Subsidies have a long history of use – and abuse. Food security has historically been a high priority for policy makers, providing the core justification for agricultural subsidies. Interest in agricultural subsidies has resurged in recent years driven by two factors: (i) the global food price spikes of 2007, with sustained high prices in subsequent years, have renewed concerns about food security, and (ii) the frustration with slow progress in agricultural growth in several parts of the world, including several countries of Africa and Asia where food security remains a major concern, has increased calls for input subsidies, especially for fertilisers to stimulate productivity growth. Faced with the slow pace of structural transformation, persistent rural poverty, and a widening gap between the incomes of rural and urban populations, political and social imperatives compel policy makers to find ways to boost the incomes of a large share of the population engaged in agriculture, and subsidies are often seen as a convenient way of doing so. Past subsidies resulted mostly from trade policies and output price supports. Most current subsidies in developing countries are direct input subsidies, at times complemented by price supports (backed by public procurement) and trade policies. Despite their widespread use, or perhaps because of it, subsidies continue to be vigorously debated amongst policy analysts and researchers, often taking seemingly political and ideological overtones. Subsidies (and the specific forms they take) have their justifications but also some serious drawbacks. The costs relative to the benefits associated with different subsidies are at the heart of this debate. The conceptual arguments in favour of subsidies have appeal (see Bardhan and Moorkherjee, 2011; World Bank, 2007), but a poor track record of implementation and the historical legacy of subsidies, particularly the high opportunity costs of scarce budgetary
{"title":"Agricultural Subsidies: Resurging Interest in a Perennial Debate","authors":"M. Gautam","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.229968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.229968","url":null,"abstract":"Subsidies have a long history of use – and abuse. Food security has historically been a high priority for policy makers, providing the core justification for agricultural subsidies. Interest in agricultural subsidies has resurged in recent years driven by two factors: (i) the global food price spikes of 2007, with sustained high prices in subsequent years, have renewed concerns about food security, and (ii) the frustration with slow progress in agricultural growth in several parts of the world, including several countries of Africa and Asia where food security remains a major concern, has increased calls for input subsidies, especially for fertilisers to stimulate productivity growth. Faced with the slow pace of structural transformation, persistent rural poverty, and a widening gap between the incomes of rural and urban populations, political and social imperatives compel policy makers to find ways to boost the incomes of a large share of the population engaged in agriculture, and subsidies are often seen as a convenient way of doing so. Past subsidies resulted mostly from trade policies and output price supports. Most current subsidies in developing countries are direct input subsidies, at times complemented by price supports (backed by public procurement) and trade policies. Despite their widespread use, or perhaps because of it, subsidies continue to be vigorously debated amongst policy analysts and researchers, often taking seemingly political and ideological overtones. Subsidies (and the specific forms they take) have their justifications but also some serious drawbacks. The costs relative to the benefits associated with different subsidies are at the heart of this debate. The conceptual arguments in favour of subsidies have appeal (see Bardhan and Moorkherjee, 2011; World Bank, 2007), but a poor track record of implementation and the historical legacy of subsidies, particularly the high opportunity costs of scarce budgetary","PeriodicalId":273401,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of agricultural economics","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126322448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The economic benefits and costs involved in an informal institutional arrangement of groundwater resource was analysed against control farm situation (non sharing farmers) in the present study. The sharing of well water among siblings was considered as an informal institution. Accordingly, a sample of thirty farmers sharing well water using snow ball sampling technique and a sample of seventeen farmers using simple random sampling were selected from central dry zone of Karnataka. In this study transaction costs and benefits of sharing water in irrigation well among siblings are estimated. The marginal productivity of groundwater irrigation due to the institution of sharing well water is estimated using linear regression with intercept dummy variable. The sustainable extraction path of groundwater is estimated using optimal control theory. The results indicated the absence of transaction cost in collective action, since sharing (a form of collective action which involves the cost of bringing siblings together providing information regarding importance of sharing water and the cost of convincing regarding sharing well water and the corresponding sustainable crop pattern, instead of drilling new well, which may result in reduced water in original well(s)) was among the siblings. Farmers who were sharing well water, experienced lower rate of failure of wells (23 per cent) when compared with farmers who were not sharing well water (for whom failure rate of wells was 46 per cent); had higher proportion of functioning wells (77 per cent) when compared with those not sharing (54 per cent). Similarly they experienced longer age of wells of 12.32 years, instead of 8.68 years; reduced negative externality (Rs. 1293 per well against Rs. 6692 per well), reduced cost of irrigation water per acre inch (Rs. 358 per acre inch against Rs. 599 per acre inch). Farmers who were sharing well water also realised higher net returns per rupee of functioning well (Rs.2,79,795 as against Rs.2,40,102) and net returns per rupee of irrigation water (Rs.10.83 against Rs. 7.23). The life of borewell could also enhance by 45 years instead of 8 years, by maintaining depth of wells.
{"title":"An Implication of Groundwater Institutions on Reducing Negative Externality, Enhancing Economic Efficiency and Welfare in Karnataka","authors":"K. R. Patil","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.230063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.230063","url":null,"abstract":"The economic benefits and costs involved in an informal institutional arrangement of groundwater resource was analysed against control farm situation (non sharing farmers) in the present study. The sharing of well water among siblings was considered as an informal institution. Accordingly, a sample of thirty farmers sharing well water using snow ball sampling technique and a sample of seventeen farmers using simple random sampling were selected from central dry zone of Karnataka. In this study transaction costs and benefits of sharing water in irrigation well among siblings are estimated. The marginal productivity of groundwater irrigation due to the institution of sharing well water is estimated using linear regression with intercept dummy variable. The sustainable extraction path of groundwater is estimated using optimal control theory. The results indicated the absence of transaction cost in collective action, since sharing (a form of collective action which involves the cost of bringing siblings together providing information regarding importance of sharing water and the cost of convincing regarding sharing well water and the corresponding sustainable crop pattern, instead of drilling new well, which may result in reduced water in original well(s)) was among the siblings. Farmers who were sharing well water, experienced lower rate of failure of wells (23 per cent) when compared with farmers who were not sharing well water (for whom failure rate of wells was 46 per cent); had higher proportion of functioning wells (77 per cent) when compared with those not sharing (54 per cent). Similarly they experienced longer age of wells of 12.32 years, instead of 8.68 years; reduced negative externality (Rs. 1293 per well against Rs. 6692 per well), reduced cost of irrigation water per acre inch (Rs. 358 per acre inch against Rs. 599 per acre inch). Farmers who were sharing well water also realised higher net returns per rupee of functioning well (Rs.2,79,795 as against Rs.2,40,102) and net returns per rupee of irrigation water (Rs.10.83 against Rs. 7.23). The life of borewell could also enhance by 45 years instead of 8 years, by maintaining depth of wells.","PeriodicalId":273401,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of agricultural economics","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129514454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1142/9789814282116_0013
M. Swaminathan
{"title":"Indian Agriculture at the Crossroads","authors":"M. Swaminathan","doi":"10.1142/9789814282116_0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814282116_0013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":273401,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of agricultural economics","volume":"157 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126071558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Irrigation provides a source of livelihood to millions of people both in developed and developing countries. In parts of South Asia, where there has been a massive thrust on rural development, extensive networks co-exist with the greatest concentration of rural poverty in the world. Production and livelihoods are linked with poverty alleviation. However, generation of employment and income and support of livelihoods is a high priority than production (Chambers, 1988). Generally, the poor stand to gain from better management of irrigation schemes through generation of employment and income, security against impoverishment and enhancement in their quality of life. In dry regions, irrigation projects need special attention towards its efficient management through people’s participation that may bring the desirable result to meet the ultimate objectives of the schemes. Rajasthan is an extremely water scarce region. Only one per cent of the country's water is available for 5 per cent of the population living in 10 per cent of the total geographical area. The rainfall is generally low and uncertain. A major part of the state is arid and semi-arid. Irrigation on a large scale is absolutely necessary for achieving an economically viable level of agricultural production. Irrigation works are not only a source of water for its crops but also are the only source of water for meeting drinking water requirements for millions of human and livestock population. The agriculture sector is the major consumer of water where as high as 90 per cent of the total availability is used for irrigation purpose. The domestic demand is fulfilled by about 9 per cent of the total supply while only one per cent is allocated for other uses. The economy of Rajasthan is mainly dependent on the agriculture sector, which supports about 70 per cent of the population and contributes 40 per cent to gross domestic product. Presently, irrigated agriculture accounts for one-third of agricultural production and irrigation is increasingly becoming one of the critical factors for increased production. The productivity of irrigated land is low as compared to its potential. The major factors responsible for low agricultural productivity and food insecurity are insufficient and insecure water availability and lack of efficient irrigation management. Besides other factors that have caused food insecurity are small size of landholdings and lack of off-farm employment.
{"title":"Livelihood Concerns in Water Resources Management Regimes in Scarce Conditions","authors":"Dalbir Singh","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.204360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.204360","url":null,"abstract":"Irrigation provides a source of livelihood to millions of people both in developed and developing countries. In parts of South Asia, where there has been a massive thrust on rural development, extensive networks co-exist with the greatest concentration of rural poverty in the world. Production and livelihoods are linked with poverty alleviation. However, generation of employment and income and support of livelihoods is a high priority than production (Chambers, 1988). Generally, the poor stand to gain from better management of irrigation schemes through generation of employment and income, security against impoverishment and enhancement in their quality of life. In dry regions, irrigation projects need special attention towards its efficient management through people’s participation that may bring the desirable result to meet the ultimate objectives of the schemes. Rajasthan is an extremely water scarce region. Only one per cent of the country's water is available for 5 per cent of the population living in 10 per cent of the total geographical area. The rainfall is generally low and uncertain. A major part of the state is arid and semi-arid. Irrigation on a large scale is absolutely necessary for achieving an economically viable level of agricultural production. Irrigation works are not only a source of water for its crops but also are the only source of water for meeting drinking water requirements for millions of human and livestock population. The agriculture sector is the major consumer of water where as high as 90 per cent of the total availability is used for irrigation purpose. The domestic demand is fulfilled by about 9 per cent of the total supply while only one per cent is allocated for other uses. The economy of Rajasthan is mainly dependent on the agriculture sector, which supports about 70 per cent of the population and contributes 40 per cent to gross domestic product. Presently, irrigated agriculture accounts for one-third of agricultural production and irrigation is increasingly becoming one of the critical factors for increased production. The productivity of irrigated land is low as compared to its potential. The major factors responsible for low agricultural productivity and food insecurity are insufficient and insecure water availability and lack of efficient irrigation management. Besides other factors that have caused food insecurity are small size of landholdings and lack of off-farm employment.","PeriodicalId":273401,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of agricultural economics","volume":"8 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131103160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Relevant time series data/information on temperature, rainfall and relative humidity over considerable period of about 4 decades has been analysed using simple statistical tools such as periodic mean, mean deviation and t-test to ascertain the changing climate pattern in Ludhiana district of Punjab. During past 40 years, the region experienced significant increase in average minimum temperature for all months in kharif season in the range of 1.4-2.1°C. The average maximum temperature has increased only for the month of August (0.5°C), while it decreased for the months of June (1.4°) and September (0.6°C). In totality, rise in average monthly temperature during kharif season has enhanced the level of warming. The average rainfall of the region showed an increasing trend with significant results for September (46.7 mm) and October (15.2 mm). The average relative humidity during the study period has been consistently and significantly increased in the range of 1.5-10 per cent during all these months. Climate change has the ability to influence the crops productivity either positively or negatively. Most of the studies have utilised various simulation models to estimate the likely impact of climate change on paddy productivity, while very few studies have considered how rising temperature and erratic rainfall or as a whole changing climatic factors have actually affected crop productivity and production. Weekly correlation between each climatic factor and periods of the crop season were computed to develop the empirical relationship and to identify all potential weeks climate affecting paddy productivity. The study identified climatecomposite technological index model as a better fitted model to describe the impact of climate as well as technology on paddy productivity in Ludhiana district of Punjab. Increase in the maximum temperature has negative impact on paddy productivity, while increase in the minimum temperature, rainfall and relative humidity has positive impact though non-significant.
{"title":"Research Note: Changing Climate Pattern and Its Impact on Paddy Productivity in Ludhiana District of Punjab","authors":"D. K. Grover, Deepack Upadhya","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.206372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.206372","url":null,"abstract":"Relevant time series data/information on temperature, rainfall and relative humidity over considerable period of about 4 decades has been analysed using simple statistical tools such as periodic mean, mean deviation and t-test to ascertain the changing climate pattern in Ludhiana district of Punjab. During past 40 years, the region experienced significant increase in average minimum temperature for all months in kharif season in the range of 1.4-2.1°C. The average maximum temperature has increased only for the month of August (0.5°C), while it decreased for the months of June (1.4°) and September (0.6°C). In totality, rise in average monthly temperature during kharif season has enhanced the level of warming. The average rainfall of the region showed an increasing trend with significant results for September (46.7 mm) and October (15.2 mm). The average relative humidity during the study period has been consistently and significantly increased in the range of 1.5-10 per cent during all these months. Climate change has the ability to influence the crops productivity either positively or negatively. Most of the studies have utilised various simulation models to estimate the likely impact of climate change on paddy productivity, while very few studies have considered how rising temperature and erratic rainfall or as a whole changing climatic factors have actually affected crop productivity and production. Weekly correlation between each climatic factor and periods of the crop season were computed to develop the empirical relationship and to identify all potential weeks climate affecting paddy productivity. The study identified climatecomposite technological index model as a better fitted model to describe the impact of climate as well as technology on paddy productivity in Ludhiana district of Punjab. Increase in the maximum temperature has negative impact on paddy productivity, while increase in the minimum temperature, rainfall and relative humidity has positive impact though non-significant.","PeriodicalId":273401,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of agricultural economics","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130570990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Agriculture is intimately connected with migration and at the primary instance out-migration simply aggravates the problem of agriculture. But migration and remittances can also foster household farm investment and agricultural production. Besides agriculture, male out-migration has a bearing on farm women also due to transfer of responsibilities. The present study has assessed the impact of out-migration on agriculture and workload of women. Primary data were collected from 90 migrant and 60 non-migrant member households in Pithoragarh district, Uttarakhand. Regression, conventional economic and tabular analyses were used to analyse the data. None of the migrant households made any attempt to create productive assets on the farm through remittances, though they spent some amount for hiring labour and for purchasing material inputs and cattle feed. In migrant member households a larger percentage of land was kept fallow and the number of livestock was also lower. The magnitude of workload of farm women was more in the case of migrant member households than in non-migrant households due to additional burden of non-households and non-farm works in the absence of male members (migrants).
{"title":"Impact of Out-Migration on Agriculture and Women Work Load: An Economic Analysis of Hilly Regions of Uttarakhand India","authors":"G. Bhandari, B. V. C. Reddy","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.230218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.230218","url":null,"abstract":"Agriculture is intimately connected with migration and at the primary instance out-migration simply aggravates the problem of agriculture. But migration and remittances can also foster household farm investment and agricultural production. Besides agriculture, male out-migration has a bearing on farm women also due to transfer of responsibilities. The present study has assessed the impact of out-migration on agriculture and workload of women. Primary data were collected from 90 migrant and 60 non-migrant member households in Pithoragarh district, Uttarakhand. Regression, conventional economic and tabular analyses were used to analyse the data. None of the migrant households made any attempt to create productive assets on the farm through remittances, though they spent some amount for hiring labour and for purchasing material inputs and cattle feed. In migrant member households a larger percentage of land was kept fallow and the number of livestock was also lower. The magnitude of workload of farm women was more in the case of migrant member households than in non-migrant households due to additional burden of non-households and non-farm works in the absence of male members (migrants).","PeriodicalId":273401,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of agricultural economics","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130012146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Agricultural Policy In India Since Independence","authors":"M. L. Dantwala","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.182350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.182350","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":273401,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of agricultural economics","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131670940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Agrarian Relations: A Study on Some Aspects of Land Tenancy System in Assam","authors":"H. Gautam","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.275064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.275064","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":273401,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of agricultural economics","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122485011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nature and Role of Risk and Uncertainty in Agriculture","authors":"S. Jatar","doi":"10.22004/ag.econ.231680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.231680","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":273401,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of agricultural economics","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121243276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Environmental problems due to rapid industrialisation are very common in areas where polluting industries like textile dyeing units, tanneries, pulp and paper processing units and sugar factories are located. The effluents discharged by these industrial units have led to severely polluted surface, ground water sources and soils, which has ultimately affected the livelihood of the common man. Agricultural practices with uncontrolled extensive use of agrochemicals and fertilisers, urbanisation and industrialisation discharge untreated industrial effluents and dump domestic wastes on large scale. The flow of sewage into waterways leads to water pollution. The Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) ranks countries on 21 elements of environmental sustainability covering natural resource endowments, past and present pollution levels, environmental management efforts, contributions to protection of the global commons, and a society's capacity to improve its environmental performance over time (Sherbinin et al., 2005). India ranks 101 in the list. Generally the highmiddle ranking reflects top performance on issues such as water quality and environmental protection capacity. India comes under bottom-rung results on issues, such as waste generation and greenhouse gas emissions (Appendix). India has comparative advantage in certain export industries, such as textiles, and leather because of its raw materials adundance and cheap labour. These agro-based industries cause various forms of pollution, which contaminate the air, water and land resources. Often they turn out to be ‘water consuming’ industries since they require large quantities of water for processing. These industries discharge the untreated or partially treated effluents on land or water bodies which end up in polluting the environment (Appasamy, 2001). The negative externalities of these industries are leading to loss in crop area and production, changes in cropping pattern, health problems, and socio-economic imbalance in the regions. Moreover industrial pollution causes labour migration, unemployment or changes in employment pattern and decrease in share of farm income to the total household income (Govindarajalu, 2003).
在纺织染色厂、制革厂、纸浆和纸张加工单位以及制糖厂等污染工业所在的地区，快速工业化造成的环境问题非常普遍。这些工业单位排放的污水导致地表、地下水源和土壤受到严重污染，最终影响到普通人的生活。无节制地大量使用农用化学品和化肥的农业做法、城市化和工业化排放未经处理的工业废水和大规模倾倒生活废物。污水流入水道导致水污染。环境可持续性指数(ESI)根据环境可持续性的21个要素对各国进行排名，这些要素包括自然资源、过去和现在的污染水平、环境管理努力、对保护全球公地的贡献以及一个社会随着时间的推移改善其环境绩效的能力(Sherbinin et al.， 2005)。印度排在第101位。一般来说，中高排名反映了在水质和环境保护能力等问题上的最佳表现。印度在废物产生和温室气体排放等问题上排名垫底(附录)。由于原材料丰富和廉价劳动力，印度在某些出口行业(如纺织品和皮革)具有比较优势。这些以农业为基础的工业造成各种形式的污染，污染空气、水和土地资源。它们往往是“耗水”行业，因为它们需要大量的水来进行加工。这些工业向陆地或水体排放未经处理或部分处理的废水，最终污染环境(Appasamy, 2001年)。这些工业的负面外部性正在导致这些地区作物面积和产量的损失、种植方式的变化、健康问题和社会经济不平衡。此外，工业污染导致劳动力迁移、失业或就业模式的变化，并导致农业收入占家庭总收入的比例下降(Govindarajalu, 2003)。
{"title":"Estimation of the Negative Externalities of Textile Dyeing Industry Effluents on Crop Productivity and Value of Farm Lands in Tamil Nadu","authors":"T. Devi, C. Ramasamy, S. Gurunathan, S. Menaka","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.204588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.204588","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental problems due to rapid industrialisation are very common in areas where polluting industries like textile dyeing units, tanneries, pulp and paper processing units and sugar factories are located. The effluents discharged by these industrial units have led to severely polluted surface, ground water sources and soils, which has ultimately affected the livelihood of the common man. Agricultural practices with uncontrolled extensive use of agrochemicals and fertilisers, urbanisation and industrialisation discharge untreated industrial effluents and dump domestic wastes on large scale. The flow of sewage into waterways leads to water pollution. The Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) ranks countries on 21 elements of environmental sustainability covering natural resource endowments, past and present pollution levels, environmental management efforts, contributions to protection of the global commons, and a society's capacity to improve its environmental performance over time (Sherbinin et al., 2005). India ranks 101 in the list. Generally the highmiddle ranking reflects top performance on issues such as water quality and environmental protection capacity. India comes under bottom-rung results on issues, such as waste generation and greenhouse gas emissions (Appendix). India has comparative advantage in certain export industries, such as textiles, and leather because of its raw materials adundance and cheap labour. These agro-based industries cause various forms of pollution, which contaminate the air, water and land resources. Often they turn out to be ‘water consuming’ industries since they require large quantities of water for processing. These industries discharge the untreated or partially treated effluents on land or water bodies which end up in polluting the environment (Appasamy, 2001). The negative externalities of these industries are leading to loss in crop area and production, changes in cropping pattern, health problems, and socio-economic imbalance in the regions. Moreover industrial pollution causes labour migration, unemployment or changes in employment pattern and decrease in share of farm income to the total household income (Govindarajalu, 2003).","PeriodicalId":273401,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of agricultural economics","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133796098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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