Pub Date : 2016-07-25DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520283
Binbin Li, Rui Li, B. Williams, Dianguo Xu
Voltage balancing between sub-module (SM) capacitors is essential for reliable operation of the modular multilevel converter (MMC). To facilitate design and understanding of the balancing controllers, this study presents an energy transfer analysis for MMC, which explains how the energy can be independently transmitted from/to one phase, between the upper and lower arms, and among the SMs, of an MMC. Using this analysis, the variables which can be utilized to achieve capacitor voltage balancing are identified. Validity of this study has been verified by experimental results based on a three-phase MMC prototype.
{"title":"Energy transfer analysis for capacitor voltage balancing of modular multilevel converters","authors":"Binbin Li, Rui Li, B. Williams, Dianguo Xu","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520283","url":null,"abstract":"Voltage balancing between sub-module (SM) capacitors is essential for reliable operation of the modular multilevel converter (MMC). To facilitate design and understanding of the balancing controllers, this study presents an energy transfer analysis for MMC, which explains how the energy can be independently transmitted from/to one phase, between the upper and lower arms, and among the SMs, of an MMC. Using this analysis, the variables which can be utilized to achieve capacitor voltage balancing are identified. Validity of this study has been verified by experimental results based on a three-phase MMC prototype.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128284459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520302
Weizhong Wang, Deqiang Wang, Xiao Wang, Tongrui Li, R. Ahmed, S. Habibi, A. Emadi
Currently, the automotive industry is experiencing a significant technology shift from internal combustion engine propelled vehicles to second generation battery electric vehicles (BEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). The battery pack represents the core of the electric vehicle powertrain and its most expensive component and therefore requires continuous condition monitoring and control. As such, extensive research has been conducted to estimate the battery critical parameters such as state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH). In order to accurately estimate these parameters, a high fidelity battery model has to work collaboratively with a robust estimation strategy onboard of the battery management system (BMS). In this paper, three Kalman Filter-based estimation strategies are analyzed and compared, namely: The Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), Sigma-point Kalman filtering (SPKF) and Cubature Kalman filter (CKF). These estimation strategies have been compared based on the first-order equivalent circuit-based model. Estimation strategies have been compared based on their SOC estimation accuracy, robustness to initial SOC error and computation requirement.
{"title":"Comparison of Kalman Filter-based state of charge estimation strategies for Li-Ion batteries","authors":"Weizhong Wang, Deqiang Wang, Xiao Wang, Tongrui Li, R. Ahmed, S. Habibi, A. Emadi","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520302","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, the automotive industry is experiencing a significant technology shift from internal combustion engine propelled vehicles to second generation battery electric vehicles (BEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). The battery pack represents the core of the electric vehicle powertrain and its most expensive component and therefore requires continuous condition monitoring and control. As such, extensive research has been conducted to estimate the battery critical parameters such as state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH). In order to accurately estimate these parameters, a high fidelity battery model has to work collaboratively with a robust estimation strategy onboard of the battery management system (BMS). In this paper, three Kalman Filter-based estimation strategies are analyzed and compared, namely: The Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), Sigma-point Kalman filtering (SPKF) and Cubature Kalman filter (CKF). These estimation strategies have been compared based on the first-order equivalent circuit-based model. Estimation strategies have been compared based on their SOC estimation accuracy, robustness to initial SOC error and computation requirement.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117181859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520184
Yongzhi Zhang, R. Xiong, Hongwen He
To achieve accurate battery SoC, the Gaussian is applied to construct battery model. It is able to simulate the time-variable, nonlinear characteristics of battery. To adaptively adjust the Gaussian battery model parameter set and order, a novel online four-step model parameter identification and order selection method is proposed. To further evaluate the Gaussian battery model estimation accuracy, another two kinds of representative battery models including the combined model and Thevenin model are built as comparisons. Results based on three kinds of Kalman filters show that the maximum SoC estimation error of each case is within 2% and the Gaussian model has the best accuracy for voltage prediction as well as SoC estimation.
{"title":"Evaluation of the model-based state-of-charge estimation methods for lithium-ion batteries","authors":"Yongzhi Zhang, R. Xiong, Hongwen He","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520184","url":null,"abstract":"To achieve accurate battery SoC, the Gaussian is applied to construct battery model. It is able to simulate the time-variable, nonlinear characteristics of battery. To adaptively adjust the Gaussian battery model parameter set and order, a novel online four-step model parameter identification and order selection method is proposed. To further evaluate the Gaussian battery model estimation accuracy, another two kinds of representative battery models including the combined model and Thevenin model are built as comparisons. Results based on three kinds of Kalman filters show that the maximum SoC estimation error of each case is within 2% and the Gaussian model has the best accuracy for voltage prediction as well as SoC estimation.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121140675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520229
Peng Han, M. Cheng, Zhe Chen
This paper presents a dual-electrical-port control scheme of cascaded brushless doubly-fed induction machine (CBDFIM) for EV/HEV applications aiming at achieving doubled constant torque and constant power regions compared to its singly-fed counterpart with the same equivalent pole pair number. The proposed control method enables the synchronous control of both current inputs of power winding and control winding and as a consequence, not only the control complexity, but also slip frequency and core loss are significantly reduced in comparison with the single-electrical-port control scheme. Computer simulations and experiments are implemented to verify the proposed control method.
{"title":"Dual-electrical-port control of cascaded brushless doubly-fed induction drive for EV/HEV applications","authors":"Peng Han, M. Cheng, Zhe Chen","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520229","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a dual-electrical-port control scheme of cascaded brushless doubly-fed induction machine (CBDFIM) for EV/HEV applications aiming at achieving doubled constant torque and constant power regions compared to its singly-fed counterpart with the same equivalent pole pair number. The proposed control method enables the synchronous control of both current inputs of power winding and control winding and as a consequence, not only the control complexity, but also slip frequency and core loss are significantly reduced in comparison with the single-electrical-port control scheme. Computer simulations and experiments are implemented to verify the proposed control method.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126091907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520247
O. Onar, S. Campbell, L. Seiber, C. White, M. Chinthavali
Several wireless charging methods are under development or available as an aftermarket option in the light-duty automotive market. However, there are not many studies detailing the vehicle integrations, particularly a fully integrated vehicle application. This paper presents the development, implementation, and vehicle integration of a high-power (>10 kW) wireless power transfer (WPT)-based electric vehicle (EV) charging system for a Toyota RAV4 vehicle. The power stages of the system are introduced with the design specifications and control systems including the active front-end rectifier with power factor correction (PFC), high frequency power inverter, high frequency isolation transformer, coupling coils, vehicle side full-bridge rectifier and filter, and the vehicle battery. The operating principles of the overall wireless charging system as well as the control system are presented. The physical limitations of the system are also defined that would prevent the system from operating at higher levels. The system performance is shown for two cases including unmatched (interoperable) and matched coils. The experiments are carried out using the integrated vehicle and the results are obtained to demonstrate the system performance including the stage-by-stage efficiencies with matched and interoperable primary and secondary coils.
{"title":"A high-power wireless charging system development and integration for a Toyota RAV4 electric vehicle","authors":"O. Onar, S. Campbell, L. Seiber, C. White, M. Chinthavali","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520247","url":null,"abstract":"Several wireless charging methods are under development or available as an aftermarket option in the light-duty automotive market. However, there are not many studies detailing the vehicle integrations, particularly a fully integrated vehicle application. This paper presents the development, implementation, and vehicle integration of a high-power (>10 kW) wireless power transfer (WPT)-based electric vehicle (EV) charging system for a Toyota RAV4 vehicle. The power stages of the system are introduced with the design specifications and control systems including the active front-end rectifier with power factor correction (PFC), high frequency power inverter, high frequency isolation transformer, coupling coils, vehicle side full-bridge rectifier and filter, and the vehicle battery. The operating principles of the overall wireless charging system as well as the control system are presented. The physical limitations of the system are also defined that would prevent the system from operating at higher levels. The system performance is shown for two cases including unmatched (interoperable) and matched coils. The experiments are carried out using the integrated vehicle and the results are obtained to demonstrate the system performance including the stage-by-stage efficiencies with matched and interoperable primary and secondary coils.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"355 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116131906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520309
Lei Gu, E. Bostanci, M. Moallem, Shiliang Wang, Patil Devendra
Switched reluctance machine (SRM) has attracted more attention recently for its simple structure and high reliability. In this paper, an analytical method for solving the magnetic field in SRM is illustrated utilizing the Schwarz-Christoffel conformal mapping method. With the help of Matlab SC tools, a general radial flux SRM with linear material characteristic is analyzed. The flux density distribution along a contour in the airgap is obtained and torque is calculated using Maxwell stress tensor and compared with finite element method results. The comparisons show a good agreement and reveal the advantage of conformal mapping in time saving.
{"title":"Analytical calculation of the electromagnetic field in SRM using conformal mapping method","authors":"Lei Gu, E. Bostanci, M. Moallem, Shiliang Wang, Patil Devendra","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520309","url":null,"abstract":"Switched reluctance machine (SRM) has attracted more attention recently for its simple structure and high reliability. In this paper, an analytical method for solving the magnetic field in SRM is illustrated utilizing the Schwarz-Christoffel conformal mapping method. With the help of Matlab SC tools, a general radial flux SRM with linear material characteristic is analyzed. The flux density distribution along a contour in the airgap is obtained and torque is calculated using Maxwell stress tensor and compared with finite element method results. The comparisons show a good agreement and reveal the advantage of conformal mapping in time saving.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"184 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122459337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520224
Wenzheng Xu, K. Chan, N. H. Chan, Junwei Liu
This paper proposes a new “α×β” control method modified from traditional SPWM in a basic bi-directional DC-DC Z-source converter topology which are expected to be applied in Electric Vehicle's charging and discharging. The converter can both boost and reduce the voltage in the operation of battery's discharging to the grid with this closed loop control scheme. It can also achieve charging the battery from the grid with special control of switches. PID control is adopted to improve the overall performance. Simulation results in Matlab Simulink proved the effectiveness of this control method applied on this bi-directional topology.
{"title":"A modified control method for bi-directional Z-source converters","authors":"Wenzheng Xu, K. Chan, N. H. Chan, Junwei Liu","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520224","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a new “α×β” control method modified from traditional SPWM in a basic bi-directional DC-DC Z-source converter topology which are expected to be applied in Electric Vehicle's charging and discharging. The converter can both boost and reduce the voltage in the operation of battery's discharging to the grid with this closed loop control scheme. It can also achieve charging the battery from the grid with special control of switches. PID control is adopted to improve the overall performance. Simulation results in Matlab Simulink proved the effectiveness of this control method applied on this bi-directional topology.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122853392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520293
Jérémy Cuenot, S. Zaim, S. Pierfederici, E. Monmasson, B. Nahid-Mobarakeh, R. Meuret, F. Meibody-Tabar
This article proposes to show the interest of the flatness based control for a high-speed PMSM due to the reduced number of the elementary operations. The increasing of the mechanical speed can permit to reduce the size of the machine making it easily saturable. In this case, the flatness property has to be checked again. This work shows that the system stays flat even if the PMSM is magnetically satured.
{"title":"Flatness based control of a high-speed saturable permanent magnet synchronous machine","authors":"Jérémy Cuenot, S. Zaim, S. Pierfederici, E. Monmasson, B. Nahid-Mobarakeh, R. Meuret, F. Meibody-Tabar","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520293","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes to show the interest of the flatness based control for a high-speed PMSM due to the reduced number of the elementary operations. The increasing of the mechanical speed can permit to reduce the size of the machine making it easily saturable. In this case, the flatness property has to be checked again. This work shows that the system stays flat even if the PMSM is magnetically satured.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128619248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520267
Di Han, Casey T. Morris, Woongkul Lee, B. Sarlioglu
Three-phase common mode (CM) inductors are widely used in electric motor drives as a means to limit ground current, shaft voltage, and electromagnetic interference emission. As the switching frequency of power converters keeps increasing with the help of high performance switching devices such as SiC MOSFETs, the role of CM inductors are becoming increasingly important. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis on the magnetic design and sizing of three-phase CM inductors. Analytical calculation of critical parameters such as leakage inductance, stray capacitance, flux density, and losses will be addressed in the paper. Design constraints that determine the size of magnetic cores will also be shown. Finally, a systematic design procedure that minimizes the CM inductor size will be proposed and verified.
{"title":"Three-phase common mode inductor design and size minimization","authors":"Di Han, Casey T. Morris, Woongkul Lee, B. Sarlioglu","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520267","url":null,"abstract":"Three-phase common mode (CM) inductors are widely used in electric motor drives as a means to limit ground current, shaft voltage, and electromagnetic interference emission. As the switching frequency of power converters keeps increasing with the help of high performance switching devices such as SiC MOSFETs, the role of CM inductors are becoming increasingly important. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis on the magnetic design and sizing of three-phase CM inductors. Analytical calculation of critical parameters such as leakage inductance, stray capacitance, flux density, and losses will be addressed in the paper. Design constraints that determine the size of magnetic cores will also be shown. Finally, a systematic design procedure that minimizes the CM inductor size will be proposed and verified.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129430550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520315
B. Sarlioglu
• FSPM machine has sinusoidal flux linkage, back-EMF, and rigid rotor structure that is suitable for a wide range of applications including high-speed operation • Conventional 12/10 FSPM machine requires an unfeasible value of fundamental frequency at high-speed condition. Hence, there are challenges in iron loss, magnet loss, and inverter switching losses for high-speed applications. • Dual-stator 6/4 FSPM machine has the lowest fundamental frequency requirement for three-phase operation. It achieves significantly harmonic distortion reduction in flux linkage and less torque ripple compared to conventional 6/4 FSPM machine. Therefore, dual-stator 6/4 FSPM machine has great potential for high-speed operations
{"title":"High-speed flux-switching permanent magnet machine and comparison with other types of PM machines","authors":"B. Sarlioglu","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520315","url":null,"abstract":"• FSPM machine has sinusoidal flux linkage, back-EMF, and rigid rotor structure that is suitable for a wide range of applications including high-speed operation • Conventional 12/10 FSPM machine requires an unfeasible value of fundamental frequency at high-speed condition. Hence, there are challenges in iron loss, magnet loss, and inverter switching losses for high-speed applications. • Dual-stator 6/4 FSPM machine has the lowest fundamental frequency requirement for three-phase operation. It achieves significantly harmonic distortion reduction in flux linkage and less torque ripple compared to conventional 6/4 FSPM machine. Therefore, dual-stator 6/4 FSPM machine has great potential for high-speed operations","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126981668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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