Since its independence from the former Soviet Union in 1991, Kazakhstan has undergone a slow political and psychosocial change, which is reflected in the coexistence of the former authoritarian and emerging liberal-democratic perspectives and public discourses. Currently, there are mounting pressures for democratization of the political system, which would furnish a more diversified structure of political opportunity for all aspiring political leaders. The important issue, however, is how both old and new leaders are perceived by citizens in terms of their leadership style, and to what extent their leadership style meets expectations of the Kazakh citizenry? This study sought to answer the question, What are the characteristics of perceived typical and ideal public leadership styles in Kazakhstan? Q methodology was utilized to measure perceptions of both the general citizenry and political experts concerning the characteristics of typical and desirable leadership styles. The theoretical framework and research design were based on Little's (1985) psychosocial leader model in conjunction with best-practices leadership theory by Kouzes and Posner (2002). The resultant factorial design enabled examination of leadership styles based on three leader types (Strong, Group, and Inspiring) and five leadership practices (leader's image, communication style, ways of getting work done, leader-follower relations, and ways of motivating subordinates/followers). Through the prism of public perceptions and preferences, the study sought to discern characteristics of typical and ideal leadership styles as reflective of actual and desirable leader-follower relationship patterns. Analysis included correlation, factor analysis, and interpretation of the emergent factors. Three distinct perceptions of typical leaders (Power-Wielder, Elite Leader, and Old Communist Guard) and one ideal leader (Inspiring Statesman) were identified, and each typical leader perception was compared to the ideal in order to gauge existing typical-ideal leadership gaps. Discussion focused on the implications for leadership development in Kazakhstan, and on the utility of the psychosocial approach and Q methodology for leadership studies in general.
{"title":"National Leadership Style in Kazakhstan: Q Study of Patterns of Typical and Ideal Leadership in the Public Mind","authors":"A. Tolymbek","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1358541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1358541","url":null,"abstract":"Since its independence from the former Soviet Union in 1991, Kazakhstan has undergone a slow political and psychosocial change, which is reflected in the coexistence of the former authoritarian and emerging liberal-democratic perspectives and public discourses. Currently, there are mounting pressures for democratization of the political system, which would furnish a more diversified structure of political opportunity for all aspiring political leaders. The important issue, however, is how both old and new leaders are perceived by citizens in terms of their leadership style, and to what extent their leadership style meets expectations of the Kazakh citizenry? This study sought to answer the question, What are the characteristics of perceived typical and ideal public leadership styles in Kazakhstan? Q methodology was utilized to measure perceptions of both the general citizenry and political experts concerning the characteristics of typical and desirable leadership styles. The theoretical framework and research design were based on Little's (1985) psychosocial leader model in conjunction with best-practices leadership theory by Kouzes and Posner (2002). The resultant factorial design enabled examination of leadership styles based on three leader types (Strong, Group, and Inspiring) and five leadership practices (leader's image, communication style, ways of getting work done, leader-follower relations, and ways of motivating subordinates/followers). Through the prism of public perceptions and preferences, the study sought to discern characteristics of typical and ideal leadership styles as reflective of actual and desirable leader-follower relationship patterns. Analysis included correlation, factor analysis, and interpretation of the emergent factors. Three distinct perceptions of typical leaders (Power-Wielder, Elite Leader, and Old Communist Guard) and one ideal leader (Inspiring Statesman) were identified, and each typical leader perception was compared to the ideal in order to gauge existing typical-ideal leadership gaps. Discussion focused on the implications for leadership development in Kazakhstan, and on the utility of the psychosocial approach and Q methodology for leadership studies in general.","PeriodicalId":274895,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Regime Transitions (Topic)","volume":"167 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132295775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-09-01DOI: 10.1108/01443330510791180
Colin Williams
This article evaluates the coping practices adopted by households in East‐Central Europe following the collapse of the socialist bloc. Drawing upon the New Democracies Barometer (NDB) survey, it is here revealed that although a common assumption is that post‐socialist societies have under gone a transition to greater reliance on the market, an analysis of household coping practices provides little evidence that this is widely the case. Instead, households in most post‐socialist societies continue to rely heavily on a multiplicity of economic practices in order to secure their livelihoods with little, if any, shift over time towards the use of the formal economy in general and the market in particular. The outcome is a call for recognition and appreciation of the heterogeneous economic practices being used by households in East‐Central Europe and for greater consideration to be given to the contributions of the in formal sector in securing livelihoods.
{"title":"Surviving Post-Socialism: Coping Practices in East-Central Europe","authors":"Colin Williams","doi":"10.1108/01443330510791180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/01443330510791180","url":null,"abstract":"This article evaluates the coping practices adopted by households in East‐Central Europe following the collapse of the socialist bloc. Drawing upon the New Democracies Barometer (NDB) survey, it is here revealed that although a common assumption is that post‐socialist societies have under gone a transition to greater reliance on the market, an analysis of household coping practices provides little evidence that this is widely the case. Instead, households in most post‐socialist societies continue to rely heavily on a multiplicity of economic practices in order to secure their livelihoods with little, if any, shift over time towards the use of the formal economy in general and the market in particular. The outcome is a call for recognition and appreciation of the heterogeneous economic practices being used by households in East‐Central Europe and for greater consideration to be given to the contributions of the in formal sector in securing livelihoods.","PeriodicalId":274895,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Regime Transitions (Topic)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121516803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While the paper touches upon the experience of most transition economies in Eastern and Central Europe, it focuses on the creation and functioning of capital market development in four countries in the region, namely, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia. Capital market in these four countries were already created or reestablished in the beginning of 1990s and government securities markets have been actively developed. These countries’ capital market development has been closely related to their choice of privatization methods. While success has been observed, many problems remain in achieving desired levels of market efficiency and transparency.
{"title":"Capital Market Development in Eastern and Central European Transition Economies","authors":"Yibin Mu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2165470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2165470","url":null,"abstract":"While the paper touches upon the experience of most transition economies in Eastern and Central Europe, it focuses on the creation and functioning of capital market development in four countries in the region, namely, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia. Capital market in these four countries were already created or reestablished in the beginning of 1990s and government securities markets have been actively developed. These countries’ capital market development has been closely related to their choice of privatization methods. While success has been observed, many problems remain in achieving desired levels of market efficiency and transparency.","PeriodicalId":274895,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Regime Transitions (Topic)","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123707153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this study is to assess current economic situation of 28 post-socialist countries in Europe and Asia undergoing systemic transformation towards an open market economy, their macroeconomic policies and the progress of structural reforms. We focus on the situation prevailing in 2008 and the changes against the previous year, though some estimates regarding future prospects are also included. The focus in this analysis is on the impact of the global economic crisis on macroeconomic performance in the countries of the region. We also present the most recent projections of the basic macroeconomic indicators for 2009 and forecasts for 2010 and 2014, assuming a gradual recovery of world economy from the current crisis.
{"title":"Transition Countries: Economic Situation in 2008 and the Progress of Market Reforms","authors":"R. Rapacki, Z. Matkowski, M. Próchniak","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1831133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1831133","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to assess current economic situation of 28 post-socialist countries in Europe and Asia undergoing systemic transformation towards an open market economy, their macroeconomic policies and the progress of structural reforms. We focus on the situation prevailing in 2008 and the changes against the previous year, though some estimates regarding future prospects are also included. The focus in this analysis is on the impact of the global economic crisis on macroeconomic performance in the countries of the region. We also present the most recent projections of the basic macroeconomic indicators for 2009 and forecasts for 2010 and 2014, assuming a gradual recovery of world economy from the current crisis.","PeriodicalId":274895,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Regime Transitions (Topic)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116274221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This is a reprint of a seminal essay first written in the early 1970s and published in 1975 by the University of the West Indies, Mona campus, Jamaica. “Myth of Independence” is the first among a series of “Myth” essays which sought to address the mythological aspects of the foundation of the Jamaican political process and by extension, its version of Westminster democracy. Myth of independence gives a biting critique of the unfolding of independence of this former British colony by looking at its major political elites at that time, Norman Manley, Alexander Bustamante, among others. The article’s major concern is the nature of elite co-optation of the movement which in the end did not remove the psychological scars of colonialism, rather it further embedded notions of black inferior and white/imperial superiority into the value systems of the newly independent nation.
{"title":"The Myth of Independence: Middle Class Politics and Non-Mobilization in Jamaica","authors":"L. Lindsay","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1822826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1822826","url":null,"abstract":"This is a reprint of a seminal essay first written in the early 1970s and published in 1975 by the University of the West Indies, Mona campus, Jamaica. “Myth of Independence” is the first among a series of “Myth” essays which sought to address the mythological aspects of the foundation of the Jamaican political process and by extension, its version of Westminster democracy. Myth of independence gives a biting critique of the unfolding of independence of this former British colony by looking at its major political elites at that time, Norman Manley, Alexander Bustamante, among others. The article’s major concern is the nature of elite co-optation of the movement which in the end did not remove the psychological scars of colonialism, rather it further embedded notions of black inferior and white/imperial superiority into the value systems of the newly independent nation.","PeriodicalId":274895,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Regime Transitions (Topic)","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115804781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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