The Korean War had no official ending and has continued in a form of Cold War since 1953, the year the cease-fire agreement was signed, and yet, during the past five decades, it appears to have faded from South Korean memory. Anti-communism became a national ideology in post-war South Korea. For a country that was endeavoring to establish a national identity that differs from communist North Korea, the establishment of an anti-communist state was inevitable. However, the collapse of the Communist Bloc and a humanitarian crisis in North Korea in the 1990s led to attitudinal changes in the South Korean public toward North Korea. The forgetting and remembering of North Korea in conjunction with the memory of the Korean War has left the South Korean people ambivalent toward North Koreans. This paper explores social encounters between North and South Koreans in the late 2000s in Seoul that illustrate the uneasy interactions that stem from past anti-communist education as well as the subsequent erasure of social memory about North Korea as part of Korean culture. Keywords: history, memory, migration, North Korean refugees
{"title":"Remembering and Forgetting the Korean War in the Republic of Korea","authors":"H. Lee","doi":"10.30676/jfas.127468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30676/jfas.127468","url":null,"abstract":"The Korean War had no official ending and has continued in a form of Cold War since 1953, the year the cease-fire agreement was signed, and yet, during the past five decades, it appears to have faded from South Korean memory. Anti-communism became a national ideology in post-war South Korea. For a country that was endeavoring to establish a national identity that differs from communist North Korea, the establishment of an anti-communist state was inevitable. However, the collapse of the Communist Bloc and a humanitarian crisis in North Korea in the 1990s led to attitudinal changes in the South Korean public toward North Korea. The forgetting and remembering of North Korea in conjunction with the memory of the Korean War has left the South Korean people ambivalent toward North Koreans. This paper explores social encounters between North and South Koreans in the late 2000s in Seoul that illustrate the uneasy interactions that stem from past anti-communist education as well as the subsequent erasure of social memory about North Korea as part of Korean culture. \u0000 \u0000Keywords: history, memory, migration, North Korean refugees","PeriodicalId":273469,"journal":{"name":"Suomen Antropologi: Journal of the Finnish Anthropological Society","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115920527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rupert Stasch. Society of Others: Kinship and Mourning in a West Papuan Place. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 2009. Pp.336. ISBN: 978-0-520-25685-9 (hardback); 978-0-520-25686-6 (paperback).
{"title":"Rupert Stasch. Society of Others: Kinship and Mourning in a West Papuan Place .","authors":"T. Tammisto","doi":"10.30676/jfas.127481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30676/jfas.127481","url":null,"abstract":"Rupert Stasch. Society of Others: Kinship and Mourning in a West Papuan Place. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 2009. Pp.336. ISBN: 978-0-520-25685-9 (hardback); 978-0-520-25686-6 (paperback).","PeriodicalId":273469,"journal":{"name":"Suomen Antropologi: Journal of the Finnish Anthropological Society","volume":"16 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122363161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper analyzes a recent exhibit in Vietnam’s national ethnology museum which depicted ordinary people’s everyday experiences during the postwar, pre-reform era in Hanoi, an era which was full of hardship and had rarely been discussed publicly prior to this. The exhibit narrated a critical yet nostalgic representation which favored the experiences of ‘ordinary citizens’’ above official discourses about this period. I argue that the exhibit designers aimed to pose ordinary citizens as significant actors in national history, thereby narrating Vietnam’s modern history in a new way. In the course of critically examiningthe past and the present, the exhibit pushed the boundaries of social criticism and public discourse, and showed that museum exhibits are not neutral spacesfor the production of knowledge but, rather, can become sites which mediate indirect negotiation between people and the state and re-interpret the past forthe present and the future. Keywords: museums, politics of memory, personal narratives, subsidy system, Vietnam
{"title":"Making Ordinary People Actors in National History","authors":"M. Bodemer","doi":"10.30676/jfas.127470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30676/jfas.127470","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes a recent exhibit in Vietnam’s national ethnology museum which depicted ordinary people’s everyday experiences during the postwar, pre-reform era in Hanoi, an era which was full of hardship and had rarely been discussed publicly prior to this. The exhibit narrated a critical yet nostalgic representation which favored the experiences of ‘ordinary citizens’’ above official discourses about this period. I argue that the exhibit designers aimed to pose ordinary citizens as significant actors in national history, thereby narrating Vietnam’s modern history in a new way. In the course of critically examiningthe past and the present, the exhibit pushed the boundaries of social criticism and public discourse, and showed that museum exhibits are not neutral spacesfor the production of knowledge but, rather, can become sites which mediate indirect negotiation between people and the state and re-interpret the past forthe present and the future. \u0000 \u0000Keywords: museums, politics of memory, personal narratives, subsidy system, Vietnam","PeriodicalId":273469,"journal":{"name":"Suomen Antropologi: Journal of the Finnish Anthropological Society","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127982275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bret Gustafson. New Languages of the State: Indigenous Resurgence and the Politics of Knowledge in Bolivia. Durham and London: Duke UniversityPress, 2009. Pp. 352. ISBN: 978-0-8223-4529-9 (cloth); 978-0-8223-4546-6 (paperback).
{"title":"Bret Gustafson. New Languages of the State: Indigenous Resurgence and the Politics of Knowledge in Bolivia","authors":"Eija Ranta-Owusu","doi":"10.30676/jfas.127480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30676/jfas.127480","url":null,"abstract":"Bret Gustafson. New Languages of the State: Indigenous Resurgence and the Politics of Knowledge in Bolivia. Durham and London: Duke UniversityPress, 2009. Pp. 352. ISBN: 978-0-8223-4529-9 (cloth); 978-0-8223-4546-6 (paperback).","PeriodicalId":273469,"journal":{"name":"Suomen Antropologi: Journal of the Finnish Anthropological Society","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123329354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Professor Strathern recently delivered the 25th annual Westermarck Memorial Lecture in Helsinki: the lecture, titled ‘Comparing Concerns’, was published in issue 4/2009 of Suomen Antropologi. In the lecture Professor Strathern highlighted a number of unvoiced assumptions prevalent in the fields of organ, tissue and blood donations, through a comparison of contexts that are often considered incompatible. This is a perspective that has been dominant in much of her work: opening up new angles of approach through comparisons from a broad range of fields including personhood, gender, systems of kinship, law, intellectual and cultural property, and new reproductive technologies, to mention but some of her interests. In addition, she has been an active discussant onquestions of administrative reforms in academia, though she does not regard herself as political in the sense that many people who read her work actually do. These were the issues that were foremost in our minds as we sat down for a conversation with Professor Strathern. In between her Westermarck lecture, a seminar held in her honour, and the Finnish Anthropological Society Christmas party, time was a scarce resource; we therefore decided to waste no words on idle chit-chat and dove right in at the deep end.
{"title":"A Conversation with Marilyn Strathern","authors":"Minna Ruckenstein, Matti Eräsaari","doi":"10.30676/jfas.127463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30676/jfas.127463","url":null,"abstract":"Professor Strathern recently delivered the 25th annual Westermarck Memorial Lecture in Helsinki: the lecture, titled ‘Comparing Concerns’, was published in issue 4/2009 of Suomen Antropologi. In the lecture Professor Strathern highlighted a number of unvoiced assumptions prevalent in the fields of organ, tissue and blood donations, through a comparison of contexts that are often considered incompatible. This is a perspective that has been dominant in much of her work: opening up new angles of approach through comparisons from a broad range of fields including personhood, gender, systems of kinship, law, intellectual and cultural property, and new reproductive technologies, to mention but some of her interests. In addition, she has been an active discussant onquestions of administrative reforms in academia, though she does not regard herself as political in the sense that many people who read her work actually do. These were the issues that were foremost in our minds as we sat down for a conversation with Professor Strathern. In between her Westermarck lecture, a seminar held in her honour, and the Finnish Anthropological Society Christmas party, time was a scarce resource; we therefore decided to waste no words on idle chit-chat and dove right in at the deep end.","PeriodicalId":273469,"journal":{"name":"Suomen Antropologi: Journal of the Finnish Anthropological Society","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131343204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The repeated renaming of the Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall and ensuing debates (2007–2009), reveal the multiple presences of collective memory andthe ongoing ideological struggles between the Kuomintang and the Democratic Progressive Party in contemporary Taiwan. This paper examines the dynamicand intertwined relationships between collective memories and competing histories which are exposed by the renaming and its aftermath. An emphasis on forgetting as well as ‘transcending the past(s)’ (chaoyue guochu) have become common strategies that function to incorporate the two contradictory versionsof national history in contemporary Taiwan—implying not only amnesia about the other side’s past but also the suppression of diverse voices. Moreover, bothparties compete to narrate a ‘national history’ from victimized perspectives, resulting in the adoption of different periods of Taiwan’s past to support theirpolitical assertions. Keywords: Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall, collective memory, national history
{"title":"Transcending Whose Past? A critical view of the politics of forgetting in contemporary Taiwan","authors":"C. Chen","doi":"10.30676/jfas.127465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30676/jfas.127465","url":null,"abstract":"The repeated renaming of the Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall and ensuing debates (2007–2009), reveal the multiple presences of collective memory andthe ongoing ideological struggles between the Kuomintang and the Democratic Progressive Party in contemporary Taiwan. This paper examines the dynamicand intertwined relationships between collective memories and competing histories which are exposed by the renaming and its aftermath. An emphasis on forgetting as well as ‘transcending the past(s)’ (chaoyue guochu) have become common strategies that function to incorporate the two contradictory versionsof national history in contemporary Taiwan—implying not only amnesia about the other side’s past but also the suppression of diverse voices. Moreover, bothparties compete to narrate a ‘national history’ from victimized perspectives, resulting in the adoption of different periods of Taiwan’s past to support theirpolitical assertions. \u0000 \u0000Keywords: Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall, collective memory, national history","PeriodicalId":273469,"journal":{"name":"Suomen Antropologi: Journal of the Finnish Anthropological Society","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115802699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Slobodan Milosevic began his defence at The Hague by characterizing the trial as a sham: ‘I wish to say that the entire world knows that this is a political process. So we are not here speaking about legal procedures that evolve into political ones. This is a political process to begin with, and as far as what I would prefer, I would prefer the truth.’ Indeed, it is the promise of law to deliver not only justice but also a form of truth. So, as war-crimes trials are set up, they are meant to offer the wounded community retribution and vindication, punishment and justice, restoration and deterrence, and, importantly, a final and authoritative account of the truth of events. The purpose of such trials is as much to enlighten the innocents of today as it is to punish the criminals of yesterday. As a pedagogical event, a war crimes trial certainly resuscitates history transmuting it into a judicial present by telling a compelling story of human suffering. As such, it is a work of memory as well as law.
{"title":"Judging Wars, Creating Truths","authors":"Jarna Petman","doi":"10.30676/jfas.127475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30676/jfas.127475","url":null,"abstract":"Slobodan Milosevic began his defence at The Hague by characterizing the trial as a sham: ‘I wish to say that the entire world knows that this is a political process. So we are not here speaking about legal procedures that evolve into political ones. This is a political process to begin with, and as far as what I would prefer, I would prefer the truth.’ \u0000Indeed, it is the promise of law to deliver not only justice but also a form of truth. So, as war-crimes trials are set up, they are meant to offer the wounded community retribution and vindication, punishment and justice, restoration and deterrence, and, importantly, a final and authoritative account of the truth of events. The purpose of such trials is as much to enlighten the innocents of today as it is to punish the criminals of yesterday. As a pedagogical event, a war crimes trial certainly resuscitates history transmuting it into a judicial present by telling a compelling story of human suffering. As such, it is a work of memory as well as law.","PeriodicalId":273469,"journal":{"name":"Suomen Antropologi: Journal of the Finnish Anthropological Society","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125939420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
International criminal law (ICL) is still a fresh adventure. In an attempt to respond to atrocities that ‘shock the conscience of humanity’ (United Nations 1998), there were starts and stops and stumbles. The project of holding individuals accountable developed slowly, then came to a halt before regaining momentum; it faced charges of partiality and injustice, but is seen by many as a bright path in a fight to end impunity for perpetrators of pervasive and purposeful mass political violence. The current main debates concern the right institutions by which to administer ICL, including whether any judicial mechanismis necessary, or even reasonable, for transitional justice (see Tutu 1999). A major challenge is in developing an institution that can balance the ownership needs of a community with the need for a certain level of external evaluation of cultural practices and values, and the cessation of impunity for local powers.
{"title":"Meandering along the ICL Path: Where are we headed? .","authors":"Kirsten J. Fisher","doi":"10.30676/jfas.127476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30676/jfas.127476","url":null,"abstract":"International criminal law (ICL) is still a fresh adventure. In an attempt to respond to atrocities that ‘shock the conscience of humanity’ (United Nations 1998), there were starts and stops and stumbles. The project of holding individuals accountable developed slowly, then came to a halt before regaining momentum; it faced charges of partiality and injustice, but is seen by many as a bright path in a fight to end impunity for perpetrators of pervasive and purposeful mass political violence. The current main debates concern the right institutions by which to administer ICL, including whether any judicial mechanismis necessary, or even reasonable, for transitional justice (see Tutu 1999). A major challenge is in developing an institution that can balance the ownership needs of a community with the need for a certain level of external evaluation of cultural practices and values, and the cessation of impunity for local powers.","PeriodicalId":273469,"journal":{"name":"Suomen Antropologi: Journal of the Finnish Anthropological Society","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128838425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I made a mistake a few months ago. It was the sort of mistake I have made repeatedly and yet one I always reflect upon with the same measure of surprise. It started when colleagues in Bosnia alerted me to the fact that Bosnia and Kosovo, unlike other neighbouring countries in the former Yugoslavia, were to be excluded from a new relaxing of EU visa requirements. Indignant and overflowing with hypothetical rationales as to why Bosnia and Kosovo might be excluded, rationales that I presumed might have been contrived to obscure ‘real reasons’, a colleague and I went onto the internet to find an explanation (which I tacitly understood would only be a justification, the ‘real’ reasons left un-enunciated). We eventually read that the countries in question had failed to meet a variety of requirements—we can already call them indicators—that would signal their readiness to enjoy the new visa regime. My error resided precisely in the presumption that these alleged ‘failures’ on the parts of the states involved, concealed some more pertinent truth. In fact, these ‘failures’ had everything to do with visibility and transparency and nothing to do with rationales hidden beneath an exercise in accountability that might measure ‘readiness’. That is, the entire dilemma had everything to do with what Marilyn Strathern poignantly referred to as ‘what visibility conceals’ (2000: 310).
{"title":"Auditing War","authors":"S. Wastell","doi":"10.30676/jfas.127474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30676/jfas.127474","url":null,"abstract":"I made a mistake a few months ago. It was the sort of mistake I have made repeatedly and yet one I always reflect upon with the same measure of surprise. It started when colleagues in Bosnia alerted me to the fact that Bosnia and Kosovo, unlike other neighbouring countries in the former Yugoslavia, were to be excluded from a new relaxing of EU visa requirements. Indignant and overflowing with hypothetical rationales as to why Bosnia and Kosovo might be excluded, rationales that I presumed might have been contrived to obscure ‘real reasons’, a colleague and I went onto the internet to find an explanation (which I tacitly understood would only be a justification, the ‘real’ reasons left un-enunciated). We eventually read that the countries in question had failed to meet a variety of requirements—we can already call them indicators—that would signal their readiness to enjoy the new visa regime. My error resided precisely in the presumption that these alleged ‘failures’ on the parts of the states involved, concealed some more pertinent truth. In fact, these ‘failures’ had everything to do with visibility and transparency and nothing to do with rationales hidden beneath an exercise in accountability that might measure ‘readiness’. That is, the entire dilemma had everything to do with what Marilyn Strathern poignantly referred to as ‘what visibility conceals’ (2000: 310).","PeriodicalId":273469,"journal":{"name":"Suomen Antropologi: Journal of the Finnish Anthropological Society","volume":"324 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133372673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article I will discuss the shifting roles of traditional hierarchy and its relationship to modern state structure in Fiji, Western Samoa and the Kingdom of Tonga. The interesting interplay of different levels of social integration has unfolded in conflicting ways in actual social practice. The combination of individualistic ideologies and democracy with traditional chiefly authority in these Pacific societies illuminates the complex ways in which authority and hierarchy are structurally linked, ways which in turn provide insights into the modes whereby hierarchy operates in present day social and political contexts. Keywords: chieftaincy, democracy, Fiji, hierarchy, politics, Tonga, Western Samoa
{"title":"On Hierarchy and Stratification in Polynesia","authors":"Jukka Siikala","doi":"10.30676/jfas.127462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30676/jfas.127462","url":null,"abstract":"In this article I will discuss the shifting roles of traditional hierarchy and its relationship to modern state structure in Fiji, Western Samoa and the Kingdom of Tonga. The interesting interplay of different levels of social integration has unfolded in conflicting ways in actual social practice. The combination of individualistic ideologies and democracy with traditional chiefly authority in these Pacific societies illuminates the complex ways in which authority and hierarchy are structurally linked, ways which in turn provide insights into the modes whereby hierarchy operates in present day social and political contexts. \u0000 \u0000Keywords: chieftaincy, democracy, Fiji, hierarchy, politics, Tonga, Western Samoa \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":273469,"journal":{"name":"Suomen Antropologi: Journal of the Finnish Anthropological Society","volume":"22 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120922513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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