Ecosystem services can be described as all those visible and invisible benefits provided by the complex interaction of physical, chemical and biological properties of the environment. Natural landscapes such as forests, grasslands, mangroves and wetlands as well as managed ecosystems provide a range of ‘services’ to sustain human welfare. The services from these ecosystems include ‘provisioning’ services (food, water, timber, fibre and genetic resources) ‘regulating’ services (climate regulation, floods/drought regulation, water quality management and disease prevention),‘supporting’ services (soil formation, pollination, pest management, nutrient cycling) and ‘cultural’ services (recreational, spiritual, religious). Due to the complex nature, even sophisticated technologies find it difficult to mimic it. But the importance of ecosystem services are not properly realised and recognised adequately in economic markets, government policies or land management practices. As a result, ecosystems and the services they provide are on decline, in quality and quantity. The societal, political and economic interventions in conservation and judicious use of ecosystem services can be improved if the economic value/worth of these services are estimated and projected. Such an attempt at local, regional and global level assumes relevance in this perspective. Assessing ecosystem service value thus is a prerequirement for attaining millennium development goals (MDGs) through sustainable production approaches. The theme for discussion in the conference was intended to focus on agroecosystems that are interrelated with agricultural production systems and those that affect the livelihood of large masses of poor. Thus the broad areas suggested were , valuation of externalities associated with the agricultural technologies and net impacts, farming systems, agroecosystems and environmental impact valuation, forest types and Total Economic Value, value of environmental impact of land use changes, evaluation and policy impacts, climate change impacts on ecosystem and its valuation and methodological challenges to valuation of ecosystems. The discussions are grouped under five headings, basically following the ecosystem approach.
{"title":"Valuation of Ecosystem Services","authors":"P. Devi","doi":"10.18356/2654cefd-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/2654cefd-en","url":null,"abstract":"Ecosystem services can be described as all those visible and invisible benefits provided by the complex interaction of physical, chemical and biological properties of the environment. Natural landscapes such as forests, grasslands, mangroves and wetlands as well as managed ecosystems provide a range of ‘services’ to sustain human welfare. The services from these ecosystems include ‘provisioning’ services (food, water, timber, fibre and genetic resources) ‘regulating’ services (climate regulation, floods/drought regulation, water quality management and disease prevention),‘supporting’ services (soil formation, pollination, pest management, nutrient cycling) and ‘cultural’ services (recreational, spiritual, religious). Due to the complex nature, even sophisticated technologies find it difficult to mimic it. But the importance of ecosystem services are not properly realised and recognised adequately in economic markets, government policies or land management practices. As a result, ecosystems and the services they provide are on decline, in quality and quantity. The societal, political and economic interventions in conservation and judicious use of ecosystem services can be improved if the economic value/worth of these services are estimated and projected. Such an attempt at local, regional and global level assumes relevance in this perspective. Assessing ecosystem service value thus is a prerequirement for attaining millennium development goals (MDGs) through sustainable production approaches. The theme for discussion in the conference was intended to focus on agroecosystems that are interrelated with agricultural production systems and those that affect the livelihood of large masses of poor. Thus the broad areas suggested were , valuation of externalities associated with the agricultural technologies and net impacts, farming systems, agroecosystems and environmental impact valuation, forest types and Total Economic Value, value of environmental impact of land use changes, evaluation and policy impacts, climate change impacts on ecosystem and its valuation and methodological challenges to valuation of ecosystems. The discussions are grouped under five headings, basically following the ecosystem approach.","PeriodicalId":273401,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of agricultural economics","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116517864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rice-wheat farming systems (RWS) cover about 80 per cent of the food requirement and about 60 per cent of the nutritional requirement of the Indian population (Timsina and Cornor, 2001). Out of the total rice and wheat production in India, 42 per cent comes from Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). The productivity data indicate an increasing trend for the period of 1958-98, but a decreasing or stagnating trend afterwards (Ladha et al., 2003). The increase in rice-wheat production during 1958-98 can be attributed to many factors, mainly the intensification of land use, investments in irrigation facilities and adoption of modern seed-fertiliser technologies. Some of the crucial policies adopted by the Indian government, such as input price subsidies, output price support, subsidised power supply, and low interest farm credit etc., have also contributed in bringing about this big lead in rice-wheat production. However, the stagnation in productivity can be attributed to intensive agricultural farming practices, which leads to environmental problems and in turn make the whole system unsustainable (Fujisaka et al., 1994; Hobbs and Morris, 1996; Kumar et al., 1999; Ladha et al., 2003). The prevailing policy environment has further encouraged unsuitable practices (Pingali and Shah, 2001). Thus, while the intensive rice-wheat farming caters to food requirements of the growing population, it has also led to resource depletion and lower land productivity. Hence, there is a need for adoption of improved resource conservation technologies. These technologies seem to offer opportunities, which would increase production and income substantially (Sharma and Kumar, 2000). The zero tillage (ZT) technology is one such technology, which can increase food production to meet future demand while conserving the resources.
水稻-小麦耕作系统(RWS)满足了印度人口大约80%的粮食需求和大约60%的营养需求(Timsina和Cornor, 2001年)。在印度的大米和小麦总产量中，42%来自印度-恒河平原。生产率数据表明1958- 1998年期间呈上升趋势，但此后呈下降或停滞趋势(Ladha et al.， 2003)。1958- 1998年期间稻麦产量的增加可归因于许多因素，主要是土地使用的集约化、灌溉设施的投资和采用现代种子肥料技术。印度政府采取的一些关键政策，如投入价格补贴、产出价格支持、补贴电力供应和低息农业信贷等，也促成了稻麦产量的大幅领先。然而，生产力的停滞可以归因于集约化的农业耕作方式，这导致了环境问题，反过来使整个系统不可持续(Fujisaka等人，1994;Hobbs and Morris, 1996;Kumar et al.， 1999;Ladha et al.， 2003)。现行的政策环境进一步鼓励了不适当的做法(Pingali和Shah, 2001)。因此，虽然集约化的稻麦种植满足了不断增长的人口对粮食的需求，但它也导致了资源枯竭和土地生产力下降。因此，有必要采用改进的资源保护技术。这些技术似乎提供了机会，这将大大增加生产和收入(Sharma和Kumar, 2000)。免耕(ZT)技术就是这样一种技术，它可以在节约资源的同时增加粮食产量以满足未来的需求。
{"title":"Factors affecting the adoption of resource conservation technology: Case of zero tillage in rice-wheat farming systems","authors":"V. Laxmi, V. Mishra","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.204509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.204509","url":null,"abstract":"Rice-wheat farming systems (RWS) cover about 80 per cent of the food requirement and about 60 per cent of the nutritional requirement of the Indian population (Timsina and Cornor, 2001). Out of the total rice and wheat production in India, 42 per cent comes from Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). The productivity data indicate an increasing trend for the period of 1958-98, but a decreasing or stagnating trend afterwards (Ladha et al., 2003). The increase in rice-wheat production during 1958-98 can be attributed to many factors, mainly the intensification of land use, investments in irrigation facilities and adoption of modern seed-fertiliser technologies. Some of the crucial policies adopted by the Indian government, such as input price subsidies, output price support, subsidised power supply, and low interest farm credit etc., have also contributed in bringing about this big lead in rice-wheat production. However, the stagnation in productivity can be attributed to intensive agricultural farming practices, which leads to environmental problems and in turn make the whole system unsustainable (Fujisaka et al., 1994; Hobbs and Morris, 1996; Kumar et al., 1999; Ladha et al., 2003). The prevailing policy environment has further encouraged unsuitable practices (Pingali and Shah, 2001). Thus, while the intensive rice-wheat farming caters to food requirements of the growing population, it has also led to resource depletion and lower land productivity. Hence, there is a need for adoption of improved resource conservation technologies. These technologies seem to offer opportunities, which would increase production and income substantially (Sharma and Kumar, 2000). The zero tillage (ZT) technology is one such technology, which can increase food production to meet future demand while conserving the resources.","PeriodicalId":273401,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of agricultural economics","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126679930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Impact of Modern Agricultural Technology on Small Farmers: A Case Study in Assam","authors":"P. D. Saikia, A. Bora","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.268277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.268277","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":273401,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of agricultural economics","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121509752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Rapporteur’s Report on Review of Eleventh Plan - Implementation and Impact Study at a State/District Level with Special Reference to Agriculture and Rural Development","authors":"H. Sharma","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.204714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.204714","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":273401,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of agricultural economics","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127933193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Caste Ranking and Community Structure in Five Regions of India and Pakistan","authors":"McKim Marriot","doi":"10.2307/597673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/597673","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":273401,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of agricultural economics","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132528569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dairy development of India has been acclaimed as one of the most successful development programmes in the world. The co-operatives were conceived as the main vehicle for implementing dairy development programmes in India and much of the success of the ‘White Revolution’ in the country is attributed to cooperative framework of the dairy development strategies. Nonetheless, the potential of the dairy cooperatives in the context of emerging globalised markets is often questioned. The emergence of several integrated marketing models backed by giant multinationals is posing stiff competition to the co-operative models of milk marketing. In this backdrop, this study examines the impact of co-operatives at the farm level based on the data collected from 675 dairy farming households in three states of India - Bihar, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. These states represent geographical and institutional diversity of milk production and marketing in the country. This study aims at analysing the impact of dairy co-operatives on the farmers’ performance with the adoption of milk quality and safety practices. The findings indicate that the stature of the co-operatives as the multifunctional entity for dairy farmers of rural India is still intact. A cross comparison between the member and the non-member farmers of the dairy co-operatives suggests that the scale of farming and level of adoption of improved animals have been significantly higher for member farmers. Similarly, the co-operative member households contributed significantly higher quantity of milk at higher levels of productivity than their non-member counterparts. The co-operative members were found to have better market access for selling milk. Per unit cost of milk production was on the lower side for the members and they realised higher price of milk than the non-member farmers. More importantly, the members were relatively better adopters of milk safety and hygiene practices’ and had lower additional cost of compliance and that in turn would promote better compliance. Further, the paper identifies the major factors that enabled the dairy farmers to participate in co-operatives. The results of the Probit analysis suggested that the socio-economic and demographic factors like education, experience, scale of farming, size of holdings, caste affiliation, etc. determine the participation of dairy farmers in cooperatives. The membership in the co-operatives gives a distinct advantage to dairy farmers for enhanced milk yield, productivity and quality, and thereby increases their competitiveness in the domestic and international markets. The potential of dairy co-operatives need to be fully exploited in the country, and to empower them further, new initiatives should be vigorously pursued.
{"title":"Do Dairy Co-operatives Enhance Milk Production, Productivity and Quality? Evidences from the Indo-Gangetic Plain of India","authors":"Anjani Kumar, P. Shinoj, S. Jee","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.206348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.206348","url":null,"abstract":"Dairy development of India has been acclaimed as one of the most successful development programmes in the world. The co-operatives were conceived as the main vehicle for implementing dairy development programmes in India and much of the success of the ‘White Revolution’ in the country is attributed to cooperative framework of the dairy development strategies. Nonetheless, the potential of the dairy cooperatives in the context of emerging globalised markets is often questioned. The emergence of several integrated marketing models backed by giant multinationals is posing stiff competition to the co-operative models of milk marketing. In this backdrop, this study examines the impact of co-operatives at the farm level based on the data collected from 675 dairy farming households in three states of India - Bihar, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. These states represent geographical and institutional diversity of milk production and marketing in the country. This study aims at analysing the impact of dairy co-operatives on the farmers’ performance with the adoption of milk quality and safety practices. The findings indicate that the stature of the co-operatives as the multifunctional entity for dairy farmers of rural India is still intact. A cross comparison between the member and the non-member farmers of the dairy co-operatives suggests that the scale of farming and level of adoption of improved animals have been significantly higher for member farmers. Similarly, the co-operative member households contributed significantly higher quantity of milk at higher levels of productivity than their non-member counterparts. The co-operative members were found to have better market access for selling milk. Per unit cost of milk production was on the lower side for the members and they realised higher price of milk than the non-member farmers. More importantly, the members were relatively better adopters of milk safety and hygiene practices’ and had lower additional cost of compliance and that in turn would promote better compliance. Further, the paper identifies the major factors that enabled the dairy farmers to participate in co-operatives. The results of the Probit analysis suggested that the socio-economic and demographic factors like education, experience, scale of farming, size of holdings, caste affiliation, etc. determine the participation of dairy farmers in cooperatives. The membership in the co-operatives gives a distinct advantage to dairy farmers for enhanced milk yield, productivity and quality, and thereby increases their competitiveness in the domestic and international markets. The potential of dairy co-operatives need to be fully exploited in the country, and to empower them further, new initiatives should be vigorously pursued.","PeriodicalId":273401,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of agricultural economics","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131475553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Some Aspects of Management in Farming Business Under Egyptian Farming Conditions","authors":"A. E. Tonbary","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.230818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.230818","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":273401,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of agricultural economics","volume":"431 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116010674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Economics of Irrigation in Dry Climates","authors":"C. Clark","doi":"10.22004/ag.econ.231018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.231018","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":273401,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of agricultural economics","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124905065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nature and Role of Risk and Uncertainty in Agriculture","authors":"A. S. Kahlon, S. Johl","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.231684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.231684","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":273401,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of agricultural economics","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134286273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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