Rapid technological development allows for ever new opportunities to nudge individuals’ behavior and knowledge digitally. The Gloria Adherence Subproject by Hartman et al. (2022) implements such a digital nudge via a mobile device aiming at medication adherence. Besides methodological and practical shortcomings outlined by the authors themselves, the used adherence nudge might have had conceptual weaknesses. In the present article, I reflect on three prominent challenges of digital nudges in general and an emerging redemption of the nudging-concept in the form of so-called boosts. Both reflections inform the evaluation of the outcomes of the Gloria Adherence Subproject and suggest specific actions for optimization for future project retrials or conceptual replications by other scientists.
{"title":"Digital Nudges: A Reflection of Challenges and Improvements Inspired by the Gloria Adherence Subproject","authors":"D. Grüning","doi":"10.36850/r5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36850/r5","url":null,"abstract":"Rapid technological development allows for ever new opportunities to nudge individuals’ behavior and knowledge digitally. The Gloria Adherence Subproject by Hartman et al. (2022) implements such a digital nudge via a mobile device aiming at medication adherence. Besides methodological and practical shortcomings outlined by the authors themselves, the used adherence nudge might have had conceptual weaknesses. In the present article, I reflect on three prominent challenges of digital nudges in general and an emerging redemption of the nudging-concept in the form of so-called boosts. Both reflections inform the evaluation of the outcomes of the Gloria Adherence Subproject and suggest specific actions for optimization for future project retrials or conceptual replications by other scientists.","PeriodicalId":275817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Trial and Error","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132497655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Trisha Harjani, Melisa Basol, J. Roozenbeek, S. van der Linden
Although the spread of misinformation is a pervasive and disruptive global problem, extant research is skewed towards “WEIRD” countries leaving questions about how to tackle misinformation in the developing world with different media and consumption patterns unanswered. We report the results of a game-based intervention against misinformation in India. The game is based on the mechanism of psychological inoculation; borrowed from the medical context, inoculation interventions aim to pre-emptively neutralize falsehoods and help audiences spot and resist misinformation strategies. Though the efficacy of these games has been repeatedly demonstrated in samples from Western countries, the present study conducted in north India (n = 757) did not replicate earlier findings. We found no significant impact of the intervention on the perceived reliability of messages containing misinformation, confidence judgments, and willingness to share information with others. Our experience presents a teachable moment for the unique challenges associated with complex cultural adaptations and field work in rural areas. These results have significant ramifications for designing misinformation interventions in developing countries where misinformation is largely spread via encrypted messaging applications such as WhatsApp. Our findings contribute to the small but growing body of work looking at how to adapt misinformation interventions to cross-cultural settings.
{"title":"Gamified Inoculation Against Misinformation in India: A Randomized Control Trial","authors":"Trisha Harjani, Melisa Basol, J. Roozenbeek, S. van der Linden","doi":"10.36850/e12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36850/e12","url":null,"abstract":"Although the spread of misinformation is a pervasive and disruptive global problem, extant research is skewed towards “WEIRD” countries leaving questions about how to tackle misinformation in the developing world with different media and consumption patterns unanswered. We report the results of a game-based intervention against misinformation in India. The game is based on the mechanism of psychological inoculation; borrowed from the medical context, inoculation interventions aim to pre-emptively neutralize falsehoods and help audiences spot and resist misinformation strategies. Though the efficacy of these games has been repeatedly demonstrated in samples from Western countries, the present study conducted in north India (n = 757) did not replicate earlier findings. We found no significant impact of the intervention on the perceived reliability of messages containing misinformation, confidence judgments, and willingness to share information with others. Our experience presents a teachable moment for the unique challenges associated with complex cultural adaptations and field work in rural areas. These results have significant ramifications for designing misinformation interventions in developing countries where misinformation is largely spread via encrypted messaging applications such as WhatsApp. Our findings contribute to the small but growing body of work looking at how to adapt misinformation interventions to cross-cultural settings.","PeriodicalId":275817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Trial and Error","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116227948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Both daily and non-daily smokers find it difficult to quit smoking long-term. One factor associated with addictive behavior is attentional bias, but previous research in daily and non-daily smokers found inconsistent results and did not report the reliability of their cognitive tasks. Using an online sample, we compared daily (n = 106) and non-daily (n = 60) smokers in their attentional bias towards smoking pictures. Participants completed a visual probe task with two picture presentation times: 200ms and 500ms. In confirmatory analyses, there were no significant effects of interest, and in exploratory analyses, equivalence testing showed the effects were statistically equivalent to zero. The reliability of the visual probe task was poor, meaning it should not be used for repeated testing or investigating individual differences. The results can be interpreted in line with contemporary theories of attentional bias where there are unlikely to be stable trait-like differences between smoking groups. Future research in attentional bias should focus on state-level differences using more reliable measures than the visual probe task.
{"title":"No Meaningful Difference in Attentional Bias Between Daily and Non-Daily Smokers","authors":"James Bartlett, Rebecca Jenks, Nigel Wilson","doi":"10.36850/e11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36850/e11","url":null,"abstract":"Both daily and non-daily smokers find it difficult to quit smoking long-term. One factor associated with addictive behavior is attentional bias, but previous research in daily and non-daily smokers found inconsistent results and did not report the reliability of their cognitive tasks. Using an online sample, we compared daily (n = 106) and non-daily (n = 60) smokers in their attentional bias towards smoking pictures. Participants completed a visual probe task with two picture presentation times: 200ms and 500ms. In confirmatory analyses, there were no significant effects of interest, and in exploratory analyses, equivalence testing showed the effects were statistically equivalent to zero. The reliability of the visual probe task was poor, meaning it should not be used for repeated testing or investigating individual differences. The results can be interpreted in line with contemporary theories of attentional bias where there are unlikely to be stable trait-like differences between smoking groups. Future research in attentional bias should focus on state-level differences using more reliable measures than the visual probe task.","PeriodicalId":275817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Trial and Error","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128720962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Single-case experiments are increasingly popular in the behavioral sciences. Due to their flexibility, single- case designs can be customized to test a variety of experimental hypotheses. We were interested in using a single-case experimental approach to test whether pain thresholds can be influenced by Pavlovian classical conditioning. Following the example of earlier studies into this topic, we planned to measure whether participants would more frequently report specific electrocutaneous stimuli as painful when they were presented with specific vibrotactile stimuli that had previously been associated with painful electrocutaneous stimuli. First, we decided on a mean difference effect size measure derived from the Sensation and Pain Rating Scale ratings for the electrocutaneous stimuli provided by the participants. Next, we discussed several possible single-case designs and evaluated their benefits and shortcomings. Then, we ran pilot tests with a few participants based on the possible single-case designs. We also conducted a simulation study to estimate the power of a randomization test to test our hypothesis using different values for effect size, number of participants, and number of measurements. Finally, we decided on a sequentially replicated AB phase design with 30 participants based on the results from the pilot tests and the power study. We plan to implement this single-case design in a future experiment to test our hypothesis
{"title":"Classical Conditioning for Pain: The Development of a Customized Single-Case Experimental Design","authors":"Tu De, V. J. Madden","doi":"10.36850/e8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36850/e8","url":null,"abstract":"Single-case experiments are increasingly popular in the behavioral sciences. Due to their flexibility, single-\u0000case designs can be customized to test a variety of experimental hypotheses. We were interested in\u0000using a single-case experimental approach to test whether pain thresholds can be influenced by Pavlovian\u0000classical conditioning. Following the example of earlier studies into this topic, we planned to measure\u0000whether participants would more frequently report specific electrocutaneous stimuli as painful when\u0000they were presented with specific vibrotactile stimuli that had previously been associated with painful\u0000electrocutaneous stimuli. First, we decided on a mean difference effect size measure derived from the\u0000Sensation and Pain Rating Scale ratings for the electrocutaneous stimuli provided by the participants. Next,\u0000we discussed several possible single-case designs and evaluated their benefits and shortcomings. Then,\u0000we ran pilot tests with a few participants based on the possible single-case designs. We also conducted\u0000a simulation study to estimate the power of a randomization test to test our hypothesis using different\u0000values for effect size, number of participants, and number of measurements. Finally, we decided on a\u0000sequentially replicated AB phase design with 30 participants based on the results from the pilot tests\u0000and the power study. We plan to implement this single-case design in a future experiment to test our\u0000hypothesis","PeriodicalId":275817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Trial and Error","volume":"13 19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130633046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Discourses surrounding migration and integration often see language, and in particular the knowledge of the native language, as a crucial barrier to minorities’ access to healthcare and welfare benefits, equal healthcare treatment, social integration, and psychological wellbeing. Using methods of ethnographic and interactional sociolinguistic and conversational analysis our project investigates how healthcare and welfare professionals and Greenlandic patients define, interpret and manage communication and language inequalities in face-to-face encounters. What are the practical, cognitive, psychological and social consequences of “miscommunication” for the Danish Greenlanders? We examine four distinct aspects of communication: conversational strategies, non-verbal behavior, linguistic insecurity, and attitudes. Our aim is to understand the entire communicative circuit (i.e. channels by which information is transmitted), developing on our idea of “affective language economies of health”.
{"title":"Communication Circuits and Inequalities of Health: A Case of Greenlanders in Denmark","authors":"D. Schwalbe","doi":"10.36850/rga4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36850/rga4","url":null,"abstract":"Discourses surrounding migration and integration often see language, and in particular the knowledge of\u0000the native language, as a crucial barrier to minorities’ access to healthcare and welfare benefits, equal\u0000healthcare treatment, social integration, and psychological wellbeing. Using methods of ethnographic\u0000and interactional sociolinguistic and conversational analysis our project investigates how healthcare\u0000and welfare professionals and Greenlandic patients define, interpret and manage communication and\u0000language inequalities in face-to-face encounters. What are the practical, cognitive, psychological and social\u0000consequences of “miscommunication” for the Danish Greenlanders? We examine four distinct aspects of\u0000communication: conversational strategies, non-verbal behavior, linguistic insecurity, and attitudes. Our\u0000aim is to understand the entire communicative circuit (i.e. channels by which information is transmitted),\u0000developing on our idea of “affective language economies of health”.","PeriodicalId":275817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Trial and Error","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123677780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Best practice standards are one method by which medical providers ensure effective care, thus promoting well-being. Though formal guidelines have been recently implemented to direct and standardize children’s mental healthcare in Florida, little research has evaluated the extent to which they are executed in practice. This study aims to fill this gap by analyzing Florida Medicaid data. Individual-level data will be collected from a 12-month period from a random sample of children, on Medicaid, with a mental health diagnosis; to: 1) Describe the type and frequency of mental health services provided to this sample, including to those in the child welfare system; 2) Evaluate the extent to which Florida’s Psychotherapeutic Medication Treatment Guidelines are adhered to; and 3) Analyze sociodemographic characteristics, to determine if there are predictive factors which account for undertreatment/overtreatment. Data will be coded for congruence with these standards and analyzed using multinomial logistic regression
{"title":"Are We Meeting Best Practice Standards?: A Longitudinal Analysis of Mental Health Practices Within the Florida Child Welfare System with Implications for Child Well-being","authors":"D. Dunleavy","doi":"10.36850/rga3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36850/rga3","url":null,"abstract":"Best practice standards are one method by which medical providers ensure effective care, thus promoting\u0000well-being. Though formal guidelines have been recently implemented to direct and standardize children’s\u0000mental healthcare in Florida, little research has evaluated the extent to which they are executed in practice.\u0000This study aims to fill this gap by analyzing Florida Medicaid data. Individual-level data will be collected\u0000from a 12-month period from a random sample of children, on Medicaid, with a mental health diagnosis;\u0000to: 1) Describe the type and frequency of mental health services provided to this sample, including to\u0000those in the child welfare system; 2) Evaluate the extent to which Florida’s Psychotherapeutic Medication\u0000Treatment Guidelines are adhered to; and 3) Analyze sociodemographic characteristics, to determine\u0000if there are predictive factors which account for undertreatment/overtreatment. Data will be coded for\u0000congruence with these standards and analyzed using multinomial logistic regression","PeriodicalId":275817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Trial and Error","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127364151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Threatening stimuli are often thought to have sufficient potency to bias attention, relative to neutral stimuli. Researchers and clinicians opt for frequently used paradigms to measure such bias, such as the dot-probe task. Bias to threat in the dot-probe task is indicated by a congruency effect i.e., faster responses on congruent trials than incongruent trials (also referred to as attention capture). However, recent studies have found that such congruency effects are small and suffer from poor internal reliability. One explanation to low effect sizes and poor reliability is carryover effects of threat – greater congruency effects on trials following a congruent trial relative to trials following an incongruent trial. In the current study, we investigated carryover effects of threat with two large samples of healthy undergraduate students who completed a typical dot-probe task. Although we found a small congruency effect for fearful faces (Experiment 1, n = 241, d = 0.15) and a reverse congruency effect for threatening images, (Experiment 2, n = 82, d = 0.11) whereas no carryover effects for threat were observed in either case. Bayesian analyses revealed moderate to strong evidence in favor of the null hypothesis. We conclude that carryover effects for threat do not influence attention bias for threat.
相对于中性刺激，威胁性刺激通常被认为有足够的效力来影响注意力。研究人员和临床医生选择常用的范式来测量这种偏差，比如点探测任务。在点探测任务中，对威胁的偏向表现为一致性效应，即对一致性试验的反应比对不一致性试验的反应快(也称为注意捕获)。然而，最近的研究发现，这种一致性效应很小，而且内部信度很差。低效应量和低信度的一个解释是威胁的延续效应——一致性试验后的一致性效应比不一致性试验后的一致性效应更大。在目前的研究中，我们用两个大样本的健康本科生来调查威胁的传递效应，他们完成了一个典型的点探测任务。虽然我们发现恐惧面孔具有较小的一致性效应(实验1,n = 241, d = 0.15)，而威胁图像具有反向一致性效应(实验2,n = 82, d = 0.11)，但两种情况下均未观察到威胁的延续效应。贝叶斯分析揭示了支持零假设的中等到强烈的证据。我们得出结论，威胁的延续效应不影响威胁的注意偏向。
{"title":"Do Carryover Effects Influence Attentional Bias to Threat in the Dot-Probe Task?","authors":"J. Maxwell, L. Fang, Joshua M. Carlson","doi":"10.36850/e9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36850/e9","url":null,"abstract":"Threatening stimuli are often thought to have sufficient potency to bias attention, relative to neutral\u0000stimuli. Researchers and clinicians opt for frequently used paradigms to measure such bias, such as\u0000the dot-probe task. Bias to threat in the dot-probe task is indicated by a congruency effect i.e., faster\u0000responses on congruent trials than incongruent trials (also referred to as attention capture). However,\u0000recent studies have found that such congruency effects are small and suffer from poor internal reliability.\u0000One explanation to low effect sizes and poor reliability is carryover effects of threat – greater congruency\u0000effects on trials following a congruent trial relative to trials following an incongruent trial. In the current\u0000study, we investigated carryover effects of threat with two large samples of healthy undergraduate students\u0000who completed a typical dot-probe task. Although we found a small congruency effect for fearful faces\u0000(Experiment 1, n = 241, d = 0.15) and a reverse congruency effect for threatening images, (Experiment 2,\u0000n = 82, d = 0.11) whereas no carryover effects for threat were observed in either case. Bayesian analyses\u0000revealed moderate to strong evidence in favor of the null hypothesis. We conclude that carryover effects\u0000for threat do not influence attention bias for threat.","PeriodicalId":275817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Trial and Error","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121765974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chronic pain (CP) is estimated to affect at least one-third of the population in the United Kingdom. Fibromyalgia (FM) is one of the most disabling CP conditions. Epidemiological research suggests its global prevalence to be between 2-8%. The unknown pathogenesis, lack of biological markers to monitor its development, and lack of successful treatment make FM a crucial target of pre-clinical research.The goal of this project is twofold. The project aims to 1) identify robust neurological markers (i.e., electrochemical brain activity) by applying a combination of advanced electroencephalography (EEG) signal processing (i.e., functional connectivity of oscillatory activity) and neuroinflammatory (NI) responses (i.e., estimation of pro-inflammatory cytokines intake), through which 2) characterizing successfully and unsuccessfully treated FM patients (compared to age-matched healthy controls). These measures, seldom combined, have been successfully applied to the study of psychiatric conditions and sleep. Crucially, the identification of neurological markers at rest and during arousing sensory stimulation will allow us to estimate the relationship between these neurological markers and treatment effectiveness. This proposal is important because it aims to generate a robust pre-clinical neurological tool to identify FM and its relationship with measures of treatment effectiveness. The successful identification of neurological markers will improve the assessment of the development of maladaptive changes in FM and will kick-start further research on treatment effectiveness.This project is of great medical relevance as it will identify pathological signatures of FM that can then inform research on etiology and treatment of this condition.
{"title":"Neurological Markers of Maladaptive Brain Activity in Fibromyalgia and their Relationship with Treatment Effectiveness","authors":"E. Valentini","doi":"10.36850/rga5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36850/rga5","url":null,"abstract":"Chronic pain (CP) is estimated to affect at least one-third of the population in the United Kingdom. Fibromyalgia (FM) is one of the most disabling CP conditions. Epidemiological research suggests its global prevalence to be between 2-8%. The unknown pathogenesis, lack of biological markers to monitor its development, and lack of successful treatment make FM a crucial target of pre-clinical research.The goal of this project is twofold. The project aims to 1) identify robust neurological markers (i.e., electrochemical brain activity) by applying a combination of advanced electroencephalography (EEG) signal processing (i.e., functional connectivity of oscillatory activity) and neuroinflammatory (NI) responses (i.e., estimation of pro-inflammatory cytokines intake), through which 2) characterizing successfully and unsuccessfully treated FM patients (compared to age-matched healthy controls). These measures, seldom combined, have been successfully applied to the study of psychiatric conditions and sleep. Crucially, the identification of neurological markers at rest and during arousing sensory stimulation will allow us to estimate the relationship between these neurological markers and treatment effectiveness. This proposal is important because it aims to generate a robust pre-clinical neurological tool to identify FM and its relationship with measures of treatment effectiveness. The successful identification of neurological markers will improve the assessment of the development of maladaptive changes in FM and will kick-start further research on treatment effectiveness.This project is of great medical relevance as it will identify pathological signatures of FM that can then inform research on etiology and treatment of this condition.","PeriodicalId":275817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Trial and Error","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132310701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Unsuccessful Self-treatment of a Case of 'Writer’s Block': A Replication in Science Education","authors":"G. Ampatzidis","doi":"10.36850/e7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36850/e7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":275817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Trial and Error","volume":"636 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125934957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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