{"title":"Income, Savings and Investment Behaviour of Small Farmers","authors":"K. Chauhan, S. Mundle, D. Jadhav","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.234591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.234591","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":273401,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of agricultural economics","volume":"427 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133723818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current study seeks to explore the degree of market integration through co-integration analysis on the wholesale weekly prices of three commercial varieties of Apple (American, Delicious and Moharaji) and their two important commercial grades (Special and Super) collected from five regional fruit markets of India during September, 2005 to February, 2013. The results reveal that apple markets are perfectly integrated, and the Delhi market is the dominant one. In the short run, a disequilibrium ranges from 2.1 to 96.9 per cent among all the varieties and grades of the selected fruits. However, the study finds no cointegration within two pairs of markets (Delhi-Srinagar and Bangalore-Kolkata) for the American Super variety and within one pair (Bangalore-Kolkata) for Moharaji Special. The Granger Causality Test reveals 39 and 18 bi-directional and uni-directional causations respectively under different market situations. Further, Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) results reveal a combination of positive and negative coefficients, though positive coefficients exceed the negative coefficients.
{"title":"Market Integration and Price Forecasting of Apple in India","authors":"M. H. Wani, R. Paul, N. H. Bazaz, M. Manzoor","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.230026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.230026","url":null,"abstract":"The current study seeks to explore the degree of market integration through co-integration analysis on the wholesale weekly prices of three commercial varieties of Apple (American, Delicious and Moharaji) and their two important commercial grades (Special and Super) collected from five regional fruit markets of India during September, 2005 to February, 2013. The results reveal that apple markets are perfectly integrated, and the Delhi market is the dominant one. In the short run, a disequilibrium ranges from 2.1 to 96.9 per cent among all the varieties and grades of the selected fruits. However, the study finds no cointegration within two pairs of markets (Delhi-Srinagar and Bangalore-Kolkata) for the American Super variety and within one pair (Bangalore-Kolkata) for Moharaji Special. The Granger Causality Test reveals 39 and 18 bi-directional and uni-directional causations respectively under different market situations. Further, Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) results reveal a combination of positive and negative coefficients, though positive coefficients exceed the negative coefficients.","PeriodicalId":273401,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of agricultural economics","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121847055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since the past two decades, the concept of sustainability has increasingly occupied the centre stage for the development of the agriculture and allied sectors. With the manifestation of stagnating or declining productivity levels, widening regional disparities and the emergence of environmental externalities, the concerns emerged that development process should be sustainable, i.e., it should be environmentally non-degrading, technically appropriate, economically viable and socially acceptable (FAO, 1991). Before targeting the policy interventions to maintain/enhance the sustainability of a crop or livestock production system, it is imperative to examine whether or not certain necessary conditions essential for sustainable development are present in a given region or ecosystem. The major approaches used in the literature to assess the sustainability of a biological production system in a particular region include, estimation of total factor productivity (Ehui and Spencer, 1990; Rosegrant and Evenson, 1995; Kumar and Mittal, 2006), computation of composite indices covering varied dimensions of sustainability (Saleth and Swaminathan, 1992; Yadav and Rai, 2001; Calker et al., 2004; Sen and Hatai, 2007; Singh and Hiremath, 2010) and Response-Inducing Sustainability Evaluation (RISE) (Hani et al., 2003). While each of these techniques has its own utility, the indexing approach provides a simple practical tool for indicating a set of projects and policies that can be implemented to address the problem areas that impede sustainability. In India, the empirical application of indexing approach has been made in the context of livelihood security, focusing on the ecological and economic dimensions related to crop production. Although in a recent study by Singh and Hiremath (2010), recognising the importance of dairying in economic and nutritional security of rural livelihoods in Gujarat; milk yield and per capita milk availability were taken as indicators in the construction of district level Sustainable Livelihood Security Index (SLSI), but
自过去二十年以来，可持续发展的概念日益占据农业和相关部门发展的中心舞台。随着生产力水平的停滞或下降、区域差距的扩大和环境外部性的出现，人们开始关注发展进程应该是可持续的，即它应该在环境上不退化、技术上适当、经济上可行和社会上可以接受(粮农组织，1991年)。在采取政策干预措施以维持/加强作物或牲畜生产系统的可持续性之前，必须审查在某一区域或生态系统中是否存在可持续发展所必需的某些必要条件。文献中用于评估特定区域生物生产系统可持续性的主要方法包括:估计全要素生产率(Ehui和Spencer, 1990;Rosegrant and Evenson, 1995;Kumar和Mittal, 2006)，涵盖可持续性不同维度的综合指数的计算(Saleth和Swaminathan, 1992;Yadav and Rai, 2001;Calker et al.， 2004;Sen and Hatai, 2007;Singh和Hiremath, 2010)和响应诱导可持续性评估(RISE) (Hani等，2003)。虽然每一种技术都有自己的用途，索引方法提供了一种简单实用的工具，用于指出一套可以执行的项目和政策，以解决妨碍可持续性的问题领域。在印度，指数方法在生计安全的背景下进行了实证应用，重点是与作物生产有关的生态和经济方面。尽管在Singh和Hiremath(2010)最近的一项研究中，认识到乳业对古吉拉特邦农村生计的经济和营养安全的重要性;在构建区级可持续生计安全指数(SLSI)时，以产奶量和人均可得奶量为指标
{"title":"District Level Sustainable Livestock Production Index: Tool for Livestock Development Planning in Rajasthan","authors":"P. Chand, S. Sirohi","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.204806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.204806","url":null,"abstract":"Since the past two decades, the concept of sustainability has increasingly occupied the centre stage for the development of the agriculture and allied sectors. With the manifestation of stagnating or declining productivity levels, widening regional disparities and the emergence of environmental externalities, the concerns emerged that development process should be sustainable, i.e., it should be environmentally non-degrading, technically appropriate, economically viable and socially acceptable (FAO, 1991). Before targeting the policy interventions to maintain/enhance the sustainability of a crop or livestock production system, it is imperative to examine whether or not certain necessary conditions essential for sustainable development are present in a given region or ecosystem. The major approaches used in the literature to assess the sustainability of a biological production system in a particular region include, estimation of total factor productivity (Ehui and Spencer, 1990; Rosegrant and Evenson, 1995; Kumar and Mittal, 2006), computation of composite indices covering varied dimensions of sustainability (Saleth and Swaminathan, 1992; Yadav and Rai, 2001; Calker et al., 2004; Sen and Hatai, 2007; Singh and Hiremath, 2010) and Response-Inducing Sustainability Evaluation (RISE) (Hani et al., 2003). While each of these techniques has its own utility, the indexing approach provides a simple practical tool for indicating a set of projects and policies that can be implemented to address the problem areas that impede sustainability. In India, the empirical application of indexing approach has been made in the context of livelihood security, focusing on the ecological and economic dimensions related to crop production. Although in a recent study by Singh and Hiremath (2010), recognising the importance of dairying in economic and nutritional security of rural livelihoods in Gujarat; milk yield and per capita milk availability were taken as indicators in the construction of district level Sustainable Livelihood Security Index (SLSI), but","PeriodicalId":273401,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of agricultural economics","volume":"273 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114274168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Impact of modern farming technology on rural employment in Saurashtra.","authors":"D. Desai, G. A. Patel, R. Patel","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.233746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.233746","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":273401,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of agricultural economics","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132488932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The non-farm sector is fast emerging as an important component of developing rural economies, with an increasing number of rural workers seeking their livelihoods in this sector. The arguments for paying attention to this sector are gaining ground due to its perceived potential for absorbing a growing rural labour force, slowing down of rural-urban migration contributing to national income growth and promoting a more equitable distribution of income (Lanjouw and Lanjouw, 2001). There is increasing evidence that majority of the rural households rely on multiple economic activities with almost 60 per cent of the rural household income in South Asia coming from non-farm sources (Ellis, 1999). The rural households benefit even from low non-farm earnings during the distress situations of low or fluctuating seasonal as well as long-term unemployment in agriculture. The rural non-farm (RNF) sector can interact favourably to alleviate rural poverty with a greater likelihood of the poor households employed in this sector (Lanjouw, 1999; Lanjouw and Shariff, 2004). This sector also offers some means of economic security to women who are otherwise not able to participate in the agricultural wage labour market (Adams, 2000). Non-farm income, in a broader sense tends to decrease rural income inequality as compared to agricultural income, which usually induces income inequality due to the skewed distribution of agricultural land amongst the rural households (Adams and He, 1995). RNF sector provides a backstop source of income to the poor whose options in agriculture have been exhausted and provides them with a safety net to escape from sliding deeper into poverty (Lanjouw, 2001). A decline in profitability as well as in the labour absorption capacity of agriculture also forces one to look into other options of rural development than in agriculture. The farm sector in Punjab witnessed a stupendous growth of more than five per cent per annum till the early 1990s, after which, a significant slowdown in agricultural productivity, a rise in the cost of cultivation and a decline in farm profitability was witnessed. While farm income could only grow marginally by 1.21
非农业部门正迅速成为发展中农村经济的重要组成部分，越来越多的农村工人在这一部门谋生。关注这一部门的论点正在获得支持，因为它被认为有潜力吸收不断增长的农村劳动力，减缓农村向城市的移民，有助于国民收入增长，促进更公平的收入分配(Lanjouw和Lanjouw, 2001年)。越来越多的证据表明，大多数农村家庭依赖多种经济活动，南亚农村家庭收入的近60%来自非农业来源(Ellis, 1999)。在农业低季节性或波动性以及长期失业的困难情况下，农村家庭甚至从较低的非农收入中受益。农村非农业(RNF)部门可以相互促进，以减轻农村贫困，贫困家庭更有可能在该部门就业(Lanjouw, 1999;Lanjouw and Shariff, 2004)。该部门还为那些不能参加农业工资劳动力市场的妇女提供了一些经济保障手段(Adams, 2000年)。与农业收入相比，非农收入在更广泛的意义上倾向于减少农村收入不平等，而农业收入通常由于农业土地在农村家庭中的分配不平衡而导致收入不平等(Adams and He, 1995)。可再生能源部门为那些在农业方面的选择已经用尽的穷人提供了一种支持收入来源，并为他们提供了一个安全网，以避免进一步陷入贫困(Lanjouw, 2001年)。农业盈利能力和劳动力吸收能力的下降也迫使人们考虑农业以外的其他农村发展选择。旁遮普邦的农业部门直到1990年代初都以每年5%以上的惊人速度增长，此后农业生产力显著放缓，种植成本上升，农场盈利能力下降。而农业收入只能小幅增长1.21
{"title":"Rural Non-Farm Employment, Income Distribution and Poverty: Micro Level Evidence from Punjab","authors":"K. Vatta, R. Sidhu","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.204720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.204720","url":null,"abstract":"The non-farm sector is fast emerging as an important component of developing rural economies, with an increasing number of rural workers seeking their livelihoods in this sector. The arguments for paying attention to this sector are gaining ground due to its perceived potential for absorbing a growing rural labour force, slowing down of rural-urban migration contributing to national income growth and promoting a more equitable distribution of income (Lanjouw and Lanjouw, 2001). There is increasing evidence that majority of the rural households rely on multiple economic activities with almost 60 per cent of the rural household income in South Asia coming from non-farm sources (Ellis, 1999). The rural households benefit even from low non-farm earnings during the distress situations of low or fluctuating seasonal as well as long-term unemployment in agriculture. The rural non-farm (RNF) sector can interact favourably to alleviate rural poverty with a greater likelihood of the poor households employed in this sector (Lanjouw, 1999; Lanjouw and Shariff, 2004). This sector also offers some means of economic security to women who are otherwise not able to participate in the agricultural wage labour market (Adams, 2000). Non-farm income, in a broader sense tends to decrease rural income inequality as compared to agricultural income, which usually induces income inequality due to the skewed distribution of agricultural land amongst the rural households (Adams and He, 1995). RNF sector provides a backstop source of income to the poor whose options in agriculture have been exhausted and provides them with a safety net to escape from sliding deeper into poverty (Lanjouw, 2001). A decline in profitability as well as in the labour absorption capacity of agriculture also forces one to look into other options of rural development than in agriculture. The farm sector in Punjab witnessed a stupendous growth of more than five per cent per annum till the early 1990s, after which, a significant slowdown in agricultural productivity, a rise in the cost of cultivation and a decline in farm profitability was witnessed. While farm income could only grow marginally by 1.21","PeriodicalId":273401,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of agricultural economics","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121818003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Factors Influencing Capital Formation in Agriculture","authors":"B. Misra, S. C. Mallick","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.234113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.234113","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":273401,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of agricultural economics","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116118979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Economic Optima in Resource Allocation for the Cultivators of Kanjhawala Block","authors":"A. S. Sirohi, A. Gangwar","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.232052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.232052","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":273401,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of agricultural economics","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130959543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bio-fertilisers (BF) and bio-control agents (BCA) are the biotechnological interventions tried to improve crop production and protection for sustainable agricultural development. This paper based on a study, conducted in the state of Kerala, depending both on primary and secondary data, analyses the consumption pattern and farmer responses to the technology and cases thereof. A total of 840 farmers were surveyed using a structured, pretested questionnaire. Later on, the crop-wise use was estimated through a post stratification of the data. Logit analysis was done to study the adoption behaviour of the respondents. In Kerala, BF/BCA is produced by the public sector, private sector and NGO, and is distributed either directly to the farmers or indirectly through the retail shops. A sizeable part of production is sold to the Department of Agriculture itself as part of department schemes where the BF/BCA is given at subsidy. The analysis on the level of adoption of BF/BCA showed that the percentage of adoption is more in the case of BCA when compared to BF. The adoption of BF was found to be less than 1 per cent and for BCA it was around 11 per cent. The logistic regression analysis to study the adoption behaviour of the respondents (rice farmers) showed that educational level, farming experience, returns from farming and extension of technical support received by the farmers are the major factors that influenced the decision making with regard to the adoption of bioagents. Though subsidies facilitate the economic access to the technology, it did not ensure the sustained adoption and scientifically proper application. The analysis supports the statistically significant influence of technical support in the adoption of the technology, which underlines the importance of infrastructural and technological support mechanism in the wider adoption of the technology. Thus subsidies can be considered as a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the sustained technology adoption.
{"title":"Green Technologies for Sustainable Agriculture: Policy Options Towards Farmer Adoption","authors":"P. Devi, S. Solomon, M. Jayasree","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.229940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.229940","url":null,"abstract":"Bio-fertilisers (BF) and bio-control agents (BCA) are the biotechnological interventions tried to improve crop production and protection for sustainable agricultural development. This paper based on a study, conducted in the state of Kerala, depending both on primary and secondary data, analyses the consumption pattern and farmer responses to the technology and cases thereof. A total of 840 farmers were surveyed using a structured, pretested questionnaire. Later on, the crop-wise use was estimated through a post stratification of the data. Logit analysis was done to study the adoption behaviour of the respondents. In Kerala, BF/BCA is produced by the public sector, private sector and NGO, and is distributed either directly to the farmers or indirectly through the retail shops. A sizeable part of production is sold to the Department of Agriculture itself as part of department schemes where the BF/BCA is given at subsidy. The analysis on the level of adoption of BF/BCA showed that the percentage of adoption is more in the case of BCA when compared to BF. The adoption of BF was found to be less than 1 per cent and for BCA it was around 11 per cent. The logistic regression analysis to study the adoption behaviour of the respondents (rice farmers) showed that educational level, farming experience, returns from farming and extension of technical support received by the farmers are the major factors that influenced the decision making with regard to the adoption of bioagents. Though subsidies facilitate the economic access to the technology, it did not ensure the sustained adoption and scientifically proper application. The analysis supports the statistically significant influence of technical support in the adoption of the technology, which underlines the importance of infrastructural and technological support mechanism in the wider adoption of the technology. Thus subsidies can be considered as a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the sustained technology adoption.","PeriodicalId":273401,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of agricultural economics","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133864406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The chemical pathway has been pursued year after year for the sole purpose of increasing food grain production. The over use of chemicals to intensify crop production led to poisoning people and animals as well as polluting the environment. In areas where a high fertilizer dose was used, the problem of salinity, water logging due to the depletion of organic matter and nutritional imbalances in soils has started surfacing and it is now threatening the sustainability of agricultural production. The other problem linked to the over use of pesticides is the contamination of soil and water sources including the aquatic system. Persistent pesticides like BHC and DDT remain in the eco system for a longer period and pose a great danger to the soil fauna and flora. On the one hand, the inorganic fertiliser consumption is continuously increasing and agricultural systems have encountered various kinds of environmental problems and decreased soil fertility etc. On the other hand, our population is also increasing. While considering the population explosion, the foodgrain demand is estimated to be around 260-264 M.T by 2020 A.D. The use of bio-inputs is the best way to reduce fertiliser consumption, to feed the growing population and to retain soil fertility and productivity. The average bio-fertiliser consumption in India is 0.04 kg/ha. Among bio-fertilisers, major growth has occurred with phosphate solubilising micro organisms, which account for about 45 per cent of total bio-fertiliser production and use. The present consumption level of bio-pesticides has increased from around one per cent share in the Indian pesticide market in 2001 to around 2.5 per cent currently and it is expected to reach 12-15 per cent by the end of 2010, mainly through the chorus of Organic Farming (Fertiliser Statistics, 2005; Tamil Nadu Economic Appraisal, 2005). In Tamil Nadu, the usage of bio-inputs has picked up since the inception of integrated pest management in 1985. At present, the production of bio-pesticides is
{"title":"Economics of Sugarcane Production using Ecofriendly Technology in Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu","authors":"R. Thennarasu, V. Banumathy","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.204737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.204737","url":null,"abstract":"The chemical pathway has been pursued year after year for the sole purpose of increasing food grain production. The over use of chemicals to intensify crop production led to poisoning people and animals as well as polluting the environment. In areas where a high fertilizer dose was used, the problem of salinity, water logging due to the depletion of organic matter and nutritional imbalances in soils has started surfacing and it is now threatening the sustainability of agricultural production. The other problem linked to the over use of pesticides is the contamination of soil and water sources including the aquatic system. Persistent pesticides like BHC and DDT remain in the eco system for a longer period and pose a great danger to the soil fauna and flora. On the one hand, the inorganic fertiliser consumption is continuously increasing and agricultural systems have encountered various kinds of environmental problems and decreased soil fertility etc. On the other hand, our population is also increasing. While considering the population explosion, the foodgrain demand is estimated to be around 260-264 M.T by 2020 A.D. The use of bio-inputs is the best way to reduce fertiliser consumption, to feed the growing population and to retain soil fertility and productivity. The average bio-fertiliser consumption in India is 0.04 kg/ha. Among bio-fertilisers, major growth has occurred with phosphate solubilising micro organisms, which account for about 45 per cent of total bio-fertiliser production and use. The present consumption level of bio-pesticides has increased from around one per cent share in the Indian pesticide market in 2001 to around 2.5 per cent currently and it is expected to reach 12-15 per cent by the end of 2010, mainly through the chorus of Organic Farming (Fertiliser Statistics, 2005; Tamil Nadu Economic Appraisal, 2005). In Tamil Nadu, the usage of bio-inputs has picked up since the inception of integrated pest management in 1985. At present, the production of bio-pesticides is","PeriodicalId":273401,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of agricultural economics","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133872039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper assesses the effectiveness of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA) in generating employment for disadvantaged groups like SCs, STs and women, creation of durable assets, improving the agricultural and non-agricultural wage rates, enhancing the level of food security and controlling the out migration in rural Rajasthan. The study has also assessed the effects of MNREGA in terms of creation of durable assets, improvement in the agricultural and non-agricultural wage rates and containing out migration in rural Rajasthan which have potential positive impacts on vulnerable groups. The paper also analyses the perceptions of MNREGA workers about its role in improving the food security and the socio-economic conditions of participating households. Based on secondary level data analysis and the survey covering 200 participants and 50 non-participants from 10 villages of 5 districts, the study finds that the scheme has positively affected the agricultural and nonagricultural wage rates, reduced the extent of food insecurity and controlled to some extent the level of out migration in rural Rajasthan. Overall, it has promoted financial inclusion in the region. However, there is a declining trend in extent of participation of the SCs and the STs in MNREGA works during the reference years 2008-09 to 2010-11. But there has been slight improvement in participation of women in MNREGA works in Rajasthan.
{"title":"Impact of MNREGA on Employment of Disadvantaged Groups, Wage Rates and Migration in Rajasthan","authors":"Mrutyunjay Swain, Shreekant Sharma","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.230042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.230042","url":null,"abstract":"The paper assesses the effectiveness of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA) in generating employment for disadvantaged groups like SCs, STs and women, creation of durable assets, improving the agricultural and non-agricultural wage rates, enhancing the level of food security and controlling the out migration in rural Rajasthan. The study has also assessed the effects of MNREGA in terms of creation of durable assets, improvement in the agricultural and non-agricultural wage rates and containing out migration in rural Rajasthan which have potential positive impacts on vulnerable groups. The paper also analyses the perceptions of MNREGA workers about its role in improving the food security and the socio-economic conditions of participating households. Based on secondary level data analysis and the survey covering 200 participants and 50 non-participants from 10 villages of 5 districts, the study finds that the scheme has positively affected the agricultural and nonagricultural wage rates, reduced the extent of food insecurity and controlled to some extent the level of out migration in rural Rajasthan. Overall, it has promoted financial inclusion in the region. However, there is a declining trend in extent of participation of the SCs and the STs in MNREGA works during the reference years 2008-09 to 2010-11. But there has been slight improvement in participation of women in MNREGA works in Rajasthan.","PeriodicalId":273401,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of agricultural economics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115996015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：