the use of the Geographical Information System for data gathering. The full system is currently available on-line at www.beepsitalia.it. Practical application: In this paper an expert system for the energy performance evaluation of buildings is presented. The scope of the study is to develop a tool for the performance assessment of buildings that is both complete and flexible, and that could be extended to different environmental conditions which matchesthe European Directive EPBD 2002/91/CE. The expert system designed has been embedded in a software tool named BEEPS (Building Environment and Energy Performance System), this is available on-line at www.beepsitalia.it.","PeriodicalId":272488,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research and Technology","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130043261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-08-01DOI: 10.1191/0143624405bt129oa
T. Chenvidyakarn, A. Woods
This paper studies the summertime regime of precooled natural ventilation of an auditorium or other occupied open-plan space equipped with a high-level vent and a low-level vent. A chiller unit is connected to the high-level vent to provide precooling. Fresh air from the exterior comes into the room through the high-level vent passing through the precooling system. Precooled air then produces negative (downward) buoyancy, which overcomes positive (upward) buoyancy produced by the occupants, and displaces original air in the room downwards and out through the low-level vent. This leads to an equilibrium in which a steady downflow is maintained, and in which the room becomes thermally uniform at a temperature below that of the exterior. A quantitative model is developed to describe these conditions and successfully tested with analogue laboratory experiments. The model shows that for a given room geometry and chiller, there is a maximum heat load which can be accommodated while maintaining ventilation and thermal comfort through downward ventilation. We show how effective and energy-efficient ventilation may be achieved through coordinated adjustment of the vent area and the amount of cooling. Practical application: Top-down precooled natural ventilation can be an effective and energy efficient technique for providing thermal and ventilation comfort in a wide range of modern buildings during high summer or in warm climates. The present work describes how the system works, and how it may be controlled to achieve satisfactory results in terms of comfort and energy efficiency.
{"title":"Top-down precooled natural ventilation","authors":"T. Chenvidyakarn, A. Woods","doi":"10.1191/0143624405bt129oa","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1191/0143624405bt129oa","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies the summertime regime of precooled natural ventilation of an auditorium or other occupied open-plan space equipped with a high-level vent and a low-level vent. A chiller unit is connected to the high-level vent to provide precooling. Fresh air from the exterior comes into the room through the high-level vent passing through the precooling system. Precooled air then produces negative (downward) buoyancy, which overcomes positive (upward) buoyancy produced by the occupants, and displaces original air in the room downwards and out through the low-level vent. This leads to an equilibrium in which a steady downflow is maintained, and in which the room becomes thermally uniform at a temperature below that of the exterior. A quantitative model is developed to describe these conditions and successfully tested with analogue laboratory experiments. The model shows that for a given room geometry and chiller, there is a maximum heat load which can be accommodated while maintaining ventilation and thermal comfort through downward ventilation. We show how effective and energy-efficient ventilation may be achieved through coordinated adjustment of the vent area and the amount of cooling. Practical application: Top-down precooled natural ventilation can be an effective and energy efficient technique for providing thermal and ventilation comfort in a wide range of modern buildings during high summer or in warm climates. The present work describes how the system works, and how it may be controlled to achieve satisfactory results in terms of comfort and energy efficiency.","PeriodicalId":272488,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research and Technology","volume":"1992 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128605904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-08-01DOI: 10.1191/0143624405bt131oa
M. McEvoy, R. Southall
An experimental ‘whole house low energy ventilation system’ has been installed and tested in dwellings in Denmark and Poland. Both sites have adjacent houses of identical plan layout, which have been used as a control for the experimental dwellings. A weather station was installed adjacent to each site, and each of the dwellings, test and control, has been extensively monitored to measure indoor airflow and comfort conditions, and the amount of energy being supplied for heating in winter. The design of the systems was established by computer fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis and by a dynamic simulation using ESP-r. The low U-values that can be achieved by ‘air supply’ windows, suggested by previous tests and simulations, have been confirmed by the monitored results. Similarly the levels of preheat to ventilation air achieved by the windows have reached the percentages expected from the simulation models. Practical application: This study is part of an ongoing investigation into the use of an innovative technology for whole house ventilation. Since this is the direction of the forthcoming revision to the UK Building Regulations it has obvious implications for practice.
{"title":"Comparison of the performance of a whole house low energy ventilation system in contrasting European climatic regions","authors":"M. McEvoy, R. Southall","doi":"10.1191/0143624405bt131oa","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1191/0143624405bt131oa","url":null,"abstract":"An experimental ‘whole house low energy ventilation system’ has been installed and tested in dwellings in Denmark and Poland. Both sites have adjacent houses of identical plan layout, which have been used as a control for the experimental dwellings. A weather station was installed adjacent to each site, and each of the dwellings, test and control, has been extensively monitored to measure indoor airflow and comfort conditions, and the amount of energy being supplied for heating in winter. The design of the systems was established by computer fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis and by a dynamic simulation using ESP-r. The low U-values that can be achieved by ‘air supply’ windows, suggested by previous tests and simulations, have been confirmed by the monitored results. Similarly the levels of preheat to ventilation air achieved by the windows have reached the percentages expected from the simulation models. Practical application: This study is part of an ongoing investigation into the use of an innovative technology for whole house ventilation. Since this is the direction of the forthcoming revision to the UK Building Regulations it has obvious implications for practice.","PeriodicalId":272488,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research and Technology","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122912660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-08-01DOI: 10.1191/0143624405bt120oa
J. Swaffield, D. Campbell, M. Gormley
Air pressure transient propagation within building drainage and vent systems may feature either, or both, positive and negative pressure changes in response to decelerating or accelerating flow conditions. Local venting, or the use of inwards relief air admittance valves, has traditionally suppressed negative transients. Positive transients have only been dealt with by the use of open roof terminations. This paper introduces an approach to positive air pressure transient suppression based upon the use of a flexible, variable volume containment vessel capable of reducing the rate of change of the entrained air following a system surcharge. The experimental programme to provide proof of concept, together with the simulation of the device utilizing the method of characteristics solution of the St Venant equations is detailed. Recommendations as to the suitability of bag materials and installation choices are presented, along with comparisons of surge relief efficiency. Practical application: The control of air pressure transients in building drainage systems has been limited due to the need to attenuate positive pressure propagation via an open termination at roof level - a poor solution as the transient will have affected all system trap seals before reaching the relief vent. The Positive Air Pressure Attenuator - an expandable bag that controls the rate of change of entrained airflow within the system - reduces the possibility of trap-seal loss due to positive transient propagation. Potentially this is a major contribution to vent system design that could revolutionize 150 years of design methodology.
{"title":"Pressure transient control: Part II—simulation and design of a positive surge protection device for building drainage networks","authors":"J. Swaffield, D. Campbell, M. Gormley","doi":"10.1191/0143624405bt120oa","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1191/0143624405bt120oa","url":null,"abstract":"Air pressure transient propagation within building drainage and vent systems may feature either, or both, positive and negative pressure changes in response to decelerating or accelerating flow conditions. Local venting, or the use of inwards relief air admittance valves, has traditionally suppressed negative transients. Positive transients have only been dealt with by the use of open roof terminations. This paper introduces an approach to positive air pressure transient suppression based upon the use of a flexible, variable volume containment vessel capable of reducing the rate of change of the entrained air following a system surcharge. The experimental programme to provide proof of concept, together with the simulation of the device utilizing the method of characteristics solution of the St Venant equations is detailed. Recommendations as to the suitability of bag materials and installation choices are presented, along with comparisons of surge relief efficiency. Practical application: The control of air pressure transients in building drainage systems has been limited due to the need to attenuate positive pressure propagation via an open termination at roof level - a poor solution as the transient will have affected all system trap seals before reaching the relief vent. The Positive Air Pressure Attenuator - an expandable bag that controls the rate of change of entrained airflow within the system - reduces the possibility of trap-seal loss due to positive transient propagation. Potentially this is a major contribution to vent system design that could revolutionize 150 years of design methodology.","PeriodicalId":272488,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research and Technology","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114471289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-08-01DOI: 10.1191/0143624405bt132tn
GF Menzies, J. Wherrett
This paper details case studies undertaken in four office buildings in Edinburgh, Scotland. Analyses were undertaken of the energy requirements to maintain room temperature in each building. Alternative high performance window specifications were analysed and compared to results for existing specifications. Comparisons were made between the additional embodied energy and associated emissions, and financial cost required to install higher performance windows at the initial build stage, and the potential savings in life-cycle energy and running costs. Results showed substantial savings can be made over the lifespan of windows by optimizing specification. Payback periods for energy and financial cost for some window systems were within acceptable limits, when specified in the initial build. The financial payback periods for replacement windows were higher, emphasizing the need for sustainable and energy efficient choices at the initial design stage. Practical application: This paper contains recent case study findings and practical issues relating to the embodied energy of materials and components used in multiglazed windows; and life cycle costing issues which prevail in all current building sectors. Many construction professionals are calling for more detailed and widely available information relating to the sustainability of building components. Pressure is rising for manufacturers and suppliers to meet this demand effectively. 1 Introduction
{"title":"Multiglazed windows: potential for savings in energy, emissions and cost","authors":"GF Menzies, J. Wherrett","doi":"10.1191/0143624405bt132tn","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1191/0143624405bt132tn","url":null,"abstract":"This paper details case studies undertaken in four office buildings in Edinburgh, Scotland. Analyses were undertaken of the energy requirements to maintain room temperature in each building. Alternative high performance window specifications were analysed and compared to results for existing specifications. Comparisons were made between the additional embodied energy and associated emissions, and financial cost required to install higher performance windows at the initial build stage, and the potential savings in life-cycle energy and running costs. Results showed substantial savings can be made over the lifespan of windows by optimizing specification. Payback periods for energy and financial cost for some window systems were within acceptable limits, when specified in the initial build. The financial payback periods for replacement windows were higher, emphasizing the need for sustainable and energy efficient choices at the initial design stage. Practical application: This paper contains recent case study findings and practical issues relating to the embodied energy of materials and components used in multiglazed windows; and life cycle costing issues which prevail in all current building sectors. Many construction professionals are calling for more detailed and widely available information relating to the sustainability of building components. Pressure is rising for manufacturers and suppliers to meet this demand effectively. 1 Introduction","PeriodicalId":272488,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research and Technology","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124392198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-08-01DOI: 10.1191/0143624405bt134oa
D. Xiao, J. Spitler, S. Rees, R. Dougherty
As part of a recent effort to develop an analytical verification test suite for building fabric models of whole building energy simulation programs, two new transient conduction analytical tests have been developed. These new tests make it possible to use boundary conditions that are typical of real building conduction heat transfer conditions. This paper describes the corresponding analytical models and the derivation of the solutions. Some details of existing tests are given for the sake of completeness. The zone description and parameter requirements necessary to apply the tests, along with results from two test programs, are also presented. Practical application: Building energy simulation programs are being increasingly relied upon by practicing engineers for design, performance evaluation and in demonstrating regulation compliance. Accordingly there is a significant demand for simulation model and computer program quality assurance. These tests can be used by developers and users to demonstrate a program’s ability to calculate conduction heat transfer processes.
{"title":"Transient conduction analytical solutions for testing of building energy simulation programs","authors":"D. Xiao, J. Spitler, S. Rees, R. Dougherty","doi":"10.1191/0143624405bt134oa","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1191/0143624405bt134oa","url":null,"abstract":"As part of a recent effort to develop an analytical verification test suite for building fabric models of whole building energy simulation programs, two new transient conduction analytical tests have been developed. These new tests make it possible to use boundary conditions that are typical of real building conduction heat transfer conditions. This paper describes the corresponding analytical models and the derivation of the solutions. Some details of existing tests are given for the sake of completeness. The zone description and parameter requirements necessary to apply the tests, along with results from two test programs, are also presented. Practical application: Building energy simulation programs are being increasingly relied upon by practicing engineers for design, performance evaluation and in demonstrating regulation compliance. Accordingly there is a significant demand for simulation model and computer program quality assurance. These tests can be used by developers and users to demonstrate a program’s ability to calculate conduction heat transfer processes.","PeriodicalId":272488,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research and Technology","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124984451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-08-01DOI: 10.1191/0143624405bt130tn
C. Short, Mj Cook
This paper considers the reconstruction and redesign for natural ventilation of the UK’s stock of performing arts buildings from the 1960s and 1970s * / many of which are regarded as barely fit for service because of poorly maintained and noisy mechanical ventilation systems. The paper reviews interventions by the lead author into three such buildings, intended, in part, to reduce their dependence on mechanical systems and improve their thermal and aural comfort. It reports on the ventilation and control strategies devised, the difficulties encountered during design development and the performance achieved. Design issues deriving specifically from the application of natural ventilation principles to the three theatres are identified. The paper provides design guidance for intervention in this building type distilled from the authors’ practical experience. Practical application: This paper catalogues a series of naturally ventilated auditoria built by the lead author, records their key physical characteristics and gives an indication of their performance. Practitioners can use the guidance contained in this paper in the formulation of their own draft schemes. Natural ventilation is peculiarly suited to performing arts spaces due to its almost silent operation. Actors and artistic directors appear to prefer working in nonmechanically-conditioned environments. Furthermore, operating costs are particularly important to revenue-poor arts organizations.
{"title":"Design guidance for naturally ventilated theatres","authors":"C. Short, Mj Cook","doi":"10.1191/0143624405bt130tn","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1191/0143624405bt130tn","url":null,"abstract":"This paper considers the reconstruction and redesign for natural ventilation of the UK’s stock of performing arts buildings from the 1960s and 1970s * / many of which are regarded as barely fit for service because of poorly maintained and noisy mechanical ventilation systems. The paper reviews interventions by the lead author into three such buildings, intended, in part, to reduce their dependence on mechanical systems and improve their thermal and aural comfort. It reports on the ventilation and control strategies devised, the difficulties encountered during design development and the performance achieved. Design issues deriving specifically from the application of natural ventilation principles to the three theatres are identified. The paper provides design guidance for intervention in this building type distilled from the authors’ practical experience. Practical application: This paper catalogues a series of naturally ventilated auditoria built by the lead author, records their key physical characteristics and gives an indication of their performance. Practitioners can use the guidance contained in this paper in the formulation of their own draft schemes. Natural ventilation is peculiarly suited to performing arts spaces due to its almost silent operation. Actors and artistic directors appear to prefer working in nonmechanically-conditioned environments. Furthermore, operating costs are particularly important to revenue-poor arts organizations.","PeriodicalId":272488,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research and Technology","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125805239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-05-01DOI: 10.1191/0143624405bt123tn
I. Kuo, Chi-Ming Lai
This study set out to investigate the potential of installing a new common roof turbine ventilator on to an existing bathroom ventilation system which serves 14 bathrooms in the first dormitory block of Leader University in Taiwan, and evaluate the overall ventilation performance of this new combination. Field measurements of airflow in the ventilation ducts and low-speed wind tunnel experiments for this turbine ventilator were carried out. The results showed that the combination of the roof turbine ventilator and bathroom ventilation were successful in achieving sufficient air change rate in bathrooms, and this ventilation design alternative is now proposed as a method of improving the indoor air environment in bathrooms.
{"title":"Assessment of the potential of roof turbine ventilators for bathroom ventilation","authors":"I. Kuo, Chi-Ming Lai","doi":"10.1191/0143624405bt123tn","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1191/0143624405bt123tn","url":null,"abstract":"This study set out to investigate the potential of installing a new common roof turbine ventilator on to an existing bathroom ventilation system which serves 14 bathrooms in the first dormitory block of Leader University in Taiwan, and evaluate the overall ventilation performance of this new combination. Field measurements of airflow in the ventilation ducts and low-speed wind tunnel experiments for this turbine ventilator were carried out. The results showed that the combination of the roof turbine ventilator and bathroom ventilation were successful in achieving sufficient air change rate in bathrooms, and this ventilation design alternative is now proposed as a method of improving the indoor air environment in bathrooms.","PeriodicalId":272488,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research and Technology","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128171422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-05-01DOI: 10.1191/0143624405bt119oa
J. Swaffield, D. Campbell, M. Gormley
Pressure transient propagation is a wholly natural consequence of any change in operating conditions for a fluid carrying system. Rapid changes in flow conditions generate surge conditions that may result in system failure. The analysis of these phenomena has progressed over the past 100 years from empirical research aimed at the protection of large-scale pipeline and plant networks to the development of computing simulations to support system design. Pressure surge analysis is therefore a consideration in the design and operation of all fluid systems: the objective of such an analysis being the prediction, control and suppression of transients. This paper presents the background to the development of surge alleviation, from traditional pipeline protection to applications within building drainage and vent systems, thereby stressing that the system failure consequences of transient propagation are dependent on the particular system, independent of absolute surge pressure, and that system protection criteria may be developed that apply regardless of the system or the severity of the transient. Practical application: The control of air pressure transients in building drainage systems has been limited due to the need to attenuate positive pressure propagation via an open termination at roof level - a poor solution as the transient will have affected all system trap seals before reaching the relief vent. The Positive Air Pressure Attenuator - an expandable bag that controls the rate of change of entrained airflow within the system - reduces the possibility of trapseal loss due to positive transient propagation. Potentially this is a major contribution to vent system design that could revolutionize 150 years of design methodology.
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