Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520240
I. Forrisi, Jean-Philippe Martin, B. Nahid-Mobarakeh, S. Pierfederici, G. Petrone, G. Spagnuolo
A voltage Balancing Control (BC) for the input voltage of a 3-level Neutral Point Clamped (3L-NPC) inverter is proposed. For renewable energy injection to AC grid, two independent sources are connected to the 3L-NPC via boost converters. The proposed BC allows independent MPPT for each source in a Distributed-MPPT (DMPPT). It is well known that the DMPPT offers 6.9-11.1% improvements in annual energy compared to a Centralized-MPPT (CMPPT). The stability of the proposed BC is analyzed and its effectiveness is validated by simulations and experimental results.
{"title":"A new approach for DC bus voltage balancing in a solar electric vehicle charging station","authors":"I. Forrisi, Jean-Philippe Martin, B. Nahid-Mobarakeh, S. Pierfederici, G. Petrone, G. Spagnuolo","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520240","url":null,"abstract":"A voltage Balancing Control (BC) for the input voltage of a 3-level Neutral Point Clamped (3L-NPC) inverter is proposed. For renewable energy injection to AC grid, two independent sources are connected to the 3L-NPC via boost converters. The proposed BC allows independent MPPT for each source in a Distributed-MPPT (DMPPT). It is well known that the DMPPT offers 6.9-11.1% improvements in annual energy compared to a Centralized-MPPT (CMPPT). The stability of the proposed BC is analyzed and its effectiveness is validated by simulations and experimental results.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"126 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123232011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520215
Y. Miao, M. Preindl, Hao Ge, Bing Cheng, A. Emadi
Due to the nonlinearity of the flux-linkage profiles of the interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM), the conventional motor model cannot be used for both maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) control and torque estimation. This paper proposes a nonlinear flux-linkage model for IPMSM with eight coefficients to fit the real d-axis flux-linkage, q-axis flux-linkage, MTPA, and torque. The corresponding torque equation and MTPA condition are presented. The factors in the proposed model can be obtained by solving an optimization problem with the limited information from the machine instead of the measurement throughout the map. The comparison of the characteristics between the proposed algorithm and FEA data is illustrated.
{"title":"MTPA fitting and torque estimation technique based on a new flux-linkage model for interior permanent magnet synchronous machines","authors":"Y. Miao, M. Preindl, Hao Ge, Bing Cheng, A. Emadi","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520215","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the nonlinearity of the flux-linkage profiles of the interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM), the conventional motor model cannot be used for both maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) control and torque estimation. This paper proposes a nonlinear flux-linkage model for IPMSM with eight coefficients to fit the real d-axis flux-linkage, q-axis flux-linkage, MTPA, and torque. The corresponding torque equation and MTPA condition are presented. The factors in the proposed model can be obtained by solving an optimization problem with the limited information from the machine instead of the measurement throughout the map. The comparison of the characteristics between the proposed algorithm and FEA data is illustrated.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127987289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520284
Maxime Berger, Carl Lavertu, I. Kocar, J. Mahseredjian
This paper presents the development of a detailed simulation model for emergency scenario analysis in rail passenger train. The train DC auxiliary system architecture, the battery characteristics and the load profile under emergency conditions are important to be considered during these analyses. The distribution voltage drops as well as the coupling between the battery voltage variation, the load current profile, and the battery discharge rate at any instant are considered using time-domain simulation methodology. Model development and a train emergency scenario are presented with a focus on battery electrical sizing, and emergency requirements compliancy.
{"title":"Time-domain emergency scenario analysis in rail passenger train","authors":"Maxime Berger, Carl Lavertu, I. Kocar, J. Mahseredjian","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520284","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the development of a detailed simulation model for emergency scenario analysis in rail passenger train. The train DC auxiliary system architecture, the battery characteristics and the load profile under emergency conditions are important to be considered during these analyses. The distribution voltage drops as well as the coupling between the battery voltage variation, the load current profile, and the battery discharge rate at any instant are considered using time-domain simulation methodology. Model development and a train emergency scenario are presented with a focus on battery electrical sizing, and emergency requirements compliancy.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126768844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520222
Masood Shahverdi, M. Mazzola, S. Abdelwahed, Matthew Doude, D. Zhu
Power management strategies affect fuel economy, emission as well as other key parameters such as durability of power-train components. Different off-line and real time optimal control approaches are applied for developing power management strategies while the real-time control seems more attractive in the sense that it can be implemented and directly applied for controlling power flow in a real vehicle. One promising example of this type is the Model Predictive Control (MPC)-based algorithm where a utility function is optimized while system constraints are validated all in real time. MPC-based algorithms have been applied by developing simulation and test bench-based experimental works, but the authors have not seen a report of implementing a MPC-based algorithm in a real vehicle in the literature. In this manuscript, a real-time MPC-based algorithm is developed for implementation in a reference sport class series plug-in hybrid electric vehicle under construction and performance results are compared with engine duty ratio (thermostat) control algorithm. The results show almost identical fuel consumptions in both cases while the relaxed battery cycling is observed with MPC-based strategy which shows the possibility of extended battery life time.
{"title":"MPC-based power management system for a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle for relaxing battery cycling","authors":"Masood Shahverdi, M. Mazzola, S. Abdelwahed, Matthew Doude, D. Zhu","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520222","url":null,"abstract":"Power management strategies affect fuel economy, emission as well as other key parameters such as durability of power-train components. Different off-line and real time optimal control approaches are applied for developing power management strategies while the real-time control seems more attractive in the sense that it can be implemented and directly applied for controlling power flow in a real vehicle. One promising example of this type is the Model Predictive Control (MPC)-based algorithm where a utility function is optimized while system constraints are validated all in real time. MPC-based algorithms have been applied by developing simulation and test bench-based experimental works, but the authors have not seen a report of implementing a MPC-based algorithm in a real vehicle in the literature. In this manuscript, a real-time MPC-based algorithm is developed for implementation in a reference sport class series plug-in hybrid electric vehicle under construction and performance results are compared with engine duty ratio (thermostat) control algorithm. The results show almost identical fuel consumptions in both cases while the relaxed battery cycling is observed with MPC-based strategy which shows the possibility of extended battery life time.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126829335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520233
D. Schumacher, P. Magne, M. Preindl, B. Bilgin, A. Emadi
This paper discusses and implements a control strategy for a six-phase interleaved bidirectional dc-dc converter for a battery system for an HEV/EV application. First, basic control strategies of dc-dc converters are reviewed for interleaving and for bidirectional operation. Then, the two-loop average mode current control (AVGCCM) is used along with a unified control strategy for the bidirectional operation. A single unified controller is implemented for bidirectional operation along with active rectification for eliminating the discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). Both, techniques are analyzed in simulation and tested on a 5kW experimental setup.
{"title":"Closed loop control of a six phase interleaved bidirectional dc-dc boost converter for an EV/HEV application","authors":"D. Schumacher, P. Magne, M. Preindl, B. Bilgin, A. Emadi","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520233","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses and implements a control strategy for a six-phase interleaved bidirectional dc-dc converter for a battery system for an HEV/EV application. First, basic control strategies of dc-dc converters are reviewed for interleaving and for bidirectional operation. Then, the two-loop average mode current control (AVGCCM) is used along with a unified control strategy for the bidirectional operation. A single unified controller is implemented for bidirectional operation along with active rectification for eliminating the discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). Both, techniques are analyzed in simulation and tested on a 5kW experimental setup.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115340432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520261
Mahmoud Faraj, O. Basir
The limited battery capacity of Electric vehicles (EVs), and consequently limited cruising range, hinders their widespread adoption. This paper proposes a solution to the problem of optimal energy/time routing under battery constraints. A multi-criteria path-finding algorithm, A*, is proposed to function in two modes. The first is an energy mode to solve the problem of energy-optimal routing under battery constraints. This mode computes the most energy-efficient route from a source to a destination, thus extending the cruising range of the battery. The second is a travel-time mode to compute the time-optimal route under the battery constraints. The multi-criteria model aims to use the modes to strike a balance between energy consumption and travel time, so as to satisfy the user constraints and needs. This research reports simulation work conducted to test and validate the proposed model under various driving conditions.
{"title":"Optimal energy/time routing in battery-powered vehicles","authors":"Mahmoud Faraj, O. Basir","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520261","url":null,"abstract":"The limited battery capacity of Electric vehicles (EVs), and consequently limited cruising range, hinders their widespread adoption. This paper proposes a solution to the problem of optimal energy/time routing under battery constraints. A multi-criteria path-finding algorithm, A*, is proposed to function in two modes. The first is an energy mode to solve the problem of energy-optimal routing under battery constraints. This mode computes the most energy-efficient route from a source to a destination, thus extending the cruising range of the battery. The second is a travel-time mode to compute the time-optimal route under the battery constraints. The multi-criteria model aims to use the modes to strike a balance between energy consumption and travel time, so as to satisfy the user constraints and needs. This research reports simulation work conducted to test and validate the proposed model under various driving conditions.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115603624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520282
Michael Eull, M. Preindl, A. Emadi
This paper discusses a design methodology for high power density converter design. The ideas are applicable to any topology and any switching technology. Particular attention is paid to the DC-link capacitors, as they are a regular point of failure and take up a sizeable portion of the volume in converters. In moving to wide-bandgap devices, smaller and more reliable film capacitors can be used by switching faster, thereby increasing the power density. A prototype inverter capable of switching 30kW is built using the discussed ideas and low power experiments show good correlation between the estimated and measured efficiency. A power density of 34kW/L is achieved under rated conditions when switching at 100kHz.
{"title":"Analysis and design of a high efficiency, high power density three-phase silicon carbide inverter","authors":"Michael Eull, M. Preindl, A. Emadi","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520282","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses a design methodology for high power density converter design. The ideas are applicable to any topology and any switching technology. Particular attention is paid to the DC-link capacitors, as they are a regular point of failure and take up a sizeable portion of the volume in converters. In moving to wide-bandgap devices, smaller and more reliable film capacitors can be used by switching faster, thereby increasing the power density. A prototype inverter capable of switching 30kW is built using the discussed ideas and low power experiments show good correlation between the estimated and measured efficiency. A power density of 34kW/L is achieved under rated conditions when switching at 100kHz.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116625227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520281
Ayan Mallik, A. Khaligh
This paper presents an innovative and simple approach of controlling a three-phase boost-type rectifier without using an output DC link voltage sensor, whose information is one of the most importantly governing factor of stability and regulation of the converter. Though all the traditional PFC control techniques require the feedback signals from input voltage, input current and output voltage sensors to ensure the stability of the converter, reducing a DC voltage sensor is theoretically feasible and implementable without affecting stability of the system, as proposed in this manuscript. The proposed control method incorporates the prediction of the output voltage from the fluctuations of other state variables and preceding switching state information from converter dynamics. In order to validate and perform a proof-of-concept verification to the proposed control strategy, a 2 kW three-phase boost PFC prototype is designed and developed. The experimental results show that an input power factor of 0.995, a total harmonic distortion (THD) as low as 2.1%, a conversion efficiency of 97.8% and a tightly regulated DC link voltage with 1% ripple can be achieved.
{"title":"DC link voltage sensorless control of a three-phase boost power factor correction rectifier","authors":"Ayan Mallik, A. Khaligh","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520281","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an innovative and simple approach of controlling a three-phase boost-type rectifier without using an output DC link voltage sensor, whose information is one of the most importantly governing factor of stability and regulation of the converter. Though all the traditional PFC control techniques require the feedback signals from input voltage, input current and output voltage sensors to ensure the stability of the converter, reducing a DC voltage sensor is theoretically feasible and implementable without affecting stability of the system, as proposed in this manuscript. The proposed control method incorporates the prediction of the output voltage from the fluctuations of other state variables and preceding switching state information from converter dynamics. In order to validate and perform a proof-of-concept verification to the proposed control strategy, a 2 kW three-phase boost PFC prototype is designed and developed. The experimental results show that an input power factor of 0.995, a total harmonic distortion (THD) as low as 2.1%, a conversion efficiency of 97.8% and a tightly regulated DC link voltage with 1% ripple can be achieved.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"430 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122135769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520268
V. Prasanth, N. Scheele, Erwin Visser, A. Shekhar, G. C. Mouli, P. Bauer, Sacha Silvestser
This paper deals with a green energy highway in the Netherlands. Here, the development of electric mobility and self-driving cars is introduced. The ideas of wireless power integration with green energy technologies - solar and wind is considered. In case of wind energy, conventional turbines and bladeless vortex are considered as options. Solaroads along the emergency lanes are also investigated. A Dutch highway A12 is considered as a case study and sizing of these energy sources for electric mobility is considered. A grid power demand profile is considered and number of EVs that can be charged hourly is calculated. A preliminary investigation of the combination of IPT and Self-Healing roads is considered in this study.
{"title":"Green energy based inductive Self-Healing highways of the future","authors":"V. Prasanth, N. Scheele, Erwin Visser, A. Shekhar, G. C. Mouli, P. Bauer, Sacha Silvestser","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520268","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with a green energy highway in the Netherlands. Here, the development of electric mobility and self-driving cars is introduced. The ideas of wireless power integration with green energy technologies - solar and wind is considered. In case of wind energy, conventional turbines and bladeless vortex are considered as options. Solaroads along the emergency lanes are also investigated. A Dutch highway A12 is considered as a case study and sizing of these energy sources for electric mobility is considered. A grid power demand profile is considered and number of EVs that can be charged hourly is calculated. A preliminary investigation of the combination of IPT and Self-Healing roads is considered in this study.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122182055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520251
Pablo Castro Palavicino, H. Gurleyen, Yujiang Wu, B. Sarlioglu
The purpose of this paper is to introduce a novel approach for modeling and studying an internal short circuit for interior permanent magnet machines. It is first necessary to develop an understanding of how the flux linkage in the machine behaves under an internal short circuit. This will enable the model of the machine to be developed into two parts. The first part corresponds to the expected model of a healthy machine, with disturbances coming from the second part. The second part involves all of the short-circuited turns fed by the currents of the machine. This form of the model opens the possibility to study the dynamics of the machine under short circuit conditions. The model also offers opportunities to develop failure detection techniques, being able to compensate the disturbances from the shorted turns in the windings.
{"title":"Internal short-circuit modeling and analysis based on a dynamic model for interior permanent magnet synchronous machines","authors":"Pablo Castro Palavicino, H. Gurleyen, Yujiang Wu, B. Sarlioglu","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520251","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to introduce a novel approach for modeling and studying an internal short circuit for interior permanent magnet machines. It is first necessary to develop an understanding of how the flux linkage in the machine behaves under an internal short circuit. This will enable the model of the machine to be developed into two parts. The first part corresponds to the expected model of a healthy machine, with disturbances coming from the second part. The second part involves all of the short-circuited turns fed by the currents of the machine. This form of the model opens the possibility to study the dynamics of the machine under short circuit conditions. The model also offers opportunities to develop failure detection techniques, being able to compensate the disturbances from the shorted turns in the windings.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"216 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120882101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：