Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520259
Ali Najmabadi, Kieran Humphries, B. Boulet, T. Rahman
One of the most commonly used electric drive topologies for electric vehicles is that of a permanent magnet motor powered by a two-level inverter and a high voltage battery (system S1). An alternative to this topology is to replace the high voltage battery with a low voltage battery and a DC-DC boost converter (system S2). Previous work has shown that such a design is beneficial for vehicles that usually follow daily drive cycles with low average speed and many start and stop cycles. One category of vehicles that meet these criteria are medium duty delivery trucks. It has been demonstrated that the target modulation index of system S2 can be optimized in order to minimize the energy consumption over a specific drive cycle. This paper focuses on the effect of the battery voltage on system efficiency and demonstrates that the battery voltage can be used as an optimization parameter along with the previously studied target modulation index.
{"title":"Battery voltage optimization of a variable DC bus voltage control powertrain for medium duty delivery trucks for various drive cycles","authors":"Ali Najmabadi, Kieran Humphries, B. Boulet, T. Rahman","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520259","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most commonly used electric drive topologies for electric vehicles is that of a permanent magnet motor powered by a two-level inverter and a high voltage battery (system S1). An alternative to this topology is to replace the high voltage battery with a low voltage battery and a DC-DC boost converter (system S2). Previous work has shown that such a design is beneficial for vehicles that usually follow daily drive cycles with low average speed and many start and stop cycles. One category of vehicles that meet these criteria are medium duty delivery trucks. It has been demonstrated that the target modulation index of system S2 can be optimized in order to minimize the energy consumption over a specific drive cycle. This paper focuses on the effect of the battery voltage on system efficiency and demonstrates that the battery voltage can be used as an optimization parameter along with the previously studied target modulation index.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123960347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520203
D. Meeker
This work considers a method of control for a heteropolar inductor motor for use in automotive applications. Previously, power factor for this type of machine was considered to be too low, and operation in the high-speed / constant-power region was not easily realized. To make the machine amenable to control with an automotive inverter and to eliminate the need for a separate field controller, the field winding is driven by a rectifier bridge attached in series to the phase windings. Motor currents are then prescribed by a novel vector control scheme that realizes high power factor over a wide range of operation.
{"title":"Series-wound heteropolar inductor motor for automotive applications","authors":"D. Meeker","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520203","url":null,"abstract":"This work considers a method of control for a heteropolar inductor motor for use in automotive applications. Previously, power factor for this type of machine was considered to be too low, and operation in the high-speed / constant-power region was not easily realized. To make the machine amenable to control with an automotive inverter and to eliminate the need for a separate field controller, the field winding is driven by a rectifier bridge attached in series to the phase windings. Motor currents are then prescribed by a novel vector control scheme that realizes high power factor over a wide range of operation.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123385952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520212
S. Gadsden, Hamed H. Afshari, Saeid Habibi
Accurate and robust control methodologies are critical to the reliable and safe operation of engineering systems. Sliding mode control (SMC) is a form of variable structure control and is regarded as one of the most effective nonlinear robust control approaches. The control law is designed so that the system state trajectories are forced towards the sliding surface and stays within a region of it. The switching gain in the control signal brings an inherent amount of stability to the control process. However, the controller is only as effective as the knowledge of critical system states and parameters. Estimation strategies, such as the Kalman filter or the smooth variable structure filter (SVSF), may be employed to improve the quality of the state estimates used by control methods. A recently developed SVSF formulation, referred to as the second-order SVSF, offers robustness and chattering suppression properties of second-order sliding mode systems. It produces robust state estimation by preserving the first- and second-order sliding conditions such that the measurement error and its first difference are pushed towards zero. This paper aims to combine the SMC with the second-order SVSF in an effort to develop and offer an improved control strategy. It is proposed that this controller will offer an improvement in terms of controller accuracy without affecting its inherent stability and robustness. An electro hydrostatic actuator will be used for proof of concept, and future work will extend the application to automotive power trains.
{"title":"Development of a sliding mode controller and higher-order structure-based estimator","authors":"S. Gadsden, Hamed H. Afshari, Saeid Habibi","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520212","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate and robust control methodologies are critical to the reliable and safe operation of engineering systems. Sliding mode control (SMC) is a form of variable structure control and is regarded as one of the most effective nonlinear robust control approaches. The control law is designed so that the system state trajectories are forced towards the sliding surface and stays within a region of it. The switching gain in the control signal brings an inherent amount of stability to the control process. However, the controller is only as effective as the knowledge of critical system states and parameters. Estimation strategies, such as the Kalman filter or the smooth variable structure filter (SVSF), may be employed to improve the quality of the state estimates used by control methods. A recently developed SVSF formulation, referred to as the second-order SVSF, offers robustness and chattering suppression properties of second-order sliding mode systems. It produces robust state estimation by preserving the first- and second-order sliding conditions such that the measurement error and its first difference are pushed towards zero. This paper aims to combine the SMC with the second-order SVSF in an effort to develop and offer an improved control strategy. It is proposed that this controller will offer an improvement in terms of controller accuracy without affecting its inherent stability and robustness. An electro hydrostatic actuator will be used for proof of concept, and future work will extend the application to automotive power trains.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121557739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520210
S. Bandyopadhyay, V. Prasanth, P. Bauer, J. Ferreira
Inductive power transfer (IPT) systems for on-road dynamic charging of electric vehicles (EVs) must employ tracks with minimal copper and ferrite core material for improving coupling and field shaping without sacrificing on power transfer efficiency across the air gap. This paper details the multi-objective optimisation of IPT coil systems with respect to efficiency of power transfer (η), material weight or cost (w), and area-power density (α) as required in EV applications. A combination of detailed analytical calculations and experimentally verified 3D finite element models is used to analyse performance of IPT systems with polarized coupler topology [referred to as double D(DD) coils], I-shaped ferrite cores for field shaping and aluminium plates to reduce stray or leakage magnetic fields. An multi-objective pareto optimisation using Particle Swarm algorithm of a scaled 1kW prototype system with a 15 cm airgap is presented.
{"title":"Multi-objective optimisation of a 1-kW wireless IPT systems for charging of electric vehicles","authors":"S. Bandyopadhyay, V. Prasanth, P. Bauer, J. Ferreira","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520210","url":null,"abstract":"Inductive power transfer (IPT) systems for on-road dynamic charging of electric vehicles (EVs) must employ tracks with minimal copper and ferrite core material for improving coupling and field shaping without sacrificing on power transfer efficiency across the air gap. This paper details the multi-objective optimisation of IPT coil systems with respect to efficiency of power transfer (η), material weight or cost (w), and area-power density (α) as required in EV applications. A combination of detailed analytical calculations and experimentally verified 3D finite element models is used to analyse performance of IPT systems with polarized coupler topology [referred to as double D(DD) coils], I-shaped ferrite cores for field shaping and aluminium plates to reduce stray or leakage magnetic fields. An multi-objective pareto optimisation using Particle Swarm algorithm of a scaled 1kW prototype system with a 15 cm airgap is presented.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125730641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520187
N. Patel, Varsha A. Shah, M. Lokhande
A 12/15 pole dual air-gap single rotor configuration with C-core radial flux switched reluctance motor (RFSRM) is proposed as a potential candidate for in-wheel electrical vehicle application with removable wheel/rotor, without disturbing the stator or stator winding. The proposed topology offers effective stator and rotor contact area without increasing the diameter of electrical motor and has smaller flux path compared to the conventional RFSRM. This arrangement offers good torque with low excitation current. It is easy to wound the winding at stator core compared to toothed or segmented type axial field SRM. In this paper phase inductance and torque are calculated analytically and compared with finite element analysis (FEA) results.
{"title":"Design and performance analysis of radial flux C-core switched reluctance motor for in-wheel electrical vehicle application","authors":"N. Patel, Varsha A. Shah, M. Lokhande","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520187","url":null,"abstract":"A 12/15 pole dual air-gap single rotor configuration with C-core radial flux switched reluctance motor (RFSRM) is proposed as a potential candidate for in-wheel electrical vehicle application with removable wheel/rotor, without disturbing the stator or stator winding. The proposed topology offers effective stator and rotor contact area without increasing the diameter of electrical motor and has smaller flux path compared to the conventional RFSRM. This arrangement offers good torque with low excitation current. It is easy to wound the winding at stator core compared to toothed or segmented type axial field SRM. In this paper phase inductance and torque are calculated analytically and compared with finite element analysis (FEA) results.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"126 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131374880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520252
Lei Gu, M. Moallem, E. Bostanci, Shiliang Wang, Patil Devendra
This paper presents an extended field reconstruction method (EFRM) that is developed to model an interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM), which is known for its high power density and power factor. Traditional field reconstruction method is a very convenient tool for the modeling and analysis of the performance of the surface mounted permanent magnet machine (SPMSM). Regarding IPMSM, which usually works under saturation, traditional FRM method cannot be directly applied. An improved FRM, which considers both saturation and slottings effects, is proposed in this study. Comparisons with finite element analysis (FEA) show that EFRM has an acceptable accuracy and takes less computation time.
{"title":"Extended field reconstruction method for modeling of interior permanent magnet synchronous machines","authors":"Lei Gu, M. Moallem, E. Bostanci, Shiliang Wang, Patil Devendra","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520252","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an extended field reconstruction method (EFRM) that is developed to model an interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM), which is known for its high power density and power factor. Traditional field reconstruction method is a very convenient tool for the modeling and analysis of the performance of the surface mounted permanent magnet machine (SPMSM). Regarding IPMSM, which usually works under saturation, traditional FRM method cannot be directly applied. An improved FRM, which considers both saturation and slottings effects, is proposed in this study. Comparisons with finite element analysis (FEA) show that EFRM has an acceptable accuracy and takes less computation time.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"75 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134101123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520231
V. V. Ashok, Gautham Ram Chandra Mouli, J. van der Burgt, Santiago Peñate Vera, Martijn Huibers, Laura Ramirez Elizondo, P. Bauer
EV Charging is expected to be a significant load on the grid in the future. But they can also be a part of the solution to grid violations. As the amount of renewable energy generation increases, there is a large amount of power flowing in the reverse direction in the distribution network, which is undesirable. To reduce this, EVs can charge at strategically located “Grid Management Parking Lots”. Here the EV charging power level varies in accordance with the amount of capacity available in the grid. This is a win-win situation for both parties, the grid operator and the EV owner, as the grid operator reduces the amount of violations in the grid and the EV owner has his/her vehicle charged sooner.
{"title":"Using dedicated EV charging areas to resolve grid violations caused by renewable energy generation","authors":"V. V. Ashok, Gautham Ram Chandra Mouli, J. van der Burgt, Santiago Peñate Vera, Martijn Huibers, Laura Ramirez Elizondo, P. Bauer","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520231","url":null,"abstract":"EV Charging is expected to be a significant load on the grid in the future. But they can also be a part of the solution to grid violations. As the amount of renewable energy generation increases, there is a large amount of power flowing in the reverse direction in the distribution network, which is undesirable. To reduce this, EVs can charge at strategically located “Grid Management Parking Lots”. Here the EV charging power level varies in accordance with the amount of capacity available in the grid. This is a win-win situation for both parties, the grid operator and the EV owner, as the grid operator reduces the amount of violations in the grid and the EV owner has his/her vehicle charged sooner.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131580311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520314
D. Reeves
• Demonstrated electric motor noise modeling in Actran • Major features for this application: - Structural excitation using user function definition • Python script to define the function - Boundary condition applied at mesh (BC mesh) to apply structural vibration results to acoustic model - Comprehensive post-processing tools to correlate structural vibration with acoustic pressure
{"title":"Electric motor noise modeling with Actran","authors":"D. Reeves","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520314","url":null,"abstract":"• Demonstrated electric motor noise modeling in Actran • Major features for this application: - Structural excitation using user function definition • Python script to define the function - Boundary condition applied at mesh (BC mesh) to apply structural vibration results to acoustic model - Comprehensive post-processing tools to correlate structural vibration with acoustic pressure","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133385763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520311
Dingyi He, Wen Cai, Fan Yi, Yikai Gao, A. Clark, Lei Gu
This paper proposes a control method to balance capacitor voltages for a four-switch single-stage two phase switched reluctance motor drive with integrated power factor correction. Initial alignment process is necessary for SRM before operation. However, the phase current is unbalanced during that time, which would cause over-voltage issue on DC capacitors as split-AC structure is used. This problem also exists when the motor speed is low, as in startup of electric vehicle. Based on the unified model, an advanced control method is proposed to eliminate the voltage difference between the capacitors. This method does not require any other circuits or components. It also does not affect the performance during normal conditions. Experiments are performed to verify feasibility of the control method.
{"title":"Control method to balance capacitor voltages in split-AC switched reluctance motor drives during startup and at low speeds","authors":"Dingyi He, Wen Cai, Fan Yi, Yikai Gao, A. Clark, Lei Gu","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520311","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a control method to balance capacitor voltages for a four-switch single-stage two phase switched reluctance motor drive with integrated power factor correction. Initial alignment process is necessary for SRM before operation. However, the phase current is unbalanced during that time, which would cause over-voltage issue on DC capacitors as split-AC structure is used. This problem also exists when the motor speed is low, as in startup of electric vehicle. Based on the unified model, an advanced control method is proposed to eliminate the voltage difference between the capacitors. This method does not require any other circuits or components. It also does not affect the performance during normal conditions. Experiments are performed to verify feasibility of the control method.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132662137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520249
Rong Yang, N. Schofield, A. Emadi
Interior permanent magnet (IPM) brushless (sychronous) machines are a popular technology choice in commercial hybrid- or all-electric vehicles (HEVs/EVs), such as the Toyota Prius, GM Chevy Volt, Lexus LS, Nissan Leaf, for example. Much is claimed of IPM topologies in terms of their saliency torque contribution, minimum magnet mass, demagnetisation withstand, wide flux-weakening capability and high operational efficiencies when compared to brushless machines having surface mounted permanent magnets. This paper presents the findings of a comparative study assessing the design and performance attributes of an example IPM machine implemented in the Nissan Leaf EV, when compared to a surface permanent magnet (SPM) machine designed within the main Nissan Leaf machine dimensional constraints. The Nissan Leaf IPM traction machine has been widely analysed and there is much public domain data available for the machine. Hence, this machine is chosen as a representative benchmark design against which the SPM machine is assessed. The Nissan Leaf machine is analysed via finite element analysis (FEA) and the results confirmed via published experimental test data. The procedure is then applied to a SPM design and results compared. The study illustrates and concludes that both the IPM and SPM topologies have very similar capabilities with only subtle differences between the design options. The results highlight interesting manufacturing options and materials usage.
{"title":"Comparative study between interior and surface permanent magnet traction machine designs","authors":"Rong Yang, N. Schofield, A. Emadi","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520249","url":null,"abstract":"Interior permanent magnet (IPM) brushless (sychronous) machines are a popular technology choice in commercial hybrid- or all-electric vehicles (HEVs/EVs), such as the Toyota Prius, GM Chevy Volt, Lexus LS, Nissan Leaf, for example. Much is claimed of IPM topologies in terms of their saliency torque contribution, minimum magnet mass, demagnetisation withstand, wide flux-weakening capability and high operational efficiencies when compared to brushless machines having surface mounted permanent magnets. This paper presents the findings of a comparative study assessing the design and performance attributes of an example IPM machine implemented in the Nissan Leaf EV, when compared to a surface permanent magnet (SPM) machine designed within the main Nissan Leaf machine dimensional constraints. The Nissan Leaf IPM traction machine has been widely analysed and there is much public domain data available for the machine. Hence, this machine is chosen as a representative benchmark design against which the SPM machine is assessed. The Nissan Leaf machine is analysed via finite element analysis (FEA) and the results confirmed via published experimental test data. The procedure is then applied to a SPM design and results compared. The study illustrates and concludes that both the IPM and SPM topologies have very similar capabilities with only subtle differences between the design options. The results highlight interesting manufacturing options and materials usage.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115197881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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