Pub Date : 1979-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568819
W. Lauber, J. Bertrand
Both basic and statistical measurements of the HF radio noise environment near a HVDC transmission line and converter station were made in Winnipeg in July 1977. Values of Vrms and Vd were calculated from the amplitude probability distributions (APD) of the radio noise and were found to compare favourably with the directly measured values. Four models, the Rayleigh and three others, which were designed for atmospheric noise, were fitted to the measured APD data. All four models used values of Vrms and Vd as input parameters. Because of the location and nature of the source, the noise was inherently non-Gaussian, thus, the Rayleigh model was a poor fit. The Atmospheric, Log-Normal and Hall (8=3) models gave accurate predictions of the measured APDs. The average crossing rate (ACR) characteristics from the Log-Normal and Hall (8=3) models again using Vrms and Vd values as inputs also compared favourably with the measured ACR data. This paper demonstrates that mathematical models designed originally for atmospheric radio noise may be used to characterize at least certain types of man-made noise.
{"title":"Statistical Measurements and Modelling of HVDC Powerline Noise","authors":"W. Lauber, J. Bertrand","doi":"10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568819","url":null,"abstract":"Both basic and statistical measurements of the HF radio noise environment near a HVDC transmission line and converter station were made in Winnipeg in July 1977. Values of Vrms and Vd were calculated from the amplitude probability distributions (APD) of the radio noise and were found to compare favourably with the directly measured values. Four models, the Rayleigh and three others, which were designed for atmospheric noise, were fitted to the measured APD data. All four models used values of Vrms and Vd as input parameters. Because of the location and nature of the source, the noise was inherently non-Gaussian, thus, the Rayleigh model was a poor fit. The Atmospheric, Log-Normal and Hall (8=3) models gave accurate predictions of the measured APDs. The average crossing rate (ACR) characteristics from the Log-Normal and Hall (8=3) models again using Vrms and Vd values as inputs also compared favourably with the measured ACR data. This paper demonstrates that mathematical models designed originally for atmospheric radio noise may be used to characterize at least certain types of man-made noise.","PeriodicalId":283257,"journal":{"name":"1979 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134641554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1979-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568781
R. Haislmaier
Nuclear generated EMP (electromagnetic pulse) can enter ships via "front door" or "back door" paths of entry. Antennas, tuners, couplers, and transmission lines are examples of "front door", or intentional, paths of entry for electromagnetic energy, while pipes, doors, hatches, windows, vents, power, signal, and control lines, and waveguides are examples of "back door" paths. Direct penetration of the EMP wave might be expected through doors, hatches, windows, and vents. However, tests to date suggest that the amount of energy which enters through these openings is small enough so that no additional measures are needed to reduce the EMP penetration. Cable, waveguides, and pipes can all behave as antennas, collecting EMP energy. The energy collected is then transferred as transient electrical currents through weather decks to the interior where it can cross-couple to other cables, or can flow through connectors directly to electronic and electrical equipment. Because of the way ships are built, EMP protection should be considered at two levels: the platform level, involving ship construction and equipment installation, and the equipment level, involving the construction and operation of "black boxes". This paper discusses hardware and procedures recommended for use at the platform level for preventing entry of EMP-induced currents into ship systems. Efforts in this direction carry incidental benefits to maintaining shipboard EMC as well.
{"title":"EMP Proofing Navy Ships","authors":"R. Haislmaier","doi":"10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568781","url":null,"abstract":"Nuclear generated EMP (electromagnetic pulse) can enter ships via \"front door\" or \"back door\" paths of entry. Antennas, tuners, couplers, and transmission lines are examples of \"front door\", or intentional, paths of entry for electromagnetic energy, while pipes, doors, hatches, windows, vents, power, signal, and control lines, and waveguides are examples of \"back door\" paths. Direct penetration of the EMP wave might be expected through doors, hatches, windows, and vents. However, tests to date suggest that the amount of energy which enters through these openings is small enough so that no additional measures are needed to reduce the EMP penetration. Cable, waveguides, and pipes can all behave as antennas, collecting EMP energy. The energy collected is then transferred as transient electrical currents through weather decks to the interior where it can cross-couple to other cables, or can flow through connectors directly to electronic and electrical equipment. Because of the way ships are built, EMP protection should be considered at two levels: the platform level, involving ship construction and equipment installation, and the equipment level, involving the construction and operation of \"black boxes\". This paper discusses hardware and procedures recommended for use at the platform level for preventing entry of EMP-induced currents into ship systems. Efforts in this direction carry incidental benefits to maintaining shipboard EMC as well.","PeriodicalId":283257,"journal":{"name":"1979 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115593833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1979-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568831
T. Baldwin, W. Duff, R. Robertson, B. E. Miller, Jon B. Valente
This paper discusses the System Data File (SDF) and System File Handler (SFH) developed for implementation with the RADC Electromagnetic Compatibility/Intra-system Analysis Program (EMC/IAP). The SDF provides a source of input data for any of the various EMC/IAP computer programs (e.g., IEMCAP, GEMACS, etc.) as required for a particular EMC analysis problem. The SFH has the capability of building and editing hierarchical structured sequential files. The SFH aids the user to interface the SDF with the EMC/IAP program. These developments will provide the users of the EMC/IAP with a significant increase in data handling capability and an interface for an intra-system EMC analysis.
{"title":"A System Data File and Handler for the Electromagnetic Compatibility/Intrasystem Analysis Program","authors":"T. Baldwin, W. Duff, R. Robertson, B. E. Miller, Jon B. Valente","doi":"10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568831","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the System Data File (SDF) and System File Handler (SFH) developed for implementation with the RADC Electromagnetic Compatibility/Intra-system Analysis Program (EMC/IAP). The SDF provides a source of input data for any of the various EMC/IAP computer programs (e.g., IEMCAP, GEMACS, etc.) as required for a particular EMC analysis problem. The SFH has the capability of building and editing hierarchical structured sequential files. The SFH aids the user to interface the SDF with the EMC/IAP program. These developments will provide the users of the EMC/IAP with a significant increase in data handling capability and an interface for an intra-system EMC analysis.","PeriodicalId":283257,"journal":{"name":"1979 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124192599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1979-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568829
Hector M. Smith
A large number of EMI problems involve coupling from one emitter to one receptor, e.g., one antenna to another. Large computer programs, such as the Intrasystem Electromagnetic Compatibility Analysis Program (IEMCAP) are cumbersome to use for smallscope analyses. Programmable calculator programs are ideal for this task. This paper describes programs for the Hewlett-Packard 9820A calculator, based on IEMCAP models. The programs calculate wireto-wire, antenna-to-antenna, and antenna-to-wire coupling. Simplifications and special algorithms used to stay within the capabilities of the calculator are described.
{"title":"Everyday Analyses Using IEMCAP Models and Programmable Calculators","authors":"Hector M. Smith","doi":"10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568829","url":null,"abstract":"A large number of EMI problems involve coupling from one emitter to one receptor, e.g., one antenna to another. Large computer programs, such as the Intrasystem Electromagnetic Compatibility Analysis Program (IEMCAP) are cumbersome to use for smallscope analyses. Programmable calculator programs are ideal for this task. This paper describes programs for the Hewlett-Packard 9820A calculator, based on IEMCAP models. The programs calculate wireto-wire, antenna-to-antenna, and antenna-to-wire coupling. Simplifications and special algorithms used to stay within the capabilities of the calculator are described.","PeriodicalId":283257,"journal":{"name":"1979 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"185 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114524834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1979-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568828
C. Paul
A model for the prediction of electromagnetic coupling in branched cable bundles is described. The model is based on the admittance matrix representation of the coupled wires in each bundle segment, and a formal algorithm, suitable for implementation on a digital computer, is developed. The model allows for a variety of representations of the coupling within the bundle segments - multiconductor transmission line theory, lumped parameter models, experimental characterization. A connection matrix is developed which describes the wire interconnections at the bundle branch points and the bundle terminals. An important property of this connection matrix allows a simple construction of the resulting equations which are to be solved for the wire junction and terminal voltages. The total number of simultaneous equations to be solved is equal to the total number of wire junction and terminal nodes.
{"title":"Analysis of Electromagnetic Coupling in Branched Cables","authors":"C. Paul","doi":"10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568828","url":null,"abstract":"A model for the prediction of electromagnetic coupling in branched cable bundles is described. The model is based on the admittance matrix representation of the coupled wires in each bundle segment, and a formal algorithm, suitable for implementation on a digital computer, is developed. The model allows for a variety of representations of the coupling within the bundle segments - multiconductor transmission line theory, lumped parameter models, experimental characterization. A connection matrix is developed which describes the wire interconnections at the bundle branch points and the bundle terminals. An important property of this connection matrix allows a simple construction of the resulting equations which are to be solved for the wire junction and terminal voltages. The total number of simultaneous equations to be solved is equal to the total number of wire junction and terminal nodes.","PeriodicalId":283257,"journal":{"name":"1979 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122047238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1979-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568816
S. T. Li, J. Rockway, J. Schukantz
This paper presents the applications of the Design Communication Algorithm (DECAL) and Performance Evaluation Communication Algorithm (PECAL) which are currently being used for the design and integration of shipboard exterior communication systems and non-shipboard cosited communication systems.
{"title":"Applications of Design Communication Algorithm (DECAL) and Performance Evaluation Communication Algorithm (PECAL)","authors":"S. T. Li, J. Rockway, J. Schukantz","doi":"10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568816","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the applications of the Design Communication Algorithm (DECAL) and Performance Evaluation Communication Algorithm (PECAL) which are currently being used for the design and integration of shipboard exterior communication systems and non-shipboard cosited communication systems.","PeriodicalId":283257,"journal":{"name":"1979 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126451098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1979-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568786
J. Osburn, D. White
A simple mathematical model for deriving numerical values for narrowband electric and magnetic fields emanating from small linear and loop radiating elements excited by continuous wave signals is presented. This model is then extended to the broadband excitation case and to varying configurations of radiating elements, and an applications example is presented.
{"title":"Methodology for Developing Expected Values of Radiated Emissions from Cables","authors":"J. Osburn, D. White","doi":"10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568786","url":null,"abstract":"A simple mathematical model for deriving numerical values for narrowband electric and magnetic fields emanating from small linear and loop radiating elements excited by continuous wave signals is presented. This model is then extended to the broadband excitation case and to varying configurations of radiating elements, and an applications example is presented.","PeriodicalId":283257,"journal":{"name":"1979 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122999836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1979-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568818
W. Free, D. E. Clark
Electromagnetic compatibility considerations are being recognized as an important factor under the weapon system survivability umbrella. The combination of today's weapon system sophistication and the requirement for them to operate in an increasingly dense electromagnetic environment has caused the weapon system survivability scope to be broadened. In the 1980's, efforts must be directed to ensuring that all weapon systems are properly designed and developed so as to enhance their survivability. Also in the 1980's, it will be necessary to shorten the weapon system acquisition cycle to cut costs and to maintain technological leads. These future EMC requirements can best be met with an integrated EMC system concept or methodology which is based on a long-term approach and provides guidance as to management and engineering goals and actions. The methodology must be cast in terms of the total acquisition process and not be restricted to a single acquisition cycle phase.
{"title":"Weapon System Survivability in Electromagnetic Environments","authors":"W. Free, D. E. Clark","doi":"10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568818","url":null,"abstract":"Electromagnetic compatibility considerations are being recognized as an important factor under the weapon system survivability umbrella. The combination of today's weapon system sophistication and the requirement for them to operate in an increasingly dense electromagnetic environment has caused the weapon system survivability scope to be broadened. In the 1980's, efforts must be directed to ensuring that all weapon systems are properly designed and developed so as to enhance their survivability. Also in the 1980's, it will be necessary to shorten the weapon system acquisition cycle to cut costs and to maintain technological leads. These future EMC requirements can best be met with an integrated EMC system concept or methodology which is based on a long-term approach and provides guidance as to management and engineering goals and actions. The methodology must be cast in terms of the total acquisition process and not be restricted to a single acquisition cycle phase.","PeriodicalId":283257,"journal":{"name":"1979 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116719341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1979-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568810
R. Cowdell
Twisted wire has long been known to increase immunity to ambient magnetic fields as well as to decrease levels of H-field radiation from potential sources. But how effectively? This paper will answer the following questions: 1. How much are radiating magnetic fields reduced when wires are twisted? 2. How much can induced pick-up levels due to ambient H-fields be reduced by the twisting of wires? 3. How many turns per foot are most effective? 4. Is it possible to predict pick-up levels in twisted wires given a known field, drive current, and separation between source and pick-up circuits? 5. Is it possible to compute twisted wire H-field emanations if the drive current and the antenna test point are known? H-field pick-up and radiation can be reduced up to 54 dB when compared to paralleled transmission lines. However it is essential that twisted leads be grounded only at one end in order that the effect of mutual cancellation in each small loop or twist be fully realized. Both H-field pick-up and emanation levels can be accurately computed using the transfer functions shown in Figures 4, 5 and 6.
{"title":"Unscrambling the Mysteries About Twisted Wire","authors":"R. Cowdell","doi":"10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568810","url":null,"abstract":"Twisted wire has long been known to increase immunity to ambient magnetic fields as well as to decrease levels of H-field radiation from potential sources. But how effectively? This paper will answer the following questions: 1. How much are radiating magnetic fields reduced when wires are twisted? 2. How much can induced pick-up levels due to ambient H-fields be reduced by the twisting of wires? 3. How many turns per foot are most effective? 4. Is it possible to predict pick-up levels in twisted wires given a known field, drive current, and separation between source and pick-up circuits? 5. Is it possible to compute twisted wire H-field emanations if the drive current and the antenna test point are known? H-field pick-up and radiation can be reduced up to 54 dB when compared to paralleled transmission lines. However it is essential that twisted leads be grounded only at one end in order that the effect of mutual cancellation in each small loop or twist be fully realized. Both H-field pick-up and emanation levels can be accurately computed using the transfer functions shown in Figures 4, 5 and 6.","PeriodicalId":283257,"journal":{"name":"1979 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131553921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1979-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568807
D. Clifford, K. S. Zeisel
The time history of a long-spark discharge to a simulated in-flight aircraft and the corresponding transient signals induced on an internal wire pair were measured in this study. Three separate induced coupling conditions related to the aircraft/lightning interaction process have been identified, and each condition has been studied. The three laboratory conditions are believed to be analogous, respectively, to (a) nearby lightning, (b) stepped-leader attachment and (c) return stroke discharge. A unique arrangement of high-voltage (long-spark) generators, electrically floating E-field sensors, fiber optic data links and transient digital recorders was used in this study. Using this equipment, high-voltage shock excitation tests have been developed for each condition and have been labeled E-dot, V-dot and I-dot, respectively, since in each case the induced coupling depends upon the time rate of change of the excitation source. This paper describes the test techniques and the experimental studies leading to the identification of the three test conditions.
{"title":"Evaluation of Lightning-Induced Transients in Aircraft Using High-Voltage Shock Excitation Techniques","authors":"D. Clifford, K. S. Zeisel","doi":"10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568807","url":null,"abstract":"The time history of a long-spark discharge to a simulated in-flight aircraft and the corresponding transient signals induced on an internal wire pair were measured in this study. Three separate induced coupling conditions related to the aircraft/lightning interaction process have been identified, and each condition has been studied. The three laboratory conditions are believed to be analogous, respectively, to (a) nearby lightning, (b) stepped-leader attachment and (c) return stroke discharge. A unique arrangement of high-voltage (long-spark) generators, electrically floating E-field sensors, fiber optic data links and transient digital recorders was used in this study. Using this equipment, high-voltage shock excitation tests have been developed for each condition and have been labeled E-dot, V-dot and I-dot, respectively, since in each case the induced coupling depends upon the time rate of change of the excitation source. This paper describes the test techniques and the experimental studies leading to the identification of the three test conditions.","PeriodicalId":283257,"journal":{"name":"1979 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123238153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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