R. Soman, W. Ostachowicz, J. Kim, Aboubakr Sherif, K. Peters
Guided waves (GW) allow fast inspection of a large area and hence have received great interest from the structural health monitoring (SHM) community. Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors offer several advantages but their use has been limited for the GW sensing due to its limited sensitivity. FBG sensors in the edge-filtering configuration have overcome this issue with sensitivity and there is a renewed interest in their use. Unfortunately, the FBG sensors and the equipment needed for interrogation is quite expensive and their number is restricted. In the previous work by the authors the number and location of the actuators was optimized for developing a SHM system with single sensor and multiple actuators. But through the use of the phenomenon of acoustic coupling, multiple locations on the structure may be interrogated with a single FBG sensors. As a result, a sensor network with multiple sensing locations and few actuators is feasible and cost effective. Hence this paper develops the optimization problem for designing an SHM network for use with FBG sensors making use of acoustic coupling. The optimization problem is implemented on a simple aluminum plate. The directionality, bond efficiency and the factors influencing the acoustic coupling are taken into consideration for optimizing the sensor network. A multi-objective optimization problem is defined and solved using non-sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA). The results indicate that indeed a multi-objective optimization is necessary and has potential to improve the SHM system performance.
{"title":"Optimization of Bond Locations for Guided Waves Based SHM Using Coupled Optical Fibers","authors":"R. Soman, W. Ostachowicz, J. Kim, Aboubakr Sherif, K. Peters","doi":"10.1115/qnde2022-98188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/qnde2022-98188","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Guided waves (GW) allow fast inspection of a large area and hence have received great interest from the structural health monitoring (SHM) community. Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors offer several advantages but their use has been limited for the GW sensing due to its limited sensitivity. FBG sensors in the edge-filtering configuration have overcome this issue with sensitivity and there is a renewed interest in their use. Unfortunately, the FBG sensors and the equipment needed for interrogation is quite expensive and their number is restricted. In the previous work by the authors the number and location of the actuators was optimized for developing a SHM system with single sensor and multiple actuators. But through the use of the phenomenon of acoustic coupling, multiple locations on the structure may be interrogated with a single FBG sensors. As a result, a sensor network with multiple sensing locations and few actuators is feasible and cost effective. Hence this paper develops the optimization problem for designing an SHM network for use with FBG sensors making use of acoustic coupling. The optimization problem is implemented on a simple aluminum plate. The directionality, bond efficiency and the factors influencing the acoustic coupling are taken into consideration for optimizing the sensor network. A multi-objective optimization problem is defined and solved using non-sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA). The results indicate that indeed a multi-objective optimization is necessary and has potential to improve the SHM system performance.","PeriodicalId":276311,"journal":{"name":"2022 49th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130505171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Geo Davis, Ahmed Al Fuwaires, Panagiotis Kamintzis, Peter Lukacs, A. Keenan, Don Pieris, T. Stratoudaki
Laser induced phased arrays (LIPAs) offer fast and efficient remote ultrasonic imaging for processes operating in extreme environments and restricted access such as additive manufacturing and welding. In this work, LIPAs are synthesized in the non-destructive thermoelastic regime using an 8 ns pulsed 1064 nm generation laser and a 532 nm continuous wave detection laser. The acquired Full Matrix data is post-processed using the Total Focusing Method (TFM) to image near-surface side-drilled holes inside an Aluminium sample. The images generated, however, contain contribution from the surface acoustic wave (SAW). In laser ultrasonics, SAW is the strongest wave mode generated, and consequently, a region of the image generated is saturated by the SAW arrival (SAW cross-talk). The SAW cross-talk region extends into the sample starting at the scan surface and hence masks any features/defects within this region. This study explores and compares various signal processing techniques such as frequency-wavenumber filtering, phase coherence imaging and amplitude thresholding of ultrasonic signals in order to suppress/remove the SAW cross-talk from the ultrasonic data captured using LIPA for successful imaging of near-surface defects. The mode suppression is achieved by targeting the characteristics of the SAW: its velocity, amplitude and phase. The different methods of wave suppression are compared, and relative merits of each technique are discussed.
{"title":"Surface Acoustic Wave Suppression for Near-Surface Defect Imaging Using Laser Induced Phased Arrays","authors":"Geo Davis, Ahmed Al Fuwaires, Panagiotis Kamintzis, Peter Lukacs, A. Keenan, Don Pieris, T. Stratoudaki","doi":"10.1115/qnde2022-98293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/qnde2022-98293","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Laser induced phased arrays (LIPAs) offer fast and efficient remote ultrasonic imaging for processes operating in extreme environments and restricted access such as additive manufacturing and welding. In this work, LIPAs are synthesized in the non-destructive thermoelastic regime using an 8 ns pulsed 1064 nm generation laser and a 532 nm continuous wave detection laser. The acquired Full Matrix data is post-processed using the Total Focusing Method (TFM) to image near-surface side-drilled holes inside an Aluminium sample. The images generated, however, contain contribution from the surface acoustic wave (SAW). In laser ultrasonics, SAW is the strongest wave mode generated, and consequently, a region of the image generated is saturated by the SAW arrival (SAW cross-talk). The SAW cross-talk region extends into the sample starting at the scan surface and hence masks any features/defects within this region. This study explores and compares various signal processing techniques such as frequency-wavenumber filtering, phase coherence imaging and amplitude thresholding of ultrasonic signals in order to suppress/remove the SAW cross-talk from the ultrasonic data captured using LIPA for successful imaging of near-surface defects. The mode suppression is achieved by targeting the characteristics of the SAW: its velocity, amplitude and phase. The different methods of wave suppression are compared, and relative merits of each technique are discussed.","PeriodicalId":276311,"journal":{"name":"2022 49th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"216 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122047139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study develops a new method to determine the acoustoelastic coefficient in concrete using thermally-induced ultrasonic bulk wave velocity changes. This paper presents the equations of wave velocity changes caused by homogeneous temperature variation and uniaxial strain in an isotropic medium. The acoustoelastic coefficient of a concrete sample was calculated using the third-order elastic constants (l, m and n) which were determined in the thermal modulation test. The acoustoelastic coefficient of the same sample was then experimentally verified in a four-point bending test. The results showed that relative wave velocity change predicted by the third-order elastic constants from the thermal modulation test agreed well with the experimental value from the bending test.
{"title":"Measurement of Acoustoelastic Coefficients in Concrete Using Thermal Modulation of Ultrasonic Waves","authors":"Bi Zhong, Jinying Zhu","doi":"10.1115/qnde2022-96805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/qnde2022-96805","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study develops a new method to determine the acoustoelastic coefficient in concrete using thermally-induced ultrasonic bulk wave velocity changes. This paper presents the equations of wave velocity changes caused by homogeneous temperature variation and uniaxial strain in an isotropic medium. The acoustoelastic coefficient of a concrete sample was calculated using the third-order elastic constants (l, m and n) which were determined in the thermal modulation test. The acoustoelastic coefficient of the same sample was then experimentally verified in a four-point bending test. The results showed that relative wave velocity change predicted by the third-order elastic constants from the thermal modulation test agreed well with the experimental value from the bending test.","PeriodicalId":276311,"journal":{"name":"2022 49th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123458568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The absence of analytical solutions describing a crack frictional heat generation and diffusion in sonic infrared (IR) inspection technology makes it rather difficult to estimate a crack length from thermal images alone. This study presents the recent development in theoretical-based techniques assuming uniform, arbitrary and point frictional heat generation functions along the crack and how they lend themselves for crack length estimation. The different forward heat diffusion models are validated in close comparison with finite element (FE) simulations for different heat generation functions. Moreover, the capability in retrieving a crack arbitrary heat generation function and estimating a crack length from simulated thermal images alone is validated with and without the virtual addition of thermal noise. It demonstrates the benefits of applying the principle of superposition of predefined heat generation functions due to the linearity in the governing heat diffusion model while retrieving the heat generation function from thermal images. Targeting a peak temperature change between 0.2 and 1.6 K with the addition of different random noise levels for different crack lengths can deliver up to 20% uncertainty in crack length estimation at 95% confidence level. The application of the proposed point heat generation function along the crack underestimated a crack length by 10% over independently measured sonic IR thermal images. This illustrates the benefits and potential capabilities from advancing this approach in the future.
{"title":"Physics-Based Sonic IR Crack Length Estimation using Thermal Images Alone","authors":"B. Abu-Nabah, S. Al-Said","doi":"10.1115/qnde2022-98191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/qnde2022-98191","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The absence of analytical solutions describing a crack frictional heat generation and diffusion in sonic infrared (IR) inspection technology makes it rather difficult to estimate a crack length from thermal images alone. This study presents the recent development in theoretical-based techniques assuming uniform, arbitrary and point frictional heat generation functions along the crack and how they lend themselves for crack length estimation. The different forward heat diffusion models are validated in close comparison with finite element (FE) simulations for different heat generation functions. Moreover, the capability in retrieving a crack arbitrary heat generation function and estimating a crack length from simulated thermal images alone is validated with and without the virtual addition of thermal noise. It demonstrates the benefits of applying the principle of superposition of predefined heat generation functions due to the linearity in the governing heat diffusion model while retrieving the heat generation function from thermal images. Targeting a peak temperature change between 0.2 and 1.6 K with the addition of different random noise levels for different crack lengths can deliver up to 20% uncertainty in crack length estimation at 95% confidence level. The application of the proposed point heat generation function along the crack underestimated a crack length by 10% over independently measured sonic IR thermal images. This illustrates the benefits and potential capabilities from advancing this approach in the future.","PeriodicalId":276311,"journal":{"name":"2022 49th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"13 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132457534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
William Jackson, Dayi Zhang, Ross McMillan, M. Tabatabaeipour, Rory Hampson, Adam Gilmour, C. Macleod, G. Dobie
The NDE industry is under constant pressure to increase inspection speeds, while simultaneously reducing costs to keep up with the ever-expanding demands of providing robust inspection for new infrastructure as well as ongoing inspections for currently operating facilities, and the increasing rise in the need for extensions in the planned life of existing plants. Currently, setting up an automated phased array ultrasonic inspection requires significant manpower, especially on components with complex geometry, this often exposes operators to hazardous environments. This is a particular problem with conventional ultrasonic NDT where operators must regularly exchange probes (an ‘intervention’). Furthermore, inspections are often carried out during planned outages, and the necessary installation time of rigging can represent a significant part of the inspection cost. To alleviate these challenges, several specialised robotic systems have been developed in industry for performing NDE in areas with well-defined geometries. However, these systems are often limited by a high degree of manual intervention, a lack of general-purpose design, and unsophisticated brute-force data acquisition with little to no data interpretation. The development of next generation, automated NDE solutions present considerable improvements to the current state of design such as reduced inspection time, greater separation of data capture and analysis, data localization – data are intrinsically encoded with the position they were captured. These benefits lead to a reduction in plant downtime & operator dosage. The platform presented will achieve these improvements through a set of universal automated deployment tools, implemented through hardware and software advances. By creating a platform consisting of a motorised magnetic base paired with a miniature robotic arm, a very capable and adaptable system is formed. This allows for different sensing modalities with an initial focus on phased array ultrasonics to be delivered accurately and repeatably to the target inspection site. Furthermore, by introducing additional perceptual sensors such as cameras, laser scanners, & a force-torque sensor the system can understand the environment in which it is operating. Through these sensors the user may guide the robot through the plant remotely in a safe and controlled manner. In addition to this these sensors may be used to generate scan paths of critical areas with unknown geometry on the fly as well as adapt the path in a conformable manner.
{"title":"Magnetic Inspection Platform for Teleoperated Remote Inspections of Complex Geometry","authors":"William Jackson, Dayi Zhang, Ross McMillan, M. Tabatabaeipour, Rory Hampson, Adam Gilmour, C. Macleod, G. Dobie","doi":"10.1115/qnde2022-98358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/qnde2022-98358","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The NDE industry is under constant pressure to increase inspection speeds, while simultaneously reducing costs to keep up with the ever-expanding demands of providing robust inspection for new infrastructure as well as ongoing inspections for currently operating facilities, and the increasing rise in the need for extensions in the planned life of existing plants.\u0000 Currently, setting up an automated phased array ultrasonic inspection requires significant manpower, especially on components with complex geometry, this often exposes operators to hazardous environments. This is a particular problem with conventional ultrasonic NDT where operators must regularly exchange probes (an ‘intervention’). Furthermore, inspections are often carried out during planned outages, and the necessary installation time of rigging can represent a significant part of the inspection cost.\u0000 To alleviate these challenges, several specialised robotic systems have been developed in industry for performing NDE in areas with well-defined geometries. However, these systems are often limited by a high degree of manual intervention, a lack of general-purpose design, and unsophisticated brute-force data acquisition with little to no data interpretation.\u0000 The development of next generation, automated NDE solutions present considerable improvements to the current state of design such as reduced inspection time, greater separation of data capture and analysis, data localization – data are intrinsically encoded with the position they were captured. These benefits lead to a reduction in plant downtime & operator dosage.\u0000 The platform presented will achieve these improvements through a set of universal automated deployment tools, implemented through hardware and software advances. By creating a platform consisting of a motorised magnetic base paired with a miniature robotic arm, a very capable and adaptable system is formed. This allows for different sensing modalities with an initial focus on phased array ultrasonics to be delivered accurately and repeatably to the target inspection site. Furthermore, by introducing additional perceptual sensors such as cameras, laser scanners, & a force-torque sensor the system can understand the environment in which it is operating. Through these sensors the user may guide the robot through the plant remotely in a safe and controlled manner. In addition to this these sensors may be used to generate scan paths of critical areas with unknown geometry on the fly as well as adapt the path in a conformable manner.","PeriodicalId":276311,"journal":{"name":"2022 49th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"50 12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133268008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The existence of weakly bonded areas will greatly affect the reliability of adhesively bonded structures in composite plates which are widely used in engineering applications. The timely and effective inspection of the adhesively bonded structure is crucial. In this paper, a simulation method of bonded quality based cohesive zone model(CZM) and the RAPID imaging method based ultrasonic guided wave detection technology are proposed to realize the detection and imaging of weakly bonded areas of adhesively bonded structures in composite plates. The CZM is innovatively used for the simulation of different bonded quality, it is achieved by modifying the constitutive relation curve of bilinear traction-separation law. Then, the influence of the degradation of bonded quality on the propagation characteristics of guided waves was explored. The results show that different bonded conditions have a significant impact on the guided wave propagation characteristics which enable the inspection of weakly bonded areas. Finally, based on the guided wave detection method and the cross covariance-based RAPID imaging algorithm, the detection and imaging of the weakly bonded area of the adhesively bonded structures are realized.
{"title":"Guide Wave-Based Inspection of Adhesively Bonded Structures in Composite Plates","authors":"Xiaoyan Zhang, Zhoumo Zeng, Jian Li, Yang Liu","doi":"10.1115/qnde2022-98228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/qnde2022-98228","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The existence of weakly bonded areas will greatly affect the reliability of adhesively bonded structures in composite plates which are widely used in engineering applications. The timely and effective inspection of the adhesively bonded structure is crucial. In this paper, a simulation method of bonded quality based cohesive zone model(CZM) and the RAPID imaging method based ultrasonic guided wave detection technology are proposed to realize the detection and imaging of weakly bonded areas of adhesively bonded structures in composite plates. The CZM is innovatively used for the simulation of different bonded quality, it is achieved by modifying the constitutive relation curve of bilinear traction-separation law. Then, the influence of the degradation of bonded quality on the propagation characteristics of guided waves was explored. The results show that different bonded conditions have a significant impact on the guided wave propagation characteristics which enable the inspection of weakly bonded areas. Finally, based on the guided wave detection method and the cross covariance-based RAPID imaging algorithm, the detection and imaging of the weakly bonded area of the adhesively bonded structures are realized.","PeriodicalId":276311,"journal":{"name":"2022 49th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"143 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123599781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Junkai Tong, Min Lin, Jian Li, Shili Chen, Yang Liu
Accurately predicting the remaining wall thickness of metal structures like plates, pipes and pressure vessels is of significant importance to the petrochemical industry. However, traditional ultrasonic probing techniques demand point by point scan of the target structures, which costs enormous time and money. In this paper, we present a robust guided wave tomography algorithm, DeepFIT. The algorithm adopts a neural network to approximate the execution of descent direction matrix in fast inversion tomography (FIT). To achieve robust imaging, signal components and corresponding phase velocity maps of A0 mode Lamb guided waves are input into DeepFIT for training. This technique guarantees that the inversion process can be significantly accelerated, circumventing the enormous computational burden caused by Hessian and Jacobian matrix calculation in full waveform inversion (FWI). The proposed method builds the foundation for fast and robust quantitative industrial inspection with Lamb guided waves.
{"title":"High-Resolution Thickness Mapping with Deepfit and Lamb Guided Waves","authors":"Junkai Tong, Min Lin, Jian Li, Shili Chen, Yang Liu","doi":"10.1115/qnde2022-98221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/qnde2022-98221","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Accurately predicting the remaining wall thickness of metal structures like plates, pipes and pressure vessels is of significant importance to the petrochemical industry. However, traditional ultrasonic probing techniques demand point by point scan of the target structures, which costs enormous time and money. In this paper, we present a robust guided wave tomography algorithm, DeepFIT. The algorithm adopts a neural network to approximate the execution of descent direction matrix in fast inversion tomography (FIT). To achieve robust imaging, signal components and corresponding phase velocity maps of A0 mode Lamb guided waves are input into DeepFIT for training. This technique guarantees that the inversion process can be significantly accelerated, circumventing the enormous computational burden caused by Hessian and Jacobian matrix calculation in full waveform inversion (FWI). The proposed method builds the foundation for fast and robust quantitative industrial inspection with Lamb guided waves.","PeriodicalId":276311,"journal":{"name":"2022 49th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116131790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Achieving improved composites lifecycle management requires more sophisticated damage evolution models and advances in nondestructive evaluation of the damage state. Recent efforts in characterizing impact damage using an acoustic wedge-assisted pitch-catch phased array technique have revealed challenges with lateral beam steering, signal-to-noise, and signals analysis in conjunction with complicating internal reflections from the acoustic wedge. One solution being considered is the application of an additively-manufactured compact acoustic wedge that uses graded material properties to promote lateral beam steering using elements with a normal orientation, with minimal internal reflections. A simplified proof-of-concept of this approach was demonstrated via simulation of ultrasonic waves propagating through a functionally-graded wedge into a target body. Results highlighted the importance of the compact wedge boundary conditions to mitigate secondary longitudinal and shear wave signals.
{"title":"Compact Functional Material Wedge for Oblique Angle Ultrasound","authors":"Jillian Sollars, J. Wertz, J. Aldrin","doi":"10.1115/qnde2022-97147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/qnde2022-97147","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Achieving improved composites lifecycle management requires more sophisticated damage evolution models and advances in nondestructive evaluation of the damage state. Recent efforts in characterizing impact damage using an acoustic wedge-assisted pitch-catch phased array technique have revealed challenges with lateral beam steering, signal-to-noise, and signals analysis in conjunction with complicating internal reflections from the acoustic wedge. One solution being considered is the application of an additively-manufactured compact acoustic wedge that uses graded material properties to promote lateral beam steering using elements with a normal orientation, with minimal internal reflections. A simplified proof-of-concept of this approach was demonstrated via simulation of ultrasonic waves propagating through a functionally-graded wedge into a target body. Results highlighted the importance of the compact wedge boundary conditions to mitigate secondary longitudinal and shear wave signals.","PeriodicalId":276311,"journal":{"name":"2022 49th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"128 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132494183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. L. González Velázquez, E. Entezari, D. R. López, Manuel Alejandro Beltrán Zúñiga, J. Szpunar
This paper presents the results of experimental and in-service observations of the nucleation and growth of hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) in hydrocarbon transport pipelines made of type API 5L steel. The experimental work was done by inducing HIC on steel plates by electrochemical cathodic hydrogen charging and using a straight beam ultrasonic inspection technique to observe the crack growth behavior. Scanning electron microscopy was also used to observe the crack nucleation and propagation mechanisms. The study was complemented by the fractographic analysis of a pipe segment removed from a sour gas pipeline after an in-service rupture caused by HIC, so the pipe segment contained a significant group of blisters and laminations caused by HIC. The results of the cathodic charging indicated that HIC cracks nucleated in less than one hour of hydrogen charging at specific non-metallic inclusions and not necessarily the largest ones as commonly thought. It is observed that the HIC cracks propagated by a quasi-cleavage mechanism in transgranular paths, linking to other cracks by ductile tearing. However, after a few hours of hydrogen charging, the crack growth rate dropped to almost zero, and the overall HIC growth was due almost solely to the interconnection of previously formed individual cracks. The examination of the in-service failed pipe showed similar fractographic and growth characteristics as compared to the laboratory-induced ones. It showed that HIC was little affected by the primary stresses and the proximity of other defects and structural discontinuities.
{"title":"Experimental and In-Service Observations of HIC Nucleation and Growth in Pipeline Steel","authors":"J. L. González Velázquez, E. Entezari, D. R. López, Manuel Alejandro Beltrán Zúñiga, J. Szpunar","doi":"10.1115/qnde2022-97160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/qnde2022-97160","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper presents the results of experimental and in-service observations of the nucleation and growth of hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) in hydrocarbon transport pipelines made of type API 5L steel. The experimental work was done by inducing HIC on steel plates by electrochemical cathodic hydrogen charging and using a straight beam ultrasonic inspection technique to observe the crack growth behavior. Scanning electron microscopy was also used to observe the crack nucleation and propagation mechanisms. The study was complemented by the fractographic analysis of a pipe segment removed from a sour gas pipeline after an in-service rupture caused by HIC, so the pipe segment contained a significant group of blisters and laminations caused by HIC. The results of the cathodic charging indicated that HIC cracks nucleated in less than one hour of hydrogen charging at specific non-metallic inclusions and not necessarily the largest ones as commonly thought. It is observed that the HIC cracks propagated by a quasi-cleavage mechanism in transgranular paths, linking to other cracks by ductile tearing. However, after a few hours of hydrogen charging, the crack growth rate dropped to almost zero, and the overall HIC growth was due almost solely to the interconnection of previously formed individual cracks. The examination of the in-service failed pipe showed similar fractographic and growth characteristics as compared to the laboratory-induced ones. It showed that HIC was little affected by the primary stresses and the proximity of other defects and structural discontinuities.","PeriodicalId":276311,"journal":{"name":"2022 49th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131647225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Christian Peyton, S. Dixon, B. Dutton, Wilson Vesga, R. Edwards
The inspection of welds in thin titanium sheets is vital to ensure that all components meet their required criteria. Shear horizontal (SH) guided waves may offer particular benefits for defect detection, especially the fundamental mode (SH0), which is non-dispersive. Electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) are efficient generators of SH waves. However, titanium is traditionally a difficult material to inspect using EMATs. Through finite element analysis and experiments, this work proposes an inspection set-up using a 6 mm wavelength SH0 mode as the incident wave. When the SH0 mode interacts with a defect, reflections occur. The primary reflection is the SH0 mode, but mode conversions occurring at the defect result in the reflection of a mode converted Lamb wave. The Lamb guided wave mode reflected in our work is the S0 mode. The weld inspection approach presented uses both of these guided wave modes. The intention of detecting multiple wave modes is to provide more information about the inspected region, improving the reliability of the results by providing an increased probability of detection and a reduced likelihood of false positives. The results show initial testing and validation of the proposed set-up, highlighting how the SH0 mode reflection is sensitive to the weld quality. The positioning of the transducers sensitive to the S0 mode is also presented, showing the defect size's effect on the angle of reflection.
{"title":"Optimised Shear Horizontal Guided Wave Inspection Set-Up for Titanium Welds.","authors":"Christian Peyton, S. Dixon, B. Dutton, Wilson Vesga, R. Edwards","doi":"10.1115/qnde2022-98089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/qnde2022-98089","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The inspection of welds in thin titanium sheets is vital to ensure that all components meet their required criteria. Shear horizontal (SH) guided waves may offer particular benefits for defect detection, especially the fundamental mode (SH0), which is non-dispersive. Electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) are efficient generators of SH waves. However, titanium is traditionally a difficult material to inspect using EMATs. Through finite element analysis and experiments, this work proposes an inspection set-up using a 6 mm wavelength SH0 mode as the incident wave. When the SH0 mode interacts with a defect, reflections occur. The primary reflection is the SH0 mode, but mode conversions occurring at the defect result in the reflection of a mode converted Lamb wave. The Lamb guided wave mode reflected in our work is the S0 mode. The weld inspection approach presented uses both of these guided wave modes. The intention of detecting multiple wave modes is to provide more information about the inspected region, improving the reliability of the results by providing an increased probability of detection and a reduced likelihood of false positives. The results show initial testing and validation of the proposed set-up, highlighting how the SH0 mode reflection is sensitive to the weld quality. The positioning of the transducers sensitive to the S0 mode is also presented, showing the defect size's effect on the angle of reflection.","PeriodicalId":276311,"journal":{"name":"2022 49th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128264236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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