Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520186
Kai Man So, Y. S. Wong, G. Hong, W. Lu
Battery/Ultracapacitor (UC) Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicles have been proposed to increase battery cycle life and driving range. Existing works focus on power management strategies of the battery and UC, while energy management strategies are still relatively empirical. We propose a more rigorous method of setting the target UC energy level using a speed-dependent band. This allows the UC to contain sufficient energy for future accelerations, and have sufficient capacity to store energy from future regenerative braking. Furthermore, by adjusting the band height, the UC size in terms of energy stored can be reduced significantly. We show other works cannot achieve both goals simultaneously unless their UCs are sized larger (up to three times).
{"title":"An improved energy management strategy for a Battery/Ultracapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System in Electric Vehicles","authors":"Kai Man So, Y. S. Wong, G. Hong, W. Lu","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520186","url":null,"abstract":"Battery/Ultracapacitor (UC) Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicles have been proposed to increase battery cycle life and driving range. Existing works focus on power management strategies of the battery and UC, while energy management strategies are still relatively empirical. We propose a more rigorous method of setting the target UC energy level using a speed-dependent band. This allows the UC to contain sufficient energy for future accelerations, and have sufficient capacity to store energy from future regenerative braking. Furthermore, by adjusting the band height, the UC size in terms of energy stored can be reduced significantly. We show other works cannot achieve both goals simultaneously unless their UCs are sized larger (up to three times).","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126163997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520206
Weizhong Wang, P. Malysz, Deqiang Wang, Ran Gu, Hong Yang, A. Emadi
Reporting pack-level state-of-charge (SOC) requires identification of the maximum and minimum SOC cells in the pack. Applying separate estimators for every cell greatly increases the computational burden of battery state estimation. Efficient approaches based on either an average cell estimator and m-top bottom estimators are benchmarked on their ability to report maximum minimum SOC. A simulation case study on a 14-cell battery with cell balancing and typical aged-pack cell-to-cell variations is performed. The average estimator approach with voltage-based correction is shown to induce unacceptably large errors. The m-top/bottom method with voltage based selection criteria is shown to be a viable computational efficient approach in estimating maximum minimum SOC cells.
{"title":"Efficient multi-cell SOC estimation for electrified vehicle battery packs","authors":"Weizhong Wang, P. Malysz, Deqiang Wang, Ran Gu, Hong Yang, A. Emadi","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520206","url":null,"abstract":"Reporting pack-level state-of-charge (SOC) requires identification of the maximum and minimum SOC cells in the pack. Applying separate estimators for every cell greatly increases the computational burden of battery state estimation. Efficient approaches based on either an average cell estimator and m-top bottom estimators are benchmarked on their ability to report maximum minimum SOC. A simulation case study on a 14-cell battery with cell balancing and typical aged-pack cell-to-cell variations is performed. The average estimator approach with voltage-based correction is shown to induce unacceptably large errors. The m-top/bottom method with voltage based selection criteria is shown to be a viable computational efficient approach in estimating maximum minimum SOC cells.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129959678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520223
Firoz Ahmed, E. Ghosh, N. Kar
Due to the advantages of higher efficiency, low manufacturing cost and lower machine weight, Copper Rotor Induction Motor (CRIM) is a suitable cost effective alternative choice over permanent magnet motor in EV/HEV traction applications [1]. However, temperature rise issue is a critical factor that has direct effects on machine parameters such as effective resistances and inductances as well as magnetic properties of the machine materials. In this paper, a lumped parameter thermal network (LPTN) model is proposed to predict transient thermal behaviour in a Totally Enclosed Fan Cooled (TEFC) CRIM considering non-existent of forced convection heat transfer in stator end-winding due to smooth rotor geometry. The model also takes into consideration of various losses as heat sources that are determined from motor loading experiments. In order to validate thermal model, a 20-hp CRIM is tested under varying speed and loading conditions to measure the actual operating temperature rise and compared with calculated temperature rise.
{"title":"Transient thermal analysis of a copper rotor induction motor using a lumped parameter temperature network model","authors":"Firoz Ahmed, E. Ghosh, N. Kar","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520223","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the advantages of higher efficiency, low manufacturing cost and lower machine weight, Copper Rotor Induction Motor (CRIM) is a suitable cost effective alternative choice over permanent magnet motor in EV/HEV traction applications [1]. However, temperature rise issue is a critical factor that has direct effects on machine parameters such as effective resistances and inductances as well as magnetic properties of the machine materials. In this paper, a lumped parameter thermal network (LPTN) model is proposed to predict transient thermal behaviour in a Totally Enclosed Fan Cooled (TEFC) CRIM considering non-existent of forced convection heat transfer in stator end-winding due to smooth rotor geometry. The model also takes into consideration of various losses as heat sources that are determined from motor loading experiments. In order to validate thermal model, a 20-hp CRIM is tested under varying speed and loading conditions to measure the actual operating temperature rise and compared with calculated temperature rise.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128258084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520214
Khaled Itani, A. De Bernardinis, Z. Khatir, A. Jammal
In this paper, we will represent the optimal traction and regenerative braking current synthesis for an IPMSM using three combined torque control methods for an Electric Vehicle (EV) using Matlab/Simulink®. In order to impose torque at higher speed, the flux should be weakened by injecting negative current in the d- axis. Several methods of reference current generation will be described according to the operating speed, torque reference, voltage and current constraints. The torque/speed characteristics will be decomposed into five zones of operation delimited by three methods of control: Maximum Torque per Ampere, Voltage Current Limited Maximum Torque and Constant Power Region.
{"title":"Optimal traction and regenerative braking reference current synthesis for an IPMSM motor using three combined torque control methods for an Electric Vehicle","authors":"Khaled Itani, A. De Bernardinis, Z. Khatir, A. Jammal","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520214","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we will represent the optimal traction and regenerative braking current synthesis for an IPMSM using three combined torque control methods for an Electric Vehicle (EV) using Matlab/Simulink®. In order to impose torque at higher speed, the flux should be weakened by injecting negative current in the d- axis. Several methods of reference current generation will be described according to the operating speed, torque reference, voltage and current constraints. The torque/speed characteristics will be decomposed into five zones of operation delimited by three methods of control: Maximum Torque per Ampere, Voltage Current Limited Maximum Torque and Constant Power Region.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131219043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520270
Jianzhe Liu, G. Rizzoni, B. Yurkovich
This paper studies two energy management problems for microgrids with constraints involving uncertainty. The first energy management problem has constraints on the utilization of certain components. It can be used to ensure the penetration level of renewable generation or plug-in electric vehicles. The second energy management problem aims at refraining the output power of the microgrid. It is required by applications such as peak power shaving and instrument protection. With the integration of components having random output power such as photovoltaic panels and plug-in electric vehicles in the microgrid, the two problems have uncertainty in the constraints. A unified chance constrained programming formulation of the two problems is proposed in the paper. This formulation provides probabilistic guarantees on the satisfaction of the constraints and transforms the two problems into convex programs that can be solved efficiently. A practical case study verifies the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
{"title":"Stochastic energy management for microgrids with constraints under uncertainty","authors":"Jianzhe Liu, G. Rizzoni, B. Yurkovich","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520270","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies two energy management problems for microgrids with constraints involving uncertainty. The first energy management problem has constraints on the utilization of certain components. It can be used to ensure the penetration level of renewable generation or plug-in electric vehicles. The second energy management problem aims at refraining the output power of the microgrid. It is required by applications such as peak power shaving and instrument protection. With the integration of components having random output power such as photovoltaic panels and plug-in electric vehicles in the microgrid, the two problems have uncertainty in the constraints. A unified chance constrained programming formulation of the two problems is proposed in the paper. This formulation provides probabilistic guarantees on the satisfaction of the constraints and transforms the two problems into convex programs that can be solved efficiently. A practical case study verifies the effectiveness of the proposed approach.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132909285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520202
R. Xiong, Fengchun Sun, Hongwen He
This paper has made efforts to investigate the two key parameters for indicating battery state-of-health. (1) A series dual adaptive extended Kalman filter algorithm has been proposed. (2) An online model-based capacity and resistance estimation scheme has been proposed, which estimates the uncertainty parameters of capacity and resistance to evaluate the health status of battery pack. The result indicates that the prediction inaccuracies of battery are less than 1%. It is helpful for monitoring the health status and safeguarding the safety application of battery system used in electric vehicles.
{"title":"Model-based health condition monitoring method for multi-cell series-connected battery pack","authors":"R. Xiong, Fengchun Sun, Hongwen He","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520202","url":null,"abstract":"This paper has made efforts to investigate the two key parameters for indicating battery state-of-health. (1) A series dual adaptive extended Kalman filter algorithm has been proposed. (2) An online model-based capacity and resistance estimation scheme has been proposed, which estimates the uncertainty parameters of capacity and resistance to evaluate the health status of battery pack. The result indicates that the prediction inaccuracies of battery are less than 1%. It is helpful for monitoring the health status and safeguarding the safety application of battery system used in electric vehicles.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132945608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520291
D. Mohammadi, N. Rafla, S. Ahmed-Zaid
The design considerations for implementing an optimized fixed-point space-vector pulse-width modulation (SVPWM) for a two-level inverter is presented. Most of the design simulations currently available are specified in floating-point precision to accelerate the process of verifying their functionality. However, area-optimized hardware implementation of these algorithms requires fixed-point precision. A generic function is formulated the precision required for each signal to get the desired precision. A non-convex optimization function is solved for the number of required bit-widths for the signals. This design has been implemented on an FPGA using the obtained solution in order to verify the resulting accuracy. The device utilization summary of this design is also compared to a floating-point precision design.
{"title":"Design considerations for an optimized FPGA implementation of space-vector PWM for a two-level inverter","authors":"D. Mohammadi, N. Rafla, S. Ahmed-Zaid","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520291","url":null,"abstract":"The design considerations for implementing an optimized fixed-point space-vector pulse-width modulation (SVPWM) for a two-level inverter is presented. Most of the design simulations currently available are specified in floating-point precision to accelerate the process of verifying their functionality. However, area-optimized hardware implementation of these algorithms requires fixed-point precision. A generic function is formulated the precision required for each signal to get the desired precision. A non-convex optimization function is solved for the number of required bit-widths for the signals. This design has been implemented on an FPGA using the obtained solution in order to verify the resulting accuracy. The device utilization summary of this design is also compared to a floating-point precision design.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128627273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520197
A. Mohamed, Felipe G. N. de Almeida, O. Mohammed
Mobility, continuity and safety are crucial in charging and discharging system of electric vehicles (EV) in smart grid applications. Bidirectional inductive wireless power transfer (BIWPT) system is ideal choice for these services. With accurate and efficient system models in hand, the circuit designers can predict and optimize the system performance. In this paper, an accurate, intuitive, and comprehensive steady-state theoretical model is proposed and implemented in MatLab environment. This model is generalized and can be used for any magnetic design of BIWPT system with the same compensation topology. The model is able to predict the system currents, voltages, power, power factor and equivalent impedance. The proposed model is used to evaluate two different designs for LCL compensation topology based on impedance frequency response analysis. Also, general considerations for the filters design parameters are stated and verified in this paper. A Simulink MatLab model for 1 kW BIWPT system is built to verify the proposed theoretical analysis.
{"title":"Harmonics-based steady-state mathematical model of bidirectional inductive wireless power transfer system in V2G applications","authors":"A. Mohamed, Felipe G. N. de Almeida, O. Mohammed","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520197","url":null,"abstract":"Mobility, continuity and safety are crucial in charging and discharging system of electric vehicles (EV) in smart grid applications. Bidirectional inductive wireless power transfer (BIWPT) system is ideal choice for these services. With accurate and efficient system models in hand, the circuit designers can predict and optimize the system performance. In this paper, an accurate, intuitive, and comprehensive steady-state theoretical model is proposed and implemented in MatLab environment. This model is generalized and can be used for any magnetic design of BIWPT system with the same compensation topology. The model is able to predict the system currents, voltages, power, power factor and equivalent impedance. The proposed model is used to evaluate two different designs for LCL compensation topology based on impedance frequency response analysis. Also, general considerations for the filters design parameters are stated and verified in this paper. A Simulink MatLab model for 1 kW BIWPT system is built to verify the proposed theoretical analysis.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116682173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520204
Linfeng Zheng, Jianguo Zhu, Guoxiu Wang
To reduce the effect of cell inconsistencies and improve battery pack capacity, battery balancing techniques are essentially required in battery management systems (BMSs). This paper presents a comparative study of four battery balancing strategies for different battery operation processes. These balancing strategies are developed from the state-of-the-art battery balancing circuits and algorithms reported in recent literature. The performance of balancing strategies is evaluated and compared by battery pack maximum available capacity, state of charge (SOC) variances at the end of charge (EOC) and end of discharge (EOD). The comparative result is helpful for BMSs developers to employ optimal balancing strategies in actual applications.
{"title":"A comparative study of battery balancing strategies for different battery operation processes","authors":"Linfeng Zheng, Jianguo Zhu, Guoxiu Wang","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520204","url":null,"abstract":"To reduce the effect of cell inconsistencies and improve battery pack capacity, battery balancing techniques are essentially required in battery management systems (BMSs). This paper presents a comparative study of four battery balancing strategies for different battery operation processes. These balancing strategies are developed from the state-of-the-art battery balancing circuits and algorithms reported in recent literature. The performance of balancing strategies is evaluated and compared by battery pack maximum available capacity, state of charge (SOC) variances at the end of charge (EOC) and end of discharge (EOD). The comparative result is helpful for BMSs developers to employ optimal balancing strategies in actual applications.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123616698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520209
A. Chandran, M. Hennen, A. Arkkio
When a fault occurs in an electric drive system one of the default reaction from the system is to turn off the IGBTs so that the machine and inverter are isolated. But the current continues to flow through the freewheeling diodes causing an overvoltage in the DC capacitor. This paper discusses an analytical method to calculate and predict the overvoltages in the Inverter for an electric machine drive during freewheeling, using stator currents and voltages. The output from the analytical model is verified using measurements.
{"title":"Analytical investigation of DC link overvoltages during freewheeling for inverters in EV","authors":"A. Chandran, M. Hennen, A. Arkkio","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520209","url":null,"abstract":"When a fault occurs in an electric drive system one of the default reaction from the system is to turn off the IGBTs so that the machine and inverter are isolated. But the current continues to flow through the freewheeling diodes causing an overvoltage in the DC capacitor. This paper discusses an analytical method to calculate and predict the overvoltages in the Inverter for an electric machine drive during freewheeling, using stator currents and voltages. The output from the analytical model is verified using measurements.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126294267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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