Pub Date : 2005-05-01DOI: 10.1191/0143624405bt122oa
M. Asif, T. Muneer, J. Kubie
Cost effectiveness of products and services has become very important in today’s highly competitive market. The customer needs a product that accomplishes its required functions with economy. Value engineering is a very interesting management technique that analyses alternative solutions and identifies the best possible option. The presented work analyses various designs of timber and aluminium clad timber windows on value energy parameters to determine their overall functional performance and cost effectiveness. Life-cycle costing of windows has been carried out over a 40-year life span taking into account all the major cost factors involved. Running cost, the dominant element in life-cycle cost of windows, has been calculated for four possible maintenance options. Results have indicated that an ‘air-filled triple-glazed aluminium-clad timber window’ is the value engineered choice amongst the range of window designs studied; it is the most cost effective when employed with gas and paint for space heating and maintenance purposes respectively.
{"title":"A value engineering analysis of timber windows","authors":"M. Asif, T. Muneer, J. Kubie","doi":"10.1191/0143624405bt122oa","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1191/0143624405bt122oa","url":null,"abstract":"Cost effectiveness of products and services has become very important in today’s highly competitive market. The customer needs a product that accomplishes its required functions with economy. Value engineering is a very interesting management technique that analyses alternative solutions and identifies the best possible option. The presented work analyses various designs of timber and aluminium clad timber windows on value energy parameters to determine their overall functional performance and cost effectiveness. Life-cycle costing of windows has been carried out over a 40-year life span taking into account all the major cost factors involved. Running cost, the dominant element in life-cycle cost of windows, has been calculated for four possible maintenance options. Results have indicated that an ‘air-filled triple-glazed aluminium-clad timber window’ is the value engineered choice amongst the range of window designs studied; it is the most cost effective when employed with gas and paint for space heating and maintenance purposes respectively.","PeriodicalId":272488,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research and Technology","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123384271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-05-01DOI: 10.1191/0143624405bt125oa
A. Day
Cooling degree-days have not commonly been used in building energy analysis due largely to a lack of understanding of how they should be defined. The extra complexity of cooling systems, including the existence of latent loads, means that simplified energy analysis techniques have been deemed too crude to be meaningful. This paper presents a detailed analysis of measured cooling energy data from a large air-conditioned site in Perth, Western Australia, which builds on previous theoretical work to develop a robust definition of cooling degree-day base temperature. The results show that not only do cooling degree-days give results suggested by the theory, but that the use of cooling energy performance lines can be used for more sophisticated energy analysis. Practical application: The energy performance of buildings is becoming increasingly important to define. Energy monitoring and analysis techniques using degree days have usually been confined to heating systems. This paper sets out how cooling degree-days can be used to assess the operational performance of a refrigeration plant, using real data to demonstrate the potential of the method.
{"title":"An improved use of cooling degree-days for analysing chiller energy consumption in buildings","authors":"A. Day","doi":"10.1191/0143624405bt125oa","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1191/0143624405bt125oa","url":null,"abstract":"Cooling degree-days have not commonly been used in building energy analysis due largely to a lack of understanding of how they should be defined. The extra complexity of cooling systems, including the existence of latent loads, means that simplified energy analysis techniques have been deemed too crude to be meaningful. This paper presents a detailed analysis of measured cooling energy data from a large air-conditioned site in Perth, Western Australia, which builds on previous theoretical work to develop a robust definition of cooling degree-day base temperature. The results show that not only do cooling degree-days give results suggested by the theory, but that the use of cooling energy performance lines can be used for more sophisticated energy analysis. Practical application: The energy performance of buildings is becoming increasingly important to define. Energy monitoring and analysis techniques using degree days have usually been confined to heating systems. This paper sets out how cooling degree-days can be used to assess the operational performance of a refrigeration plant, using real data to demonstrate the potential of the method.","PeriodicalId":272488,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research and Technology","volume":"52 11-12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132434314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-05-01DOI: 10.1191/0143624405bt124tn
Chi-Ming Lai
In response to concerns about the health of housewives who are regularly exposed to excessive quantities of air pollutants when cooking, a number of domestic documents have recommended solutions such as: ‘decreasing the installation height of the range hoods’ or ‘using desk-top ventilators’. However, few if any studies have addressed the issue of how to make improvements to the traditional Taiwanese style of range hood. This study investigated the design and experimental assessment of side exhaust systems in a full-scale model kitchen. Tests were carried out to understand how different exhaust configurations could affect the overall exhaust performance. It was found that single-slot, twin-slot, and fence-slot exhausts close to the pot rims performed well in air exhalation, and ensured the indoor air quality in the kitchen was maintained an acceptable level. Practical application: That innovative side-sucking exhausts, installed closer to the pot rim in the residential kitchens, considered the pathway of the aerosol and made improvements to the traditional style of range hood. The proposed prototypes ensured that the indoor air quality in the kitchen was maintained at an acceptable level.
{"title":"Assessment of side exhaust systems for residential kitchens in Taiwan","authors":"Chi-Ming Lai","doi":"10.1191/0143624405bt124tn","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1191/0143624405bt124tn","url":null,"abstract":"In response to concerns about the health of housewives who are regularly exposed to excessive quantities of air pollutants when cooking, a number of domestic documents have recommended solutions such as: ‘decreasing the installation height of the range hoods’ or ‘using desk-top ventilators’. However, few if any studies have addressed the issue of how to make improvements to the traditional Taiwanese style of range hood. This study investigated the design and experimental assessment of side exhaust systems in a full-scale model kitchen. Tests were carried out to understand how different exhaust configurations could affect the overall exhaust performance. It was found that single-slot, twin-slot, and fence-slot exhausts close to the pot rims performed well in air exhalation, and ensured the indoor air quality in the kitchen was maintained an acceptable level. Practical application: That innovative side-sucking exhausts, installed closer to the pot rim in the residential kitchens, considered the pathway of the aerosol and made improvements to the traditional style of range hood. The proposed prototypes ensured that the indoor air quality in the kitchen was maintained at an acceptable level.","PeriodicalId":272488,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research and Technology","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127434840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-05-01DOI: 10.1191/0143624405bt117tn
S. Sharples, S. Closs, N. Chilengwe
The airtightness of a building envelope impacts upon uncontrolled air leakage, associated ventilation energy losses and occupant thermal comfort. The scale of these problems in large buildings would be expected to increase in relation to the potential size of possible leakage areas. Recent changes to UK Building Regulations have required new, large, nondomestic buildings (/ 1000 m2 floor area) to meet a specified standard of airtightness. A building’s airtightness is conventionally assessed using a steady state fan pressurization technique. There was some discussion in the airtightness testing industry that the upper practical limit of large buildings capable of being tested might be around 5000 m2 due to technical issues relating to fan size, power requirements, transportation and noise. The feasibility of testing very large buildings (over 5000 m2) with a steady state fan technique has been questioned. This paper demonstrates that such testing is feasible by describing the development, calibration and application of a 2 m diameter fan pressurisation system. The fan was tested on the largest building in the world (floor area 57 440 m2) ever to have its airtightness determined by steady state fan pressurization. Practical Application: The changes to Building Regualtions Part L2 that came into effect on 1st April 2002 raised the profile of the pressure testing of large buildings for airtightness. There were doubts raised concerning the feasibility of pressure testing very large buildings but the paper demonstrates that it is technically and practically possible.
{"title":"Airtightness testing of very large buildings: a case study","authors":"S. Sharples, S. Closs, N. Chilengwe","doi":"10.1191/0143624405bt117tn","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1191/0143624405bt117tn","url":null,"abstract":"The airtightness of a building envelope impacts upon uncontrolled air leakage, associated ventilation energy losses and occupant thermal comfort. The scale of these problems in large buildings would be expected to increase in relation to the potential size of possible leakage areas. Recent changes to UK Building Regulations have required new, large, nondomestic buildings (/ 1000 m2 floor area) to meet a specified standard of airtightness. A building’s airtightness is conventionally assessed using a steady state fan pressurization technique. There was some discussion in the airtightness testing industry that the upper practical limit of large buildings capable of being tested might be around 5000 m2 due to technical issues relating to fan size, power requirements, transportation and noise. The feasibility of testing very large buildings (over 5000 m2) with a steady state fan technique has been questioned. This paper demonstrates that such testing is feasible by describing the development, calibration and application of a 2 m diameter fan pressurisation system. The fan was tested on the largest building in the world (floor area 57 440 m2) ever to have its airtightness determined by steady state fan pressurization. Practical Application: The changes to Building Regualtions Part L2 that came into effect on 1st April 2002 raised the profile of the pressure testing of large buildings for airtightness. There were doubts raised concerning the feasibility of pressure testing very large buildings but the paper demonstrates that it is technically and practically possible.","PeriodicalId":272488,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research and Technology","volume":"194 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114588755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-05-01DOI: 10.1191/0143624405bt111oa
I. Knight, Gavin Dunn
With the EU Energy Performance in Buildings Directive imminent in 2006, attention is focusing on how to reduce carbon emissions from buildings in practice. This research was undertaken to try to establish some ‘real’ buildingbased figures for the energy performance of air-conditioning systems in UK office buildings. One of the major questions to be answered is whether chilled beam and ceiling systems really are more efficient than traditional air-conditioning systems when used in the real world.1,2 This paper presents findings of a two-year field monitoring study investigating the energy performance of airconditioning (AC) systems in UK office buildings. The findings shown in this paper include: 1) the cooling power demand for the various air-conditioning systems monitored; 2) comparison of national energy consumption and carbon emissions bench-marks to the monitored systems; 3) comparison of the energy consumption and carbon emissions of reverse-cycle AC systems with traditional heating-only systems. The results show that chilled ceiling systems typically consume significantly less energy than the other generic AC types in the heating and cooling of office buildings. However, all the generic AC system types studied appeared capable of meeting current ‘good practice’ standards for energy use in the UK. Practical application: The work provides an insight into the energy performance achieved by real AC systems as operated in UK Offices. When the EC Energy Performance in Buildings Directive becomes law in January 2006 the practically achievable energy and emissions performance of building services will fall more sharply into focus for designers. It is hoped that this paper will provide information useful to both designers and operators of AC systems in the UK as they attempt to reduce the impact of AC systems on the environment.
{"title":"Measured energy consumption and carbon emissions of air-conditioning in UK office buildings","authors":"I. Knight, Gavin Dunn","doi":"10.1191/0143624405bt111oa","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1191/0143624405bt111oa","url":null,"abstract":"With the EU Energy Performance in Buildings Directive imminent in 2006, attention is focusing on how to reduce carbon emissions from buildings in practice. This research was undertaken to try to establish some ‘real’ buildingbased figures for the energy performance of air-conditioning systems in UK office buildings. One of the major questions to be answered is whether chilled beam and ceiling systems really are more efficient than traditional air-conditioning systems when used in the real world.1,2 This paper presents findings of a two-year field monitoring study investigating the energy performance of airconditioning (AC) systems in UK office buildings. The findings shown in this paper include: 1) the cooling power demand for the various air-conditioning systems monitored; 2) comparison of national energy consumption and carbon emissions bench-marks to the monitored systems; 3) comparison of the energy consumption and carbon emissions of reverse-cycle AC systems with traditional heating-only systems. The results show that chilled ceiling systems typically consume significantly less energy than the other generic AC types in the heating and cooling of office buildings. However, all the generic AC system types studied appeared capable of meeting current ‘good practice’ standards for energy use in the UK. Practical application: The work provides an insight into the energy performance achieved by real AC systems as operated in UK Offices. When the EC Energy Performance in Buildings Directive becomes law in January 2006 the practically achievable energy and emissions performance of building services will fall more sharply into focus for designers. It is hoped that this paper will provide information useful to both designers and operators of AC systems in the UK as they attempt to reduce the impact of AC systems on the environment.","PeriodicalId":272488,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research and Technology","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133960431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-05-01DOI: 10.1191/0143624405bt121oa
H. Bai, G. Shen, A. So
Elevators can be considered to be the most important building services system in a modern super-high-rise building. At the same time, the speed record has also been elevating with recent record of 1010 m/min. The design and construction of super-high-speed elevators are thus demanded. The primary experimental measurements for the aerodynamic characteristics of super-high-speed elevators were conducted using a physical model for simulation. The instantaneous speed of a falling elevator car at five different positions as well as the average pressure in front of and behind the car along the hoistway were measured while four scenaria with different shapes of car design were tested. Parameters associated with the hoistway, including the open ratio and the blockage ratio, varied in the experiments. Results were produced with respect to the car having different shapes and hoistway parameters. The nondimensional pressure differences for different shapes of car and hoistway parameters were analyzed so that several instructive conclusions were arrived at. Finally, a new concept of ‘tunnel effected shape drag’ was introduced based on these experiments and this effect clearly differentiates the aerodynamic performance of a car moving inside a hoistway from a race-car moving on a race-track. Practical application: The speed record of elevators keeps increasing because building are getting taller. The major hurdles to the development of super-high-speed elevators are the aerodynamics. The experiments detailed in this article help us to understand ways to handle the problems and to design elevator cars with shapes that are more aerodynamically friendly. 1 Introduction
{"title":"Experimental-based study of the aerodynamics of super-high-speed elevators","authors":"H. Bai, G. Shen, A. So","doi":"10.1191/0143624405bt121oa","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1191/0143624405bt121oa","url":null,"abstract":"Elevators can be considered to be the most important building services system in a modern super-high-rise building. At the same time, the speed record has also been elevating with recent record of 1010 m/min. The design and construction of super-high-speed elevators are thus demanded. The primary experimental measurements for the aerodynamic characteristics of super-high-speed elevators were conducted using a physical model for simulation. The instantaneous speed of a falling elevator car at five different positions as well as the average pressure in front of and behind the car along the hoistway were measured while four scenaria with different shapes of car design were tested. Parameters associated with the hoistway, including the open ratio and the blockage ratio, varied in the experiments. Results were produced with respect to the car having different shapes and hoistway parameters. The nondimensional pressure differences for different shapes of car and hoistway parameters were analyzed so that several instructive conclusions were arrived at. Finally, a new concept of ‘tunnel effected shape drag’ was introduced based on these experiments and this effect clearly differentiates the aerodynamic performance of a car moving inside a hoistway from a race-car moving on a race-track. Practical application: The speed record of elevators keeps increasing because building are getting taller. The major hurdles to the development of super-high-speed elevators are the aerodynamics. The experiments detailed in this article help us to understand ways to handle the problems and to design elevator cars with shapes that are more aerodynamically friendly. 1 Introduction","PeriodicalId":272488,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research and Technology","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129966651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-02-01DOI: 10.1191/0143624405bt114oa
V. Hanby, D. Loveday, F. Al-ajmi
In many hot, arid climates there is a high level of use of domestic air conditioning which can make heavy demands on local electricity generation. A passive strategy which could mitigate this demand is the deployment of ground cooling tubes in which external air is drawn into the building/plant via a tube buried below ground. Whilst this principle has been known of for a considerable time, and many example installations described, there has been no systematic investigation of the influence of the design parameters on the viability of the system. The paper describes a method for carrying out a systematic parametric optimization for a ground cooling tube by coupling a validated numerical model of the system with a constrained optimization method using an evolutionary strategy. Optimizations were based on a thermo-dynamic objective function (minimizing external energy consumption of the whole system) and an economic function (payback time for the tube). Whilst the results are specific to the hot, arid climate of the state of Kuwait, the methodology has universal applicability and illustrates the functional power of combining a performance model with an optimization method in producing optimized designs of energy systems. Practical application: Building and plant simulation programs are becoming increasingly accepted as a design tool: for confirming the performance of a proposed design or for carrying out ‘what if?’ studies to evaluate the effects of varying design parameters or equipment selection. This paper illustrates that, provided the design problem can be modelled in all relevant aspects, linking the simulation program to a constrained optimization can provide significantly more decision support to the designer.
{"title":"The optimal design for a ground cooling tube in a hot, arid climate","authors":"V. Hanby, D. Loveday, F. Al-ajmi","doi":"10.1191/0143624405bt114oa","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1191/0143624405bt114oa","url":null,"abstract":"In many hot, arid climates there is a high level of use of domestic air conditioning which can make heavy demands on local electricity generation. A passive strategy which could mitigate this demand is the deployment of ground cooling tubes in which external air is drawn into the building/plant via a tube buried below ground. Whilst this principle has been known of for a considerable time, and many example installations described, there has been no systematic investigation of the influence of the design parameters on the viability of the system. The paper describes a method for carrying out a systematic parametric optimization for a ground cooling tube by coupling a validated numerical model of the system with a constrained optimization method using an evolutionary strategy. Optimizations were based on a thermo-dynamic objective function (minimizing external energy consumption of the whole system) and an economic function (payback time for the tube). Whilst the results are specific to the hot, arid climate of the state of Kuwait, the methodology has universal applicability and illustrates the functional power of combining a performance model with an optimization method in producing optimized designs of energy systems. Practical application: Building and plant simulation programs are becoming increasingly accepted as a design tool: for confirming the performance of a proposed design or for carrying out ‘what if?’ studies to evaluate the effects of varying design parameters or equipment selection. This paper illustrates that, provided the design problem can be modelled in all relevant aspects, linking the simulation program to a constrained optimization can provide significantly more decision support to the designer.","PeriodicalId":272488,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research and Technology","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124993837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-02-01DOI: 10.1191/0143624405bt115oa
B. Brinkworth, M. Sandberg
A procedure is set out for calculating the buoyant flow induced in a duct with heat input at the wall, as in the cooling ducts used behind photovoltaic arrays. In these, buoyancy is opposed by various pressure losses, due to obstructions at the inlet and outlet, fluid friction at the walls and structural support members passing transversely through the duct. New methods are developed for calculating these losses, and each is validated separately by tests in a purpose-built isothermal rig. Measurements are also reported for some further losses, not yet amenable to calculation, due to nets and hoods at the duct ends, as might be used to exclude rain and wildlife. Finally, the whole procedure is validated by measurement of a duct with one heated wall. Practical application: Verified by measurements at every stage of its development, the method reported gives greater confidence in the routine calculation of the flow induced in ductwork where there is heat gain, as in systems for PV cooling and natural ventilation. The new treatments given for the hydrodynamic losses at basic components apply wherever these are used in the field of HEVAC.
{"title":"A validated procedure for determining the buoyancy-induced flow in ducts","authors":"B. Brinkworth, M. Sandberg","doi":"10.1191/0143624405bt115oa","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1191/0143624405bt115oa","url":null,"abstract":"A procedure is set out for calculating the buoyant flow induced in a duct with heat input at the wall, as in the cooling ducts used behind photovoltaic arrays. In these, buoyancy is opposed by various pressure losses, due to obstructions at the inlet and outlet, fluid friction at the walls and structural support members passing transversely through the duct. New methods are developed for calculating these losses, and each is validated separately by tests in a purpose-built isothermal rig. Measurements are also reported for some further losses, not yet amenable to calculation, due to nets and hoods at the duct ends, as might be used to exclude rain and wildlife. Finally, the whole procedure is validated by measurement of a duct with one heated wall. Practical application: Verified by measurements at every stage of its development, the method reported gives greater confidence in the routine calculation of the flow induced in ductwork where there is heat gain, as in systems for PV cooling and natural ventilation. The new treatments given for the hydrodynamic losses at basic components apply wherever these are used in the field of HEVAC.","PeriodicalId":272488,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research and Technology","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122391999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-02-01DOI: 10.1191/0143624405bt118tn
M. Asif, T. Muneer, J. Kubie
The characteristics of the frame materials have significant impacts on the properties of a window. A window itself plays a crucial role in determining the overall energy performance of the building. This article analyses four different frame types; aluminium, aluminium-clad timber, Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and timber make, from the sustainability perspective. These frame types have been studied on various parameters such as; environmental impacts during production/extraction of frame materials and disposal of frames; embodied energy, durability and service life; and maintenance and repair of frames. A price comparison and market scenario has also been discussed. It has been found that timber- and aluminium-clad timber windows are sustainable products due to their environment-friendly characteristics i.e., low embodied energy, low environmental impacts, better durability and longer service life. While aluminium and PVC frames have high values of embodied energy and associated environmental impacts. Practical application: In the present sustainability-conscious age, the window industry is emphasising how to enhance the energy and environmental performance of their products. This article will be of interest not only to modern window manufacturers but also to customers as it addresses the key sustainability features of windows, i.e., energy and environmental performance, durability and service life, and maintenance and life cycle costing.
{"title":"Sustainability analysis of window frames","authors":"M. Asif, T. Muneer, J. Kubie","doi":"10.1191/0143624405bt118tn","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1191/0143624405bt118tn","url":null,"abstract":"The characteristics of the frame materials have significant impacts on the properties of a window. A window itself plays a crucial role in determining the overall energy performance of the building. This article analyses four different frame types; aluminium, aluminium-clad timber, Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and timber make, from the sustainability perspective. These frame types have been studied on various parameters such as; environmental impacts during production/extraction of frame materials and disposal of frames; embodied energy, durability and service life; and maintenance and repair of frames. A price comparison and market scenario has also been discussed. It has been found that timber- and aluminium-clad timber windows are sustainable products due to their environment-friendly characteristics i.e., low embodied energy, low environmental impacts, better durability and longer service life. While aluminium and PVC frames have high values of embodied energy and associated environmental impacts. Practical application: In the present sustainability-conscious age, the window industry is emphasising how to enhance the energy and environmental performance of their products. This article will be of interest not only to modern window manufacturers but also to customers as it addresses the key sustainability features of windows, i.e., energy and environmental performance, durability and service life, and maintenance and life cycle costing.","PeriodicalId":272488,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research and Technology","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125174201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-02-01DOI: 10.1191/0143624405bt113oa
P. Pfrommer, K. Lomas
To investigate the hygrothermal conditions in subterranean car parks a twodimensional simulation procedure has been used, based on coupling the transient heat transfer programme HEAT with the dynamic thermal building simulation program TRNSYS. The likelihood of condensation and the rate of water deposition on surfaces were calculated with a new moisture model KOND. To estimate the consequence of moisture adsorption in materials in the hygroscopic range below saturation, the TRNSYS moisture capacitance model (buffer storage model) was used. A parametric study of the internal temperatures and the annual hours of condensation risk in underground car parks were conducted using German and UK climate data. The simulations indicate the relative risk of condensation occurring for different earth conditions, levels of insulation and air change rates, in spaces covered by earth and spaces covered by a heated building. It is shown that increased ventilation rates in summer can reduce condensation risk in underground car parks below heated buildings. Practical application: In the design of cellars, storerooms and underground car parks etc., it is important to know whether condensation is likely to occur, how much moisture is likely to accumulate and whether such an accumulation could lead to damage. The designers of underground spaces need to know whether insulation measures, or ventilation controls are necessary. In addition, the wintertime temperature conditions in subterranian spaces below heated buildings are of particular interest when assessing the problem of heat bridges at the pillars and walls which support the overlying building.
{"title":"Coupled simulations for hygrothermal investigation of subterranean car parks and similar spaces","authors":"P. Pfrommer, K. Lomas","doi":"10.1191/0143624405bt113oa","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1191/0143624405bt113oa","url":null,"abstract":"To investigate the hygrothermal conditions in subterranean car parks a twodimensional simulation procedure has been used, based on coupling the transient heat transfer programme HEAT with the dynamic thermal building simulation program TRNSYS. The likelihood of condensation and the rate of water deposition on surfaces were calculated with a new moisture model KOND. To estimate the consequence of moisture adsorption in materials in the hygroscopic range below saturation, the TRNSYS moisture capacitance model (buffer storage model) was used. A parametric study of the internal temperatures and the annual hours of condensation risk in underground car parks were conducted using German and UK climate data. The simulations indicate the relative risk of condensation occurring for different earth conditions, levels of insulation and air change rates, in spaces covered by earth and spaces covered by a heated building. It is shown that increased ventilation rates in summer can reduce condensation risk in underground car parks below heated buildings. Practical application: In the design of cellars, storerooms and underground car parks etc., it is important to know whether condensation is likely to occur, how much moisture is likely to accumulate and whether such an accumulation could lead to damage. The designers of underground spaces need to know whether insulation measures, or ventilation controls are necessary. In addition, the wintertime temperature conditions in subterranian spaces below heated buildings are of particular interest when assessing the problem of heat bridges at the pillars and walls which support the overlying building.","PeriodicalId":272488,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research and Technology","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120986399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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