Map-making is a fundamental tool for developing geological knowledge. It involves data collection and interpretation and has its roots in the earliest discoveries in Earth Sciences. It is the starting point for stratigraphic and structural interpretations, metamorphic facies, geochronology and modelling studies - and underpins civil engineering. From the beginning, geological mapping rapidly evolved into far more than being a simple spatial catalogue of observable rock types and landforms on the Earth's land-surface; deductive reasoning allowing this knowledge to infer subsurface Earth structure. The same approaches are down-scaled to deduce processes on the grain-scale; or up-scaled to look out to extra-terrestrial objects. This is an introduction to fourteen papers in this Special Publication that celebrates geological mapping, its historical importance and future directions, and its use in applied geology together with developing knowledge of Earth and planetary evolution and processes. Geological mapping has a long tradition of adopting evolving technologies. This introduction considers the challenges faced in synthesising interpretations, sharing competing interpretations on maps and the role of open-access digital resources in facing these challenges.
{"title":"Geological mapping of our world and others: an introduction","authors":"Robert W. H. Butler, T. Torvela, Lucy Williams","doi":"10.1144/sp541-2023-201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/sp541-2023-201","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Map-making is a fundamental tool for developing geological knowledge. It involves data collection and interpretation and has its roots in the earliest discoveries in Earth Sciences. It is the starting point for stratigraphic and structural interpretations, metamorphic facies, geochronology and modelling studies - and underpins civil engineering. From the beginning, geological mapping rapidly evolved into far more than being a simple spatial catalogue of observable rock types and landforms on the Earth's land-surface; deductive reasoning allowing this knowledge to infer subsurface Earth structure. The same approaches are down-scaled to deduce processes on the grain-scale; or up-scaled to look out to extra-terrestrial objects. This is an introduction to fourteen papers in this Special Publication that celebrates geological mapping, its historical importance and future directions, and its use in applied geology together with developing knowledge of Earth and planetary evolution and processes. Geological mapping has a long tradition of adopting evolving technologies. This introduction considers the challenges faced in synthesising interpretations, sharing competing interpretations on maps and the role of open-access digital resources in facing these challenges.","PeriodicalId":281618,"journal":{"name":"Geological Society, London, Special Publications","volume":"102 39","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139615866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Mississippi, USA, exposures of fossiliferous Cretaceous and Paleogene strata contributed to geological investigations for more than 200 years. Since 2012, four Mississippi fossiliferous field sites were regularly integrated within university paleontology classrooms, with community engaged learning (CEL) introduced in 2018. Through CEL projects, the students assisted local organizations with optimizing and/or protecting local fossiliferous sites. Analysis of student surveys demonstrated that students were overwhelmingly positive toward local field sites and CEL inclusion in the paleontology courses. Students acknowledged ‘real-world’ interdisciplinary CEL experiences moved them beyond the paleontology content and made them stakeholders in modern issues. While these four sites contain landscapes that qualify as local geoheritage sites because of their educational and potential geotourism value, only one site, W.M. Browning Cretaceous Fossil Park, is preserved for future generations. The other sites (Blue Springs, Osborn Prairie, Smith County) face challenges in their long-term sustainability.
在美国密西西比州，白垩纪和古近纪地层化石的出露为地质调查做出了 200 多年的贡献。自 2012 年起，密西西比州的四个化石野外遗址被定期纳入大学古生物学课堂，并于 2018 年引入社区参与式学习（CEL）。通过 CEL 项目，学生们协助当地组织优化和/或保护当地的化石遗址。对学生调查的分析表明，学生们对当地野外遗址和将 CEL 纳入古生物学课程的做法给予了极大的肯定。学生们认为，"真实世界 "的跨学科 CEL 体验使他们超越了古生物学内容，成为现代问题的利益相关者。虽然这四个地点所包含的景观因其教育和潜在的地质旅游价值而有资格成为当地的地质遗产地，但只有一个地点，即 W.M. 布朗宁白垩纪化石公园，是为子孙后代保留下来的。其他遗址（蓝泉、奥斯本草原、史密斯县）的长期可持续性面临挑战。
{"title":"Mississippi, USA's Local Landscapes: Geoheritage Value and Educational Benefits within College Paleontology Classrooms","authors":"Renee M. Clary","doi":"10.1144/sp543-2022-277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/sp543-2022-277","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In Mississippi, USA, exposures of fossiliferous Cretaceous and Paleogene strata contributed to geological investigations for more than 200 years. Since 2012, four Mississippi fossiliferous field sites were regularly integrated within university paleontology classrooms, with community engaged learning (CEL) introduced in 2018. Through CEL projects, the students assisted local organizations with optimizing and/or protecting local fossiliferous sites. Analysis of student surveys demonstrated that students were overwhelmingly positive toward local field sites and CEL inclusion in the paleontology courses. Students acknowledged ‘real-world’ interdisciplinary CEL experiences moved them beyond the paleontology content and made them stakeholders in modern issues. While these four sites contain landscapes that qualify as local geoheritage sites because of their educational and potential geotourism value, only one site, W.M. Browning Cretaceous Fossil Park, is preserved for future generations. The other sites (Blue Springs, Osborn Prairie, Smith County) face challenges in their long-term sustainability.","PeriodicalId":281618,"journal":{"name":"Geological Society, London, Special Publications","volume":" 974","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139617652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Galland, Héctor J. Villar, J. Mescua, D. Jerram, G. Messager, Adrian Medialdea, I. Midtkandal, J. Palma, S. Planke, L. Augland, Alain Zanella
Cooling subvolcanic igneous intrusions are known to have a tremendous impact on fluid flow in the shallow Earth’s crust. However, the long-term post-cooling legacy of subvolcanic intrusions on fluid flow received much less attention. Here we describe geological examples in the Andean foothills, Argentina, showing that igneous intrusions have long-term effects on fluid flow after their emplacement and cooling. The case study consists of ∼11-million-year-old, eroded andesitic intrusions of Cerro Alquitrán and Cerro La Paloma, northern Neuquén Basin, Argentina, at the rims of which large volumes of bitumen are naturally seeping out at the Earth’s surface. The intrusions exhibit laccolithic shapes with steep-sided contacts with the host rock. Near the intrusive contacts, the andesite is intensely broken along concentric breccia bands and fracture bands, interpreted to result from syn-emplacement brittle magma deformation,which represent high-permeability pathways for the migrating bitumen. Organic geochemical analyses of the bitumen show that the seeping oils were generated from incipiently mature Vaca Muerta sections located in a regional kitchen to the west, implying a lateral migration of ∼10-20 km. The Cerro Alquitrán and Cerro La Paloma intrusions are demonstrative examples highlighting how extinct subvolcanic intrusions have long-term consequences on subsurface fluid circulations in sedimentary basins.
众所周知，冷却的次火山火成岩侵入体对浅层地壳中的流体流动有巨大影响。然而，亚火山侵入体冷却后对流体流动的长期影响却很少受到关注。在这里，我们描述了阿根廷安第斯山麓的地质实例，表明火成侵入体在形成和冷却后对流体流动具有长期影响。案例研究包括阿根廷内乌肯盆地北部阿尔基特兰山（Cerro Alquitrán）和帕洛马山（Cerro La Paloma）距今 1100 万年的侵蚀安山岩侵入体。这些侵入体呈裂隙状，与主岩的接触面陡峭。在侵入体接触面附近，安山岩沿同心角砾岩带和断裂带密集破碎，这被解释为同步置换脆性岩浆变形的结果，是沥青迁移的高渗透通道。对沥青进行的有机地球化学分析表明，渗出的石油来自位于西侧区域灶的瓦卡穆埃尔塔初期成熟地段，这意味着沥青横向迁移了 10-20 千米。Cerro Alquitrán 和 Cerro La Paloma 侵入体是突出说明已灭绝的次火山侵入体如何对沉积盆地地下流体循环产生长期影响的示范性实例。
{"title":"Structural control of igneous intrusions on fluid migration in sedimentary basins: the case study of large bitumen seeps at Cerro Alquitrán and Cerro La Paloma, northern Neuquén Basin, Argentina","authors":"O. Galland, Héctor J. Villar, J. Mescua, D. Jerram, G. Messager, Adrian Medialdea, I. Midtkandal, J. Palma, S. Planke, L. Augland, Alain Zanella","doi":"10.1144/sp547-2023-115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/sp547-2023-115","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Cooling subvolcanic igneous intrusions are known to have a tremendous impact on fluid flow in the shallow Earth’s crust. However, the long-term post-cooling legacy of subvolcanic intrusions on fluid flow received much less attention. Here we describe geological examples in the Andean foothills, Argentina, showing that igneous intrusions have long-term effects on fluid flow after their emplacement and cooling. The case study consists of ∼11-million-year-old, eroded andesitic intrusions of Cerro Alquitrán and Cerro La Paloma, northern Neuquén Basin, Argentina, at the rims of which large volumes of bitumen are naturally seeping out at the Earth’s surface. The intrusions exhibit laccolithic shapes with steep-sided contacts with the host rock. Near the intrusive contacts, the andesite is intensely broken along concentric breccia bands and fracture bands, interpreted to result from syn-emplacement brittle magma deformation,which represent high-permeability pathways for the migrating bitumen. Organic geochemical analyses of the bitumen show that the seeping oils were generated from incipiently mature Vaca Muerta sections located in a regional kitchen to the west, implying a lateral migration of ∼10-20 km. The Cerro Alquitrán and Cerro La Paloma intrusions are demonstrative examples highlighting how extinct subvolcanic intrusions have long-term consequences on subsurface fluid circulations in sedimentary basins.","PeriodicalId":281618,"journal":{"name":"Geological Society, London, Special Publications","volume":" 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139622110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael J. E. Sims, M. Sephton, J. S. Watson, A. J. Fraser, C. H. Vane
The regional character of organic matter type and depositional conditions of Pendleian, Brigantian and Arnsbergian mudstones between the Craven Basin and the Widmerpool Gulf was compared through interpretation of biomarker and pyrolysis data from 201 samples recovered from 9 boreholes. The Carboniferous seaways have been determined to commonly host dysoxic conditions, enabling preservation of a mixture of marine and terrestrial organic matter types. Photic zone anoxia evidenced by aryl-isoprenoids was determined to be persistent during ‘marine’ conditions represented by marine band, high sea level and carbonate facies. Observation and correlation of diasteranes and T s /T m ratios within the samples and to other maturity parameters highlighted a significant clay mineral catalytic and/or hydrocarbon retention effect in the samples. This influenced both biomarkers as well as T max thermal maturity data reducing the reliability of such results in interpreting burial and ultimately reserve potential. Supplementary material at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6988037
通过对从 9 个钻孔中采集的 201 个样本的生物标记和热解数据进行解释，比较了克雷文盆地和维德默普海湾之间的彭德尔、布里甘特和阿恩斯贝格泥岩的有机物类型和沉积条件的区域特征。经确定，石炭纪海道通常存在缺氧条件，从而能够保存海洋和陆地有机物类型的混合物。以芳基异戊烯酸为证据的光照区缺氧被确定为在以海洋带、高海平面和碳酸盐面为代表的 "海洋 "条件下持续存在。对样本中的二芳香族化合物和 T s /T m 比率以及其他成熟度参数的观察和相关性分析，突出表明样本中的粘土矿物具有显著的催化和/或碳氢化合物滞留效应。这既影响了生物标志物，也影响了最大热成熟度数据，降低了此类结果在解释埋藏和最终储量潜力方面的可靠性。 补充材料 https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6988037
{"title":"Biomarker evidence for the depositional environment of basinal UK Mississippian mudstones","authors":"Michael J. E. Sims, M. Sephton, J. S. Watson, A. J. Fraser, C. H. Vane","doi":"10.1144/sp534-2022-225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/sp534-2022-225","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The regional character of organic matter type and depositional conditions of Pendleian, Brigantian and Arnsbergian mudstones between the Craven Basin and the Widmerpool Gulf was compared through interpretation of biomarker and pyrolysis data from 201 samples recovered from 9 boreholes. The Carboniferous seaways have been determined to commonly host dysoxic conditions, enabling preservation of a mixture of marine and terrestrial organic matter types. Photic zone anoxia evidenced by aryl-isoprenoids was determined to be persistent during ‘marine’ conditions represented by marine band, high sea level and carbonate facies. Observation and correlation of diasteranes and T\u0000 s\u0000 /T\u0000 m\u0000 ratios within the samples and to other maturity parameters highlighted a significant clay mineral catalytic and/or hydrocarbon retention effect in the samples. This influenced both biomarkers as well as T\u0000 max\u0000 thermal maturity data reducing the reliability of such results in interpreting burial and ultimately reserve potential.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Supplementary material at\u0000 https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6988037\u0000","PeriodicalId":281618,"journal":{"name":"Geological Society, London, Special Publications","volume":"1 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139532536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Umbria-Marche Basin of central Italy includes some of the most studied, continuous and well-exposed sequences of Cretaceous pelagic sediments known from the Tethyan Realm. A complete and well-preserved Cretaceous pelagic composite succession (CPCS) of this area is here presented. It has been constructed through the integration of the well-established magnetostratigraphy with the planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy based on previous and newly identified events from six key sections and one drill core. The recovery of planktonic foraminifera successfully disaggregated from the hard lithologies allows the identification and precise placement of several primary and secondary bioevents. In particular, the record of the identified bioevents counts thirty-five primary biohorizons, which allow the subdivision of the studied succession into thirty-four zones and four subzones. Following this study and previous findings on Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera, an updated planktonic foraminiferal zonation for the Cretaceous Period is proposed. This refined magnetobiostratigraphic framework, which in this study is integrated with the Cretaceous inoceramid, anoxic, and carbon-isotope events recognized in the Umbria-Marche Basin, may provide an invaluable tool for improving Cretaceous correlations at low to middle latitudes, as well as palaeoenvironmental, palaeoclimatic and palaeoceanographic interpretations.
{"title":"Cretaceous planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the Umbria–Marche Basin (central Italy)","authors":"R. Coccioni, F. Frontalini","doi":"10.1144/sp545-2023-87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/sp545-2023-87","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Umbria-Marche Basin of central Italy includes some of the most studied, continuous and well-exposed sequences of Cretaceous pelagic sediments known from the Tethyan Realm. A complete and well-preserved Cretaceous pelagic composite succession (CPCS) of this area is here presented. It has been constructed through the integration of the well-established magnetostratigraphy with the planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy based on previous and newly identified events from six key sections and one drill core. The recovery of planktonic foraminifera successfully disaggregated from the hard lithologies allows the identification and precise placement of several primary and secondary bioevents. In particular, the record of the identified bioevents counts thirty-five primary biohorizons, which allow the subdivision of the studied succession into thirty-four zones and four subzones. Following this study and previous findings on Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera, an updated planktonic foraminiferal zonation for the Cretaceous Period is proposed. This refined magnetobiostratigraphic framework, which in this study is integrated with the Cretaceous inoceramid, anoxic, and carbon-isotope events recognized in the Umbria-Marche Basin, may provide an invaluable tool for improving Cretaceous correlations at low to middle latitudes, as well as palaeoenvironmental, palaeoclimatic and palaeoceanographic interpretations.","PeriodicalId":281618,"journal":{"name":"Geological Society, London, Special Publications","volume":"56 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139533105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The break-up of Gondwana in the latest Jurassic and earliest Cretaceous and the subsequent opening and evolution of the South Atlantic Ocean as a new widening seaway linking northern and southern high latitudes, was the single most significant palaeoceanographic event during the Cretaceous with global consequences for the climate and the biotic evolution, both on land and at sea. Its main evolutionary stages are now becoming well known but, despite that, their global impact has been widely underestimated. Aiming to shed light on some of these unanswered questions, this work presents an overview of research carried out during the past decades in the Sergipe Basin in northeastern Brazil, integrating foraminiferal and ammonite biostratigraphic data, coupled with an assessment of their biogeographic patterns. Three main topics are discussed, the key findings presented and set against their possible global impact: the opening of the Equatorial Atlantic Gateway in the late early to mid-Aptian ( c. 118–119 Ma), the mid-Cretaceous dysoxic-anoxic events recorded in the northern South Atlantic (maxima in the late Aptian-earliest Albian, early Cenomanian, and at the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary), and the timing of the North Atlantic-South Atlantic oceanic connection in the late Coniacian to early Santonian ( c. 85–87 Ma). Supplementary material at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.7016334
{"title":"Cretaceous palaeoceanographic events of the northern South Atlantic: an overview","authors":"E. Koutsoukos, Peter Bengtson","doi":"10.1144/sp545-2023-81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/sp545-2023-81","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The break-up of Gondwana in the latest Jurassic and earliest Cretaceous and the subsequent opening and evolution of the South Atlantic Ocean as a new widening seaway linking northern and southern high latitudes, was the single most significant palaeoceanographic event during the Cretaceous with global consequences for the climate and the biotic evolution, both on land and at sea. Its main evolutionary stages are now becoming well known but, despite that, their global impact has been widely underestimated. Aiming to shed light on some of these unanswered questions, this work presents an overview of research carried out during the past decades in the Sergipe Basin in northeastern Brazil, integrating foraminiferal and ammonite biostratigraphic data, coupled with an assessment of their biogeographic patterns. Three main topics are discussed, the key findings presented and set against their possible global impact: the opening of the Equatorial Atlantic Gateway in the late early to mid-Aptian (\u0000 c.\u0000 118–119 Ma), the mid-Cretaceous dysoxic-anoxic events recorded in the northern South Atlantic (maxima in the late Aptian-earliest Albian, early Cenomanian, and at the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary), and the timing of the North Atlantic-South Atlantic oceanic connection in the late Coniacian to early Santonian (\u0000 c.\u0000 85–87 Ma).\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Supplementary material at\u0000 https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.7016334\u0000","PeriodicalId":281618,"journal":{"name":"Geological Society, London, Special Publications","volume":" 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139625737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Pérez‐Gussinyé, Yanfang Xin, Tiago Cunha, Raghu Ram, M. Andrés‐Martínez, Dongdong Dong, J. García-Pintado
The thermal evolution of continental rifted margins is key to understanding margin subsidence and hydrocarbon prospectivity. Observed heat-flow values however, do not always comply with classic rifting models. Here, we use 2D numerical models to investigate the relationship between rifting, sedimentation and thermal history of margins. We find that during the synrift, the basement heat flow and temperature are not only controlled by extension factor, but also by synrift sediment thickness and the evolution of deformation. As this progressively focuses oceanward, the proximal sectors thermally relax, while the distal sectors experience peak temperatures. In the postrift, the lithosphere under the hyperextended margins does not return to its original state, at least for ∼100 Myrs after breakup. Instead, it mimics that of the adjacent oceanic plate, which is thinner than the original continental plate. This results in heat flow increasing oceanward at postrift stages, when classic rifting theory predicts complete thermal relaxation. Our models also predict slightly increased heat flows in the adjacent oceanic crust, potentially extending hydrocarbon plays into distal margins and oceanic crust, previously discarded as immature. Finally, our models indicate that commonly used temperature approximations to calculate heat-flow during rifting, may strongly differ from those occurring in nature. Supplementary material at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6986110
{"title":"Synrift and postrift thermal evolution of rifted margins: a re-evaluation of classic models of extension","authors":"M. Pérez‐Gussinyé, Yanfang Xin, Tiago Cunha, Raghu Ram, M. Andrés‐Martínez, Dongdong Dong, J. García-Pintado","doi":"10.1144/sp547-2023-128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/sp547-2023-128","url":null,"abstract":"The thermal evolution of continental rifted margins is key to understanding margin subsidence and hydrocarbon prospectivity. Observed heat-flow values however, do not always comply with classic rifting models. Here, we use 2D numerical models to investigate the relationship between rifting, sedimentation and thermal history of margins. We find that during the synrift, the basement heat flow and temperature are not only controlled by extension factor, but also by synrift sediment thickness and the evolution of deformation. As this progressively focuses oceanward, the proximal sectors thermally relax, while the distal sectors experience peak temperatures. In the postrift, the lithosphere under the hyperextended margins does not return to its original state, at least for ∼100 Myrs after breakup. Instead, it mimics that of the adjacent oceanic plate, which is thinner than the original continental plate. This results in heat flow increasing oceanward at postrift stages, when classic rifting theory predicts complete thermal relaxation. Our models also predict slightly increased heat flows in the adjacent oceanic crust, potentially extending hydrocarbon plays into distal margins and oceanic crust, previously discarded as immature. Finally, our models indicate that commonly used temperature approximations to calculate heat-flow during rifting, may strongly differ from those occurring in nature. Supplementary material at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6986110","PeriodicalId":281618,"journal":{"name":"Geological Society, London, Special Publications","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139149423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Luis Rebori, Marcelo Barrionuevo, J. O. Palma, Adrian Medialdea
Oil seeps related to igneous rocks in the Neuquén Basin have been known since pre-Hispanic times (16th century) and have been explored in the southern Mendoza province since the late 19th century. In the 1980s YPF began the exploration of igneous rocks as hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Río Grande Valley area. The possible productivity of these ‘unconventional’ reservoirs was recognized by studying outcrops and well data of sills and dikes emplaced in different formations of the fold and thrust belt of the northern Neuquén Basin. Mudlogging control, as well as the evaluations with drill stem tests (DST), were decisive to define these reservoirs as prospective. From petrographic reports on samples from outcrops and cores, six lithological types could be distinguished in the igneous units for this region. Recent works confirm that this volcanism belongs to two predominant cycles from the late Oligocene to the Miocene (“Molle”) and middle to upper Miocene (“Huincán”). Although in igneous reservoirs it is difficult to forecast the estimated ultimate recovery (EUR), sills that crosscut the source rocks of the Vaca Muerta and Agrio formations demonstrate surprisingly high production rates, although the number of wells for the complete development is always difficult to establish.
{"title":"Exploration history of the igneous reservoirs of the Rio Grande Valley (Mendoza), Neuquén Basin (Argentina)","authors":"Luis Rebori, Marcelo Barrionuevo, J. O. Palma, Adrian Medialdea","doi":"10.1144/sp547-2023-68","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/sp547-2023-68","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Oil seeps related to igneous rocks in the Neuquén Basin have been known since pre-Hispanic times (16th century) and have been explored in the southern Mendoza province since the late 19th century. In the 1980s YPF began the exploration of igneous rocks as hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Río Grande Valley area. The possible productivity of these ‘unconventional’ reservoirs was recognized by studying outcrops and well data of sills and dikes emplaced in different formations of the fold and thrust belt of the northern Neuquén Basin. Mudlogging control, as well as the evaluations with drill stem tests (DST), were decisive to define these reservoirs as prospective. From petrographic reports on samples from outcrops and cores, six lithological types could be distinguished in the igneous units for this region. Recent works confirm that this volcanism belongs to two predominant cycles from the late Oligocene to the Miocene (“Molle”) and middle to upper Miocene (“Huincán”). Although in igneous reservoirs it is difficult to forecast the estimated ultimate recovery (EUR), sills that crosscut the source rocks of the Vaca Muerta and Agrio formations demonstrate surprisingly high production rates, although the number of wells for the complete development is always difficult to establish.","PeriodicalId":281618,"journal":{"name":"Geological Society, London, Special Publications","volume":"73 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138945443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Volcaniclastic rocks are commonly overlooked as reservoirs or seals in hydrocarbon plays because their compositions are variably unstable and reactive during burial diagenesis. This study investigated the petrography and petrophysical characteristics of 60 volcaniclastic and 4 siliciclastic samples from three Paleogene volcanic provinces - East Greenland, Faroe Islands, and Ethiopia. The volcaniclastic samples have highly variable helium porosities (average: 25.2%), but negligible total optical porosities (average: 1.9%) implying reduced reservoir potential. The samples have, however, highly variable air permeabilities (average: 11 mD) suggesting they could make tight reservoirs. The permeabilities are related to either early calcite cements or the devitrification of volcanic glass. Mercury Injection Capillary Pressure (MICP) data was collected for a subset of 33 samples that at leakage/breakthrough saturations could, under near-surface conditions, hold oil column heights of between 4 m and 1181 m (average: 240 m). The best seals consistently have zeolite contents of >20 vol.% due to their small pore throat radii. Conversely, the worst seals are dominated by smectite and a conspicuous absence of zeolite minerals. The zeolite-rich volcaniclastic rocks could, therefore, make good shallow seals. These features also apply to CO 2 storage, but questions remain about the reactivity of the volcanic material and secondary minerals with injected CO 2 , but also the adsorbent properties of zeolites, particularly clinoptilolite, in the presence of CO 2 . Supplementary material at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6986188
{"title":"Evaluating reservoir properties and seal capacities of volcaniclastic rocks for hydrocarbon containment and their application to CO\u0000 2\u0000 storage","authors":"S. Passey, Charlotte E. McLean","doi":"10.1144/sp547-2023-156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/sp547-2023-156","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Volcaniclastic rocks are commonly overlooked as reservoirs or seals in hydrocarbon plays because their compositions are variably unstable and reactive during burial diagenesis. This study investigated the petrography and petrophysical characteristics of 60 volcaniclastic and 4 siliciclastic samples from three Paleogene volcanic provinces - East Greenland, Faroe Islands, and Ethiopia. The volcaniclastic samples have highly variable helium porosities (average: 25.2%), but negligible total optical porosities (average: 1.9%) implying reduced reservoir potential. The samples have, however, highly variable air permeabilities (average: 11 mD) suggesting they could make tight reservoirs. The permeabilities are related to either early calcite cements or the devitrification of volcanic glass. Mercury Injection Capillary Pressure (MICP) data was collected for a subset of 33 samples that at leakage/breakthrough saturations could, under near-surface conditions, hold oil column heights of between 4 m and 1181 m (average: 240 m). The best seals consistently have zeolite contents of >20 vol.% due to their small pore throat radii. Conversely, the worst seals are dominated by smectite and a conspicuous absence of zeolite minerals. The zeolite-rich volcaniclastic rocks could, therefore, make good shallow seals. These features also apply to CO\u0000 2\u0000 storage, but questions remain about the reactivity of the volcanic material and secondary minerals with injected CO\u0000 2\u0000 , but also the adsorbent properties of zeolites, particularly clinoptilolite, in the presence of CO\u0000 2\u0000 .\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Supplementary material at\u0000 https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6986188\u0000","PeriodicalId":281618,"journal":{"name":"Geological Society, London, Special Publications","volume":"142 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138953389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paul J. Markwick, Douglas A. Paton, Mário Neto Cavalcanti de Araújo
Faults and folds are the clearest expressions of deformation we can observe directly in the rock record. This is visualised on 2D maps through the geometry of outcrop patterns and lines or polygons with marker symbols indicating different kinematics. But the record of deformation is 4D, and faults and folds represent only the products of deformation, not the processes responsible. Understanding the evolution of the 3D structural framework through time is fundamental for all forms of subsurface exploration across the energy transition. The aim of this paper is to show how 2D geospatial databases can represent the 4D deformational record. This is by capturing the three components of deformation: the initial state of the crustal architecture to be deformed (the pre-deformational crustal facies and structural framework), the processes responsible for the deformation (geodynamics), and the products of the deformation (folds, faults, magmatism, and crustal facies). Deformation is not limited to a single tectonic cycle. Within each cycle, it is time-transgressive and highly variable spatially. By evolving these 2D geospatial databases through time using restoration and plate modelling, we can better understand the 4D complexity of deformation and how this impacts exploration.
{"title":"Mapping Deformation: the Map Representation of Geological Structure","authors":"Paul J. Markwick, Douglas A. Paton, Mário Neto Cavalcanti de Araújo","doi":"10.1144/sp541-2023-66","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/sp541-2023-66","url":null,"abstract":"Faults and folds are the clearest expressions of deformation we can observe directly in the rock record. This is visualised on 2D maps through the geometry of outcrop patterns and lines or polygons with marker symbols indicating different kinematics. But the record of deformation is 4D, and faults and folds represent only the products of deformation, not the processes responsible. Understanding the evolution of the 3D structural framework through time is fundamental for all forms of subsurface exploration across the energy transition. The aim of this paper is to show how 2D geospatial databases can represent the 4D deformational record. This is by capturing the three components of deformation: the initial state of the crustal architecture to be deformed (the pre-deformational crustal facies and structural framework), the processes responsible for the deformation (geodynamics), and the products of the deformation (folds, faults, magmatism, and crustal facies). Deformation is not limited to a single tectonic cycle. Within each cycle, it is time-transgressive and highly variable spatially. By evolving these 2D geospatial databases through time using restoration and plate modelling, we can better understand the 4D complexity of deformation and how this impacts exploration.","PeriodicalId":281618,"journal":{"name":"Geological Society, London, Special Publications","volume":"41 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139173992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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