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C’anarta c’armomavlobisatvis /წანართა წარმომავლობისათვის [For the Structure of The Noun c̕anar] C 'anarta C 'armomavlobisatvis /წანართაწარმომავლობისათვის(名词的结构C̕anar]
Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.54635/tpks.2022.21putk
Merab Chukhua
According to the factual material of the Kartvelian, Abkhazian, Ossetian, Armenian, Greek, and Arabic languages, it is possible to reconstruct the common Georgian ethnic term *tsen-, which was historically one of the Kartvelian ethnic groups, whose residence was called Tsane / Tsanja, and the community from there was referred to as tsanar-. It was the people who settled mainly in the territory of the modern Kazbegi-Tianeti region, whose traces of life in the Mtskheta-Tianeti region also were to be confirmed by the Georgian surnames formed with the suffixes -ish / -sh- of the Laz-Megrelian kinship, cf. Kai-sh-aur-i, Ghudu-sh-aur-i, Ghan-ish-ashvil-i and many others. In the ancient historical period, we see the unmistakable traces of occurrence of the Georgian term Tsan-ar- used to denote Georgian in the Dagestanian language data as well, where the ethnic term *Tsonor- was equal to Georgian man and which chronologically precedes the Gurji / Gurzhi allomorphs of modern and oriental origin.საკვანძო სიტყვები: ქართველური ლექსიკა, ეთნონიმი, ეტიმოლოგია.keywords: Kartvelian vocabulary, ethnonym, etymology.
根据卡特维利亚语、阿布哈兹语、奥塞梯语、亚美尼亚语、希腊语和阿拉伯语的事实资料,有可能重建格鲁吉亚共同的民族名称*tsen-,它在历史上是卡特维利亚民族之一,其住所被称为Tsane / Tsanja,来自那里的社区被称为tsanar-。这些人主要定居在现在的哈萨克斯坦-天涅季地区,他们在姆茨赫塔-天涅季地区的生活痕迹也可以通过格鲁吉亚人的姓氏得到证实,这些姓氏的后缀是-ish / -sh-,属于拉兹-梅格列尔族,如kai -sh- auri、ghudu -sh- auri、ghan -ish- ashvili和许多其他姓氏。在古代历史时期,我们看到格鲁吉亚语Tsan-ar出现的明确痕迹——在达吉斯坦语言资料中也用来表示格鲁吉亚人,在达吉斯坦语言资料中,民族术语*Tsonor等于格鲁吉亚人,按时间顺序,它早于现代和东方起源的Gurji / Gurzhi异构体。საკვანძოსიტყვები:ქართველურილექსიკა,ეთნონიმი,ეტიმოლოგია。关键词:卡特维利词汇,民族词,词源。
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引用次数: 0
T’ransregionuli da regionuli maksimebi da enatmecniereba (kartuli samc’ignobro enis sivrce) /ტრანსრეგიონული და რეგიონული მაქსიმები და ენათმეცნიერება (ქართული სამწიგნობრო ენის სივრცე) [Transregional and Regional Maxims and Linguistics (Georgian Literary Language Space)]
Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.54635/tpks.2022.17putk
Manana Tabidze
Recent studies confirm that verbal communication does not involve the mechanical use of linguistic means. The intralingual space contains a large number of layers consistently enlarged from a narrow communication team to a national extent, which contains the knowledge of numerous psychological, cultural, and ethnic-genetic conventionalities in communication. It is not possible to combine and organize this knowledge within a single academic field. It is for this reason that modern interpretations of transregional and regional maxims can also be used to explain the tendency to exacerbate several fundamentally important issues in linguistics.The proposed article examines the following issues: the essence of the controversial issue of the terminological qualification of the language-dialect, the imperfection of the tree model of Indo-European languages to convey the peculiarities of the Kartvelian linguistic world, the importance of measures aimed at facilitating the normalization of the written language and sharpening the consolidation skills, issues of current challenges of dialectology and so on.საკვანძო სიტყვები: ენათმეცნიერება, სოციოლინგვისტიკა, მაქსიმა, ენა-დიალექტის მიმართება.Keywords: Linguistics, Sociolinguistics, Maxima, Language-Dialect Relation.
最近的研究证实,言语交际并不涉及语言手段的机械使用。语内空间包含了大量的层次,从一个狭窄的交际团队不断扩大到一个全国性的范围,其中包含了许多交际中的心理、文化和种族遗传习俗的知识。不可能将这些知识组合和组织在一个单一的学术领域内。正是由于这个原因,跨区域和区域格言的现代解释也可以用来解释语言学中几个根本重要问题加剧的趋势。本文拟探讨以下问题:语言方言术语限定这一有争议的问题的本质;印欧语言树模型在表达卡特维尔语言世界的特殊性方面的不完善;促进书面语规范化和强化巩固技能的措施的重要性;方言学面临的挑战等。საკვანძოსიტყვები:ენათმეცნიერება,სოციოლინგვისტიკა,მაქსიმა,ენა——დიალექტისმიმართება。关键词:语言学,社会语言学,Maxima,语言方言关系
{"title":"T’ransregionuli da regionuli maksimebi da enatmecniereba (kartuli samc’ignobro enis sivrce) /ტრანსრეგიონული და რეგიონული მაქსიმები და ენათმეცნიერება (ქართული სამწიგნობრო ენის სივრცე) [Transregional and Regional Maxims and Linguistics (Georgian Literary Language Space)]","authors":"Manana Tabidze","doi":"10.54635/tpks.2022.17putk","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54635/tpks.2022.17putk","url":null,"abstract":"Recent studies confirm that verbal communication does not involve the mechanical use of linguistic means. The intralingual space contains a large number of layers consistently enlarged from a narrow communication team to a national extent, which contains the knowledge of numerous psychological, cultural, and ethnic-genetic conventionalities in communication. It is not possible to combine and organize this knowledge within a single academic field. It is for this reason that modern interpretations of transregional and regional maxims can also be used to explain the tendency to exacerbate several fundamentally important issues in linguistics.\u0000The proposed article examines the following issues: the essence of the controversial issue of the terminological qualification of the language-dialect, the imperfection of the tree model of Indo-European languages to convey the peculiarities of the Kartvelian linguistic world, the importance of measures aimed at facilitating the normalization of the written language and sharpening the consolidation skills, issues of current challenges of dialectology and so on.საკვანძო სიტყვები: ენათმეცნიერება, სოციოლინგვისტიკა, მაქსიმა, ენა-დიალექტის მიმართება.Keywords: Linguistics, Sociolinguistics, Maxima, Language-Dialect Relation.","PeriodicalId":272679,"journal":{"name":"Kartveluri Memk'vidreoba [Kartvelian Heritage]","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121543946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Zanuridan (megrul-lazuridan) shetvisebuli leksik’uri erteulebis ponet’ikur-ponologiuri da semant’ik’uri adap’t’aciisatvis svanurshi /ზანურიდან (მეგრულ-ლაზურიდან) შეთვისებული ლექსიკური ერთეულების ფონეტიკურ-ფონოლოგიური და სემანტიკური ადაპტაციისათვის სვანურში [Phonetic, Phonological and Semantic Adapta
Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.54635/tpks.2022.15putk
Medea Saghliani
In the present article, which offers the analysis of phonetic-phonological and semantic transformations of several lexical units assimilated from Zan (resp. Megrelian-Laz) into Svan dialect-sub-dialects in different epochs and in different ways, in the footsteps of our research, all the opinions related to each analytical lexical unit, which are expressed in the academic literature by Georgian or foreign linguists, are taken into account. Naturally, the paper also focuses on material that is lost in Zan itself, although it is preserved in Svan, mainly in the Lower Bal dialect, which indicates the ancient borrowing of this material and, at the same time, its archaism.The lexical units assimilated from Zan, as the observation of the material demonstrated, are attested in Svan both phonetically-semantically unchanged, as well as with different phonetic variants or semantic nuances (modified data). Some of the borrowed roots are “Svanized”, it means they contain morphological inventory typical of Svan: palatal, velar or labial umlaut, long vowel, anaptyctic element, etc. In addition, the following phonetic processes are quite tangible in one part of the lexical units borrowed from Zan: sound alternation, reduction processes in light and hard forms, loss of sounds, etc.In Svan, several such stems (resp. root, morpheme, affix) have been identified, which are either missing or manifested in other forms in Zan. Clearly, such forms, which were presumably preserved by Svan as relics, indicate their ancient borrowing. In our opinion, revealing any archaic form will allow Georgian or foreign comparativists to restore many archetypes. We believe, such research is very important and interesting for presenting a general picture of the development of Svan phonological and lexical systems. საკვანძო სიტყვები: ქართველური (ზანურ-სვანური) ლექსიკა, ფონეტიკურიპროცესები სვანურში, სემანტიკური ცვლილებები.Keywords: Kartvelian (Zan-Svan) vocabulary, Phonetic processes in Svan, Semanticchanges.
本文分析了从赞语中吸收的几个词汇单位的音韵和语义转换。在我们研究的脚步中,格鲁吉亚或外国语言学家在学术文献中表达的与每个分析词汇单位相关的所有意见都被考虑在内。当然,这篇论文也关注了在赞本身丢失的材料,尽管它在斯万保存下来,主要是下巴尔方言,这表明这些材料是古代借用的,同时也是它的古语。根据对材料的观察,从Zan中吸收的词汇单位在Svan中既没有语音语义上的变化,也有不同的语音变体或语义上的细微差别(修改数据)。一些外来根是“斯瓦尼化”的,这意味着它们包含了斯瓦尼语的典型形态学特征:腭、腭或唇部变音、长元音、全音元素等。此外,在从赞语中借来的词汇单位中,有以下几个语音过程是相当明显的:音的交替、轻音和硬音的略读过程、音的丢失等。词根、语素、词缀)已被识别,这些词根或缺失或以其他形式在瓒中表现出来。显然,这些可能被斯万作为遗迹保存下来的形式表明它们是古代借用的。在我们看来,揭示任何古老的形式将允许格鲁吉亚或外国比较学家恢复许多原型。我们相信,这样的研究对于呈现斯万语语音和词汇系统发展的总体图景是非常重要和有趣的。საკვანძოსიტყვები:ქართველური(ზანურ——სვანური)ლექსიკა,ფონეტიკურიპროცესებისვანურში,სემანტიკურიცვლილებები。关键词:卡特维尔语词汇,斯旺语语音过程,语义变化
{"title":"Zanuridan (megrul-lazuridan) shetvisebuli leksik’uri erteulebis ponet’ikur-ponologiuri da semant’ik’uri adap’t’aciisatvis svanurshi /ზანურიდან (მეგრულ-ლაზურიდან) შეთვისებული ლექსიკური ერთეულების ფონეტიკურ-ფონოლოგიური და სემანტიკური ადაპტაციისათვის სვანურში [Phonetic, Phonological and Semantic Adapta","authors":"Medea Saghliani","doi":"10.54635/tpks.2022.15putk","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54635/tpks.2022.15putk","url":null,"abstract":"In the present article, which offers the analysis of phonetic-phonological and semantic transformations of several lexical units assimilated from Zan (resp. Megrelian-Laz) into Svan dialect-sub-dialects in different epochs and in different ways, in the footsteps of our research, all the opinions related to each analytical lexical unit, which are expressed in the academic literature by Georgian or foreign linguists, are taken into account. Naturally, the paper also focuses on material that is lost in Zan itself, although it is preserved in Svan, mainly in the Lower Bal dialect, which indicates the ancient borrowing of this material and, at the same time, its archaism.The lexical units assimilated from Zan, as the observation of the material demonstrated, are attested in Svan both phonetically-semantically unchanged, as well as with different phonetic variants or semantic nuances (modified data). Some of the borrowed roots are “Svanized”, it means they contain morphological inventory typical of Svan: palatal, velar or labial umlaut, long vowel, anaptyctic element, etc. In addition, the following phonetic processes are quite tangible in one part of the lexical units borrowed from Zan: sound alternation, reduction processes in light and hard forms, loss of sounds, etc.In Svan, several such stems (resp. root, morpheme, affix) have been identified, which are either missing or manifested in other forms in Zan. Clearly, such forms, which were presumably preserved by Svan as relics, indicate their ancient borrowing. In our opinion, revealing any archaic form will allow Georgian or foreign comparativists to restore many archetypes. We believe, such research is very important and interesting for presenting a general picture of the development of Svan phonological and lexical systems. \u0000საკვანძო სიტყვები: ქართველური (ზანურ-სვანური) ლექსიკა, ფონეტიკური\u0000პროცესები სვანურში, სემანტიკური ცვლილებები.\u0000Keywords: Kartvelian (Zan-Svan) vocabulary, Phonetic processes in Svan, Semantic\u0000changes.","PeriodicalId":272679,"journal":{"name":"Kartveluri Memk'vidreoba [Kartvelian Heritage]","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127089021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Vitarebiti brunvis gamoxatvisatvis qartuli enis taour dialeqtshi /ვითარებითი ბრუნვის გამოხატვისათვის ქართული ენის ტაოურ დიალექტში [Expressing Adverbial Case in Tao Dialect of the Georgian Language]
Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.54635/tpks.2022.07putk
Eka Dadiani
The adverbial case in the speech of the Georgians of Tao is mainly formed by the allomorphs that are characteristic of the Georgian literary language and the dialects. However, the frequency of their occurrence is rather different. The -a suffix is the most common one, to which in some cases -i/-y is added. The occurrences of the variants that include d/t consonant (-ad/-at/-d/-t) are relatively rare. It is noteworthy that as an alternative to the adverbial case, the forms of the nominative case or postpositional forms (-ze, -baaze/barze) are quite frequently represented, which are less common in other dialects. The adverbial case forms primarily manifest manner and purpose, while the expression of time and place is relatively uncommon. Almost no occurrences of translative and sequential functions have been attested.We believe, the above-mentioned facts refer to the weakening of the position of the adverbial case in the Taoian dialect which could be explained by the influence of the Turkish language; there is no adverbial case in Turkish, mainly the nominative or dative forms are applied to express the relevant content. The use of the nominative case or postpositional forms as having the adverbial function is not uncommon in Georgian either, however, its activation in those constructions where the adverbial case is established in Georgian, should have been driven by close contact with the Turkish language. This is evidenced by the data of Laz, the Kartvelian subsystem functioning within the sphere of Turkish. Currently, there is no adverbial case in Laz (its function is performed by the nominative case), though historically it should have occurred here.In terms of expressing the adverbial case, the Taoian dialect exhibits common Georgian tendencies, on the one hand, and those changes that emerge as a result of bilingualism, on the other.საკვანძო სიტყვები: ქართული დიალექტოლოგია, ტაოური დიალექტი, სახელის ფორმაწარმოება, ვითარებითი ბრუნვა.Keywords: Georgian dialectology, Taoian dialect, formation of nominals, adverbial case.
格鲁吉亚道人言语中的状语格主要由格鲁吉亚文学语言和方言的异构体构成。然而,它们发生的频率却大不相同。-a后缀是最常见的后缀,在某些情况下会加上-i/-y。包含d/t辅音的变体(-ad/-at/-d/-t)的出现相对较少。值得注意的是,作为状语格的替代形式,主格形式或后置形式(-ze, -baaze/barze)在其他方言中很少出现。状语格主要表现方式和目的,时间和地点的表达相对少见。几乎没有发现平移和顺序函数。我们认为,上述事实是指在桃语方言中状语地位的弱化,这可以用土耳其语的影响来解释;土耳其语中没有状语格,主要是用主格或加格形式来表达相关内容。主格或后置形式作为状语的使用在格鲁吉亚语中也并不罕见,然而,在格鲁吉亚语中建立状语的结构中,它的激活应该是由与土耳其语的密切接触所驱动的。这是由拉兹的数据证明的,卡特维利亚子系统在土耳其领域内运作。目前,拉兹语中没有状语格(它的功能是由主格来完成的),尽管从历史上看,拉兹语中应该有状语格。在状语格的表达上,洮方言一方面表现出格鲁吉亚语的共同倾向,另一方面也表现出双语化的变化。საკვანძოსიტყვები:ქართულიდიალექტოლოგია,ტაოურიდიალექტი,სახელისფორმაწარმოება,ვითარებითიბრუნვა。关键词:格鲁吉亚方言,洮方言,名词法,状语格。
{"title":"Vitarebiti brunvis gamoxatvisatvis qartuli enis taour dialeqtshi /ვითარებითი ბრუნვის გამოხატვისათვის ქართული ენის ტაოურ დიალექტში [Expressing Adverbial Case in Tao Dialect of the Georgian Language]","authors":"Eka Dadiani","doi":"10.54635/tpks.2022.07putk","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54635/tpks.2022.07putk","url":null,"abstract":"The adverbial case in the speech of the Georgians of Tao is mainly formed by the allomorphs that are characteristic of the Georgian literary language and the dialects. However, the frequency of their occurrence is rather different. The -a suffix is the most common one, to which in some cases -i/-y is added. The occurrences of the variants that include d/t consonant (-ad/-at/-d/-t) are relatively rare. It is noteworthy that as an alternative to the adverbial case, the forms of the nominative case or postpositional forms (-ze, -baaze/barze) are quite frequently represented, which are less common in other dialects. The adverbial case forms primarily manifest manner and purpose, while the expression of time and place is relatively uncommon. Almost no occurrences of translative and sequential functions have been attested.\u0000We believe, the above-mentioned facts refer to the weakening of the position of the adverbial case in the Taoian dialect which could be explained by the influence of the Turkish language; there is no adverbial case in Turkish, mainly the nominative or dative forms are applied to express the relevant content. The use of the nominative case or postpositional forms as having the adverbial function is not uncommon in Georgian either, however, its activation in those constructions where the adverbial case is established in Georgian, should have been driven by close contact with the Turkish language. This is evidenced by the data of Laz, the Kartvelian subsystem functioning within the sphere of Turkish. Currently, there is no adverbial case in Laz (its function is performed by the nominative case), though historically it should have occurred here.\u0000In terms of expressing the adverbial case, the Taoian dialect exhibits common Georgian tendencies, on the one hand, and those changes that emerge as a result of bilingualism, on the other.\u0000საკვანძო სიტყვები: ქართული დიალექტოლოგია, ტაოური დიალექტი, სახელის ფორმაწარმოება, ვითარებითი ბრუნვა.Keywords: Georgian dialectology, Taoian dialect, formation of nominals, adverbial case.","PeriodicalId":272679,"journal":{"name":"Kartveluri Memk'vidreoba [Kartvelian Heritage]","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125360237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Zviad gamsaxurdias p’olitik’uri p’ort’ret’isatvis (gazet niu-iork t’aimsshi 1991-1993 c’lebshi gamokveqnebul p’ublik’aciebze daqrdnobit /ზვიად გამსახურდიას პორტრეტისათვის გაზეთ „ნიუ-იორკ ტაიმსში“ 1991-1993 წლებში გამოქვეყნებულ პუბლიკაციებზე დაყრდნობით [For the political Portrait of Zviad Gamsakhurdi
Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.54635/tpks.2022.12putk
Otar Nikoleishvili
Unfortunately, in the years before the restoration of Georgia’s state independence and at the first stage of this historic event, the role of Zviad Gamsakhurdia, the leader of the Georgian people’s national liberation struggle has been mostly portrayed in a negative way in Georgia-related articles in the New York Times, while the country was striving in the direction of restoring state independence. This circumstance has primarily occurred because the authors of the above-mentioned publications were not properly aware of the situation in our country at that time and received the necessary information in this regard mainly from the Moscow bureau of the New York Times.In terms of assessing the circumstances in our country, the situation is starting to change for the better after the arrival of Eduard Shevardnadze in Georgia.From this time on, the authors of newspaper articles no longer refer to Georgia as a separatist republic, neither do they identify those in power at the time in our country as separatist leaders. Such a radical change in the attitude of American journalists and political scientists towards this phenomenon was, first of all, because the Soviet Empire had long since officially dissolved and mention of union republics in old terms made no sense. Based on the above materials, we can conclude that the then-existing negative attitude of American political scientists and journalists towards Georgia and its first president has significantly aggravated and further intensified the processes that have substantially hindered a real solution to the problem of restoring our state independence.საკვანძო სიტყვები: საქართველოს უახლესი ისტორია, საბჭოთა კავშირის პოლიტიკა საქართველოში, ზვიად გამსახურდიას მოღვაწეობა, ამერიკული პრესა.Keywords: Contemporary history of Georgia, The policy of the Soviet Union in Georgia, The work of Zviad Gamsakhurdia, The American Press.
不幸的是,在格鲁吉亚恢复国家独立之前的几年里,在这一历史性事件的第一阶段,在《纽约时报》有关格鲁吉亚的文章中,格鲁吉亚人民民族解放斗争的领导人Zviad Gamsakhurdia的作用大多是负面的,而该国正朝着恢复国家独立的方向努力。发生这种情况的主要原因是,上述出版物的作者当时对我国的局势没有适当的了解,并主要从《纽约时报》莫斯科分社获得了这方面的必要资料。在评估我国的情况方面,在爱德华·谢瓦尔德纳泽抵达格鲁吉亚后,局势开始好转。从这个时候起,报纸文章的作者不再把格鲁吉亚称为分离主义共和国,也不再把我国当时的当权者称为分离主义领导人。美国记者和政治学家对这一现象的态度发生了如此激进的变化,首先是因为苏联帝国早已正式解体,用旧的术语提加盟共和国是没有意义的。根据上述材料,我们可以得出结论,当时美国政治学家和记者对格鲁吉亚及其第一任总统的负面态度大大加剧并进一步加剧了严重阻碍真正解决恢复我们国家独立问题的进程。საკვანძოსიტყვები:საქართველოსუახლესიისტორია,საბჭოთაკავშირისპოლიტიკასაქართველოში,ზვიადგამსახურდიასმოღვაწეობა,ამერიკულიპრესა。关键词:格鲁吉亚近代史,苏联对格鲁吉亚的政策,兹维亚德·加姆萨库尔迪亚的作品,美国出版社
{"title":"Zviad gamsaxurdias p’olitik’uri p’ort’ret’isatvis (gazet niu-iork t’aimsshi 1991-1993 c’lebshi gamokveqnebul p’ublik’aciebze daqrdnobit /ზვიად გამსახურდიას პორტრეტისათვის გაზეთ „ნიუ-იორკ ტაიმსში“ 1991-1993 წლებში გამოქვეყნებულ პუბლიკაციებზე დაყრდნობით [For the political Portrait of Zviad Gamsakhurdi","authors":"Otar Nikoleishvili","doi":"10.54635/tpks.2022.12putk","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54635/tpks.2022.12putk","url":null,"abstract":"Unfortunately, in the years before the restoration of Georgia’s state independence and at the first stage of this historic event, the role of Zviad Gamsakhurdia, the leader of the Georgian people’s national liberation struggle has been mostly portrayed in a negative way in Georgia-related articles in the New York Times, while the country was striving in the direction of restoring state independence. This circumstance has primarily occurred because the authors of the above-mentioned publications were not properly aware of the situation in our country at that time and received the necessary information in this regard mainly from the Moscow bureau of the New York Times.\u0000In terms of assessing the circumstances in our country, the situation is starting to change for the better after the arrival of Eduard Shevardnadze in Georgia.\u0000From this time on, the authors of newspaper articles no longer refer to Georgia as a separatist republic, neither do they identify those in power at the time in our country as separatist leaders. Such a radical change in the attitude of American journalists and political scientists towards this phenomenon was, first of all, because the Soviet Empire had long since officially dissolved and mention of union republics in old terms made no sense. Based on the above materials, we can conclude that the then-existing negative attitude of American political scientists and journalists towards Georgia and its first president has significantly aggravated and further intensified the processes that have substantially hindered a real solution to the problem of restoring our state independence.საკვანძო სიტყვები: საქართველოს უახლესი ისტორია, საბჭოთა კავშირის პოლიტიკა საქართველოში, ზვიად გამსახურდიას მოღვაწეობა, ამერიკული პრესა.Keywords: Contemporary history of Georgia, The policy of the Soviet Union in Georgia, The work of Zviad Gamsakhurdia, The American Press.","PeriodicalId":272679,"journal":{"name":"Kartveluri Memk'vidreoba [Kartvelian Heritage]","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131818119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
P’olipunkciuri –d kartulshi da ughvlilebis morposint’aksuri modelebi /პოლიფუნქციური -დ- ქართულში და უღვლილების მორფოსინტაქსური მოდელები [Polyfunctional -d- in Georgian and Morphosyntactic Models of Conjugation] P 'olipunkciuri - d kartulshi da ughvlilebis morposint 'aksuri modelebi /პოლიფუნქციური-დქართულშიდაუღვლილებისმორფოსინტაქსურიმოდელები[多重的- d -在格鲁吉亚和Morphosyntactic模型结合)
Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.54635/tpks.2022.05putk
Tsira Baramidze
We discuss the morphological and syntactic bases for polyfunctionality of marker -d- in the process of changing the model of Georgian verb conjugation, based on the premise that Georgian, like all Ibero-Caucasian languages, was the language of the class conjugation. The d- > *d- morphological marker is used in those languages where the grammatical class is a valid category and in those languages where the grammatical category of the class has already disappeared, the meaning of d and its use with a different function are frequent. There are few cases of expressing the valence of a subject with the suffix -d; for the most part, the direct object is conveyed by the suffixes -n / -d. Thus, in this new but infinite part of conjugation, the suffixes -n / -d convey not only S3 but also the valence of the subject if the verb is intransitive and the valence of the object if the verb is transitive. -d was also used as the passive voice marker. The -d- used in the marking of the passive voice is nothing but the reinterpretation of the archaic *d (grammatical class marker) in the new system, where it can only denote the valence of the subject. As for the active voice, the special marker of which does not exist in the verb, d- is considered to be a marker in active verbs, and the meaning of this term is not fully clear.-d that occurs in the Georgian verb conjugation system is the reinterpretation of the archaic *d (the historical marker of the grammatical class). The principle of the economy of markers has proven to be particularly productive in the process of changing the conjugation models in the Georgian language.საკვანძო სიტყვები: ქართული ენა, პოლიფუნქციური -დ, უღვლილება, მორფოსინტაქსური მოდელი.Keywords: Georgian Language, polyfunctional -d, conjugation, morphosyntactic models
我们在格鲁吉亚语和所有伊比利亚-高加索语言一样是类变位语言的前提下,讨论了格鲁吉亚语动词变位模式变化过程中标记d-多功能性的形态和句法基础。d- > *d-形态学标记在语法类是有效范畴的语言中使用,在语法类已经消失的语言中,d的意义及其与不同功能的使用是频繁的。很少有用-d后缀表示主语的效价的情况;大多数情况下,直接宾语是通过后缀-n / -d来表达的。因此,在这个新的但无限的共轭部分中,后缀-n / -d不仅表达S3,如果动词是不及物动词,还表示主语的价,如果动词是及物动词,还表示宾语的价。-d也被用作被动语态标记。用于标记被动语态的-d只不过是在新系统中对古老的*d(语法类标记)的重新解释,在新系统中,它只能表示主语的价。主动语态的特殊标记在动词中并不存在,因此d-被认为是主动语态中的标记,这个术语的含义并不完全清楚。出现在格鲁吉亚动词变位系统中的-d是对古老的*d(语法类的历史标记)的重新解释。事实证明,标记经济原则在改变格鲁吉亚语的共轭模式的过程中特别有效。საკვანძოსიტყვები:ქართულიენა,პოლიფუნქციური——დუღვლილება,მორფოსინტაქსურიმოდელი。关键词:格鲁吉亚语,多功能,共轭,形态句法模型
{"title":"P’olipunkciuri –d kartulshi da ughvlilebis morposint’aksuri modelebi /პოლიფუნქციური -დ- ქართულში და უღვლილების მორფოსინტაქსური მოდელები [Polyfunctional -d- in Georgian and Morphosyntactic Models of Conjugation]","authors":"Tsira Baramidze","doi":"10.54635/tpks.2022.05putk","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54635/tpks.2022.05putk","url":null,"abstract":"We discuss the morphological and syntactic bases for polyfunctionality of marker -d- in the process of changing the model of Georgian verb conjugation, based on the premise that Georgian, like all Ibero-Caucasian languages, was the language of the class conjugation. The d- > *d- morphological marker is used in those languages where the grammatical class is a valid category and in those languages where the grammatical category of the class has already disappeared, the meaning of d and its use with a different function are frequent. There are few cases of expressing the valence of a subject with the suffix -d; for the most part, the direct object is conveyed by the suffixes -n / -d. Thus, in this new but infinite part of conjugation, the suffixes -n / -d convey not only S3 but also the valence of the subject if the verb is intransitive and the valence of the object if the verb is transitive. -d was also used as the passive voice marker. The -d- used in the marking of the passive voice is nothing but the reinterpretation of the archaic *d (grammatical class marker) in the new system, where it can only denote the valence of the subject. As for the active voice, the special marker of which does not exist in the verb, d- is considered to be a marker in active verbs, and the meaning of this term is not fully clear.\u0000-d that occurs in the Georgian verb conjugation system is the reinterpretation of the archaic *d (the historical marker of the grammatical class). The principle of the economy of markers has proven to be particularly productive in the process of changing the conjugation models in the Georgian language.საკვანძო სიტყვები: ქართული ენა, პოლიფუნქციური -დ, უღვლილება, მორფოსინტაქსური მოდელი.Keywords: Georgian Language, polyfunctional -d, conjugation, morphosyntactic models","PeriodicalId":272679,"journal":{"name":"Kartveluri Memk'vidreoba [Kartvelian Heritage]","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117353232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Vin nacvalsaxelis mravlobiti ricxvis sakitxisatvis tanamedrove kartulshi /ვინ ნაცვალსახელის მრავლობითი რიცხვის საკითხისათვის თანამედროვე ქართულში [On the Issue of the Plural Form of the Pronoun ‘vin’ (‘who’) in Modern Georgian]
Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.54635/tpks.2022.18putk
Jujuna Peikrishvili
The pronoun ‘vin’ (‘who’) is an ancient lexical item. It has neither a completeparadigm of declension nor a category of number; abundance can be expressed bydoubling the stem: vin movida? – vin da vin movidnen? (tamari da nino movidnen)(Who came? – Who and who came? (Tamar and Nino came).From the 19th century, the –‘eb’ form of the pronoun ‘vin’ – ‘vinebi’ (‘whos’)emerges in the mountainous dialects of the Georgian language, as “ an attempt tocreate a plural form’’ of the ‘vin’ pronoun (A. Shanidze). From the following period,‘vinebi’ (the ‘whos’) spread to other dialects, in general, to the Georgian language,and here and there even in fiction. Today it is especially noticeable in the speech ofyoung people and children. It seems that the media, social network, and other meansof communication also contribute to this process.In our opinion, the basis for the emergence and further spread of the ‘vinebi’can be:1. The need for formal agreement (apart from the semantic one) of the pronoun‘vin’ (‘vints’) (who ([the one] who) with the verb and the corresponding word (viniq’o stumari -vin iq’o stumrebi>vin iq’vnen stumrebi || vin da vin iq’vnen stumrebi ||vinebi iq’vnen stumrebi) (Who was the guest – Who was the guests > Who were theguests || Who and who were the guests || Whos were the guests);2. The analogy of the production of other pronouns formed with the suffix -eb(ra - ra-n-i, ra da ra || raebi. (‘what’) Cf. vin-vin and vin || vinebi (‘who’); also dialectforms: amaebi, magaebi, magnebi, agenebi, eseebi, isebi/isnebi… (these/those);3. The general regularity of a language involves giving more space to organicproduction compared to the descriptive one and facilitating the pronunciation, etc. (rada ra moitkhoves? vin da vin ts’avidnen? Cf. raebi moitkhoves? vinebi ts’avidnen?).(What and what did they demand? Who and who went? Cf. What did they demand?Who left?).The form ‘vinebi’ (‘whos’) which is incorrect for the literary language is a newreality. Its future will probably be determined by the language itself.საკვანძო სიტყვები: ქართული ენის მორფოლოგია, ნაცვალსახელისწარმოება, ნაცვალსახელის მრავლობითი რიცხვის გამოხატვა.Keywords: Morphology of the Georgian language, pronoun formation, expressingplural in pronouns.
代词“vin”(“谁”)是一个古老的词汇。它既没有一个完整的衰落范式,也没有一个数字范畴;丰度可以通过将茎加倍来表示:vin movida?- vin da vin movidnen?tamari da nino movidnen谁来了?-谁和谁来了?(他玛和尼诺来了)。从19世纪开始,代词“vin”-“vinebi”(“谁”)的-“eb”形式出现在格鲁吉亚语的山区方言中,作为“试图创造一个复数形式”的“vin”代词(a . Shanidze)。从接下来的时期开始,“vinebi”(“谁”)传播到其他方言,一般来说,格鲁吉亚语,甚至在小说中到处都有。今天,这在年轻人和儿童的讲话中尤为明显。媒体、社交网络和其他交流方式似乎也促进了这一过程。在我们看来,“葡萄藤”的出现和进一步传播的基础可能是:1。1 .代词' vin ' (' vints ')(谁([那个人]谁)与动词和相应的词(viniq ' o stumari -vin iq ' o stumrebi>vin iq ' vnen stumrebi ||vin da viniq ' vnen stumrebi ||vinebi iq ' vnen stumrebi)(谁是客人-谁是客人>谁是客人/谁是客人/谁是客人/谁是客人)需要正式的一致(除了语义上的一致);类似于以-eb(ra - ra-n-i, ra da ra || raebi)为后缀的其他代词的产生(' what ') Cf. vin-vin and vin || vinebi (' who ');还有方言形式:amaebi, magaebi, magnebi, agenebi, eseebi, isebi/isnebi…(这些/那些);与描述性语言相比,语言的一般规律包括给有机生产更多的空间,并促进发音等。这是什么?雷比·莫伊霍夫斯?vinebi ts 'avidnen吗?)(他们的要求是什么?谁和谁去了?他们有什么要求?谁离开了?)。对文学语言来说不正确的“vinebi”(“谁”)的形式是一种新的现实。它的未来很可能由语言本身决定。საკვანძოსიტყვები:ქართულიენისმორფოლოგია,ნაცვალსახელისწარმოება,ნაცვალსახელისმრავლობითირიცხვისგამოხატვა。关键词:格鲁吉亚语词法,代词构成,代词的复数表达。
{"title":"Vin nacvalsaxelis mravlobiti ricxvis sakitxisatvis tanamedrove kartulshi /ვინ ნაცვალსახელის მრავლობითი რიცხვის საკითხისათვის თანამედროვე ქართულში [On the Issue of the Plural Form of the Pronoun ‘vin’ (‘who’) in Modern Georgian]","authors":"Jujuna Peikrishvili","doi":"10.54635/tpks.2022.18putk","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54635/tpks.2022.18putk","url":null,"abstract":"The pronoun ‘vin’ (‘who’) is an ancient lexical item. It has neither a complete\u0000paradigm of declension nor a category of number; abundance can be expressed by\u0000doubling the stem: vin movida? – vin da vin movidnen? (tamari da nino movidnen)\u0000(Who came? – Who and who came? (Tamar and Nino came).\u0000From the 19th century, the –‘eb’ form of the pronoun ‘vin’ – ‘vinebi’ (‘whos’)\u0000emerges in the mountainous dialects of the Georgian language, as “ an attempt to\u0000create a plural form’’ of the ‘vin’ pronoun (A. Shanidze). From the following period,\u0000‘vinebi’ (the ‘whos’) spread to other dialects, in general, to the Georgian language,\u0000and here and there even in fiction. Today it is especially noticeable in the speech of\u0000young people and children. It seems that the media, social network, and other means\u0000of communication also contribute to this process.\u0000In our opinion, the basis for the emergence and further spread of the ‘vinebi’\u0000can be:\u00001. The need for formal agreement (apart from the semantic one) of the pronoun\u0000‘vin’ (‘vints’) (who ([the one] who) with the verb and the corresponding word (vin\u0000iq’o stumari -vin iq’o stumrebi>vin iq’vnen stumrebi || vin da vin iq’vnen stumrebi ||\u0000vinebi iq’vnen stumrebi) (Who was the guest – Who was the guests > Who were the\u0000guests || Who and who were the guests || Whos were the guests);\u00002. The analogy of the production of other pronouns formed with the suffix -eb\u0000(ra - ra-n-i, ra da ra || raebi. (‘what’) Cf. vin-vin and vin || vinebi (‘who’); also dialect\u0000forms: amaebi, magaebi, magnebi, agenebi, eseebi, isebi/isnebi… (these/those);\u00003. The general regularity of a language involves giving more space to organic\u0000production compared to the descriptive one and facilitating the pronunciation, etc. (ra\u0000da ra moitkhoves? vin da vin ts’avidnen? Cf. raebi moitkhoves? vinebi ts’avidnen?).\u0000(What and what did they demand? Who and who went? Cf. What did they demand?\u0000Who left?).\u0000The form ‘vinebi’ (‘whos’) which is incorrect for the literary language is a new\u0000reality. Its future will probably be determined by the language itself.\u0000საკვანძო სიტყვები: ქართული ენის მორფოლოგია, ნაცვალსახელის\u0000წარმოება, ნაცვალსახელის მრავლობითი რიცხვის გამოხატვა.\u0000Keywords: Morphology of the Georgian language, pronoun formation, expressing\u0000plural in pronouns.","PeriodicalId":272679,"journal":{"name":"Kartveluri Memk'vidreoba [Kartvelian Heritage]","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127470220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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Kartveluri Memk'vidreoba [Kartvelian Heritage]
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