Pub Date : 1979-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568782
Albert R. Martin, Steven E. Emert
In this paper, we discuss a revised triaxial method for testing the shielding effectiveness of long cables. Using this method, measurements show that the commonly accepted rule that doubling cable length decreases the shielding effectiveness by half (6db) holds only for a very special case. In general this rule is not even approximately true, and data are given to illustrate the point. Finally, reasons for the failure of the doubling law are briefly discussed.
{"title":"Shielding Effectiveness of Long Cables","authors":"Albert R. Martin, Steven E. Emert","doi":"10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568782","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we discuss a revised triaxial method for testing the shielding effectiveness of long cables. Using this method, measurements show that the commonly accepted rule that doubling cable length decreases the shielding effectiveness by half (6db) holds only for a very special case. In general this rule is not even approximately true, and data are given to illustrate the point. Finally, reasons for the failure of the doubling law are briefly discussed.","PeriodicalId":283257,"journal":{"name":"1979 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133071864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1979-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568838
J. Caldwell, J. Rockway, G. Stanley, M. Roney
Two recent developments in Navy spectrum management systems will give both the afloat and ashore community a quantum increase in their management of their communication assets in a limited frequency asset environment. The principal intent of both systems was the automation of those functions which either involved tedious and rote manual operations or involved complicated computational capability and are therefore often ignored. The creative thought of the system still rests with the communicator. The emphasis was on local, limited scale computational support as opposed to the centralized accessed large scale computer.
{"title":"New Developments in Navy Spectrum Management Systems","authors":"J. Caldwell, J. Rockway, G. Stanley, M. Roney","doi":"10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568838","url":null,"abstract":"Two recent developments in Navy spectrum management systems will give both the afloat and ashore community a quantum increase in their management of their communication assets in a limited frequency asset environment. The principal intent of both systems was the automation of those functions which either involved tedious and rote manual operations or involved complicated computational capability and are therefore often ignored. The creative thought of the system still rests with the communicator. The emphasis was on local, limited scale computational support as opposed to the centralized accessed large scale computer.","PeriodicalId":283257,"journal":{"name":"1979 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131603847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1979-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568793
J. Plumer
Present understanding of aircraft lightning effects and the means that are available to protect against them has advanced to the point where it is possible to design an aircraft to be safe from hazardous lightning effects. Lightning protection is, of course, most effective, easiest to incorporate and least expensive when designed into an aircraft while it is still on the drawing board. Lightning protection can often be retrofitted onto existing aircraft, but the results are rarely as thorough, and the process is usually more costly. For most aircraft, adequate lightning protection influences the design of each of its major systems and structures. The designers of each system and structural element must be made aware of potential lightning problems and the resources that are available to help solve them. Many problems that have arisen in the past were due to lack of designer awareness rather than to inadequacies in available protection technology. Unfortunately, this technology is documented in numerous technical reports and references whose existence is unknown to many designers. Since space does not permit description of hardware protection methods in this paper, sets of checklists are provided for typical aircraft systems together with references to sources of further information. Hardware addressed in this paper includes externally mounted components, nonmetallic structures, fuel system hardware, and control surfaces. Examples of some of the more common problems are also given.
{"title":"A Design Guide for Lightning Protection of Aircraft","authors":"J. Plumer","doi":"10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568793","url":null,"abstract":"Present understanding of aircraft lightning effects and the means that are available to protect against them has advanced to the point where it is possible to design an aircraft to be safe from hazardous lightning effects. Lightning protection is, of course, most effective, easiest to incorporate and least expensive when designed into an aircraft while it is still on the drawing board. Lightning protection can often be retrofitted onto existing aircraft, but the results are rarely as thorough, and the process is usually more costly. For most aircraft, adequate lightning protection influences the design of each of its major systems and structures. The designers of each system and structural element must be made aware of potential lightning problems and the resources that are available to help solve them. Many problems that have arisen in the past were due to lack of designer awareness rather than to inadequacies in available protection technology. Unfortunately, this technology is documented in numerous technical reports and references whose existence is unknown to many designers. Since space does not permit description of hardware protection methods in this paper, sets of checklists are provided for typical aircraft systems together with references to sources of further information. Hardware addressed in this paper includes externally mounted components, nonmetallic structures, fuel system hardware, and control surfaces. Examples of some of the more common problems are also given.","PeriodicalId":283257,"journal":{"name":"1979 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129469522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1979-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568797
John A. Malack
Magnetic bubble memory devices offer nonvolatile data storage and increased storage densities over contemporary storage devices; they are being manufactured in production quantities by a number of sources world wide. The devices are small and use low signal levels; for operation, they require a unique set of conditions quite different from those required by their semiconductor predecessors. In particular, permanent (static) and rotational (dynamic) orthogonal magnetic fields are necessary to sustain and propagate magnetic bubble domains along permalloy patterns. Bubble domains must be generated, directed, and annihilated on a uniaxial magnetic film in a prescribed manner. Unlike semiconductors, bubble memory devices do not employ p-n junctions. Detection of low-level bubble signals is typically accomplished with magnetoresistive techniques. This paper describes basic bubble memory operation, identifies conditions necessary for memory operation, and presents EMC (electromagnetic compatibility) concerns of a magnetic bubble memory module. EMC concerns of the module are discussed from two aspects: internal compatibility, which considers inherent factors that compromise bubble detection in the unique operation environment; and external compatibility, which considers electromagnetic factors of the outside environment in which the module must satisfactorily operate.
{"title":"EMC Concerns in Magnetic Bubble Memory Modules","authors":"John A. Malack","doi":"10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568797","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetic bubble memory devices offer nonvolatile data storage and increased storage densities over contemporary storage devices; they are being manufactured in production quantities by a number of sources world wide. The devices are small and use low signal levels; for operation, they require a unique set of conditions quite different from those required by their semiconductor predecessors. In particular, permanent (static) and rotational (dynamic) orthogonal magnetic fields are necessary to sustain and propagate magnetic bubble domains along permalloy patterns. Bubble domains must be generated, directed, and annihilated on a uniaxial magnetic film in a prescribed manner. Unlike semiconductors, bubble memory devices do not employ p-n junctions. Detection of low-level bubble signals is typically accomplished with magnetoresistive techniques. This paper describes basic bubble memory operation, identifies conditions necessary for memory operation, and presents EMC (electromagnetic compatibility) concerns of a magnetic bubble memory module. EMC concerns of the module are discussed from two aspects: internal compatibility, which considers inherent factors that compromise bubble detection in the unique operation environment; and external compatibility, which considers electromagnetic factors of the outside environment in which the module must satisfactorily operate.","PeriodicalId":283257,"journal":{"name":"1979 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130255293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1979-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568830
W. Duff, H. Schuman, L. Thompson, D. Pflug
The second generation intrasystem analysis program (IAP-II) should provide the EMC system designer with a very general analysis tool that may be used on a variety of different types of EMC analysis problems. IAP-II will provide capabilities ranging from a microscopic analysis of one of the elements Of the system analysis problem (e.g., a nonlinear circuit analysis or a method of moments coupling analysis) to a macroscopic analysis of the total system.
{"title":"A Second Generation Intrasystem Analysis Program","authors":"W. Duff, H. Schuman, L. Thompson, D. Pflug","doi":"10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568830","url":null,"abstract":"The second generation intrasystem analysis program (IAP-II) should provide the EMC system designer with a very general analysis tool that may be used on a variety of different types of EMC analysis problems. IAP-II will provide capabilities ranging from a microscopic analysis of one of the elements Of the system analysis problem (e.g., a nonlinear circuit analysis or a method of moments coupling analysis) to a macroscopic analysis of the total system.","PeriodicalId":283257,"journal":{"name":"1979 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128236605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1979-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568787
G. Burke, Andrew J. Poggio, J. Logan, J. Rockway
The development and the application of the Numerical Electromagnetic Code (NEC) - Method of Moments are described. NEC is based on a previous method of moments code for thin wires, the Antenna Modeling Program (AMP), and yields improved estimates of the performance of antennas mounted on shore stations, ships, aircraft, and spacecraft. The NEC can model antennas in free space, over a perfectly conducting ground plane, and over finite conduction (lossy) earth.
{"title":"Numerical Electromagnetic Code (NEC)","authors":"G. Burke, Andrew J. Poggio, J. Logan, J. Rockway","doi":"10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568787","url":null,"abstract":"The development and the application of the Numerical Electromagnetic Code (NEC) - Method of Moments are described. NEC is based on a previous method of moments code for thin wires, the Antenna Modeling Program (AMP), and yields improved estimates of the performance of antennas mounted on shore stations, ships, aircraft, and spacecraft. The NEC can model antennas in free space, over a perfectly conducting ground plane, and over finite conduction (lossy) earth.","PeriodicalId":283257,"journal":{"name":"1979 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"113 11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113935191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1979-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568808
H. Ott
A signal ground is normally defined as an equipotential point or plane that serves as a reference potential for a circuit or system. This definition, however, does not emphasize the importance of the actual path taken by the current in returning to the source. It is often important that the design engineer know the actual path taken by the ground current. Only by knowing this can the designer accurately estimate the radiated emission from a circuit, or the susceptibility of a circuit to electromagnetic energy. An alternative definition for a signal ground is: A low impedance path for currrent to return to the source. This definition emphasizes the importance of the current flow in the ground system. It implies that since current is flowing through some log: but finite, impedance there will be a difference in potential between the two ends. This "current" concept of a ground is also useful in order to determine where decoupling capacitors should be connected, and explains why, in some cases, eliminating a ground may make a circuit less susceptible to electromagnetic interference.
{"title":"Ground - A Path for Current Flow","authors":"H. Ott","doi":"10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568808","url":null,"abstract":"A signal ground is normally defined as an equipotential point or plane that serves as a reference potential for a circuit or system. This definition, however, does not emphasize the importance of the actual path taken by the current in returning to the source. It is often important that the design engineer know the actual path taken by the ground current. Only by knowing this can the designer accurately estimate the radiated emission from a circuit, or the susceptibility of a circuit to electromagnetic energy. An alternative definition for a signal ground is: A low impedance path for currrent to return to the source. This definition emphasizes the importance of the current flow in the ground system. It implies that since current is flowing through some log: but finite, impedance there will be a difference in potential between the two ends. This \"current\" concept of a ground is also useful in order to determine where decoupling capacitors should be connected, and explains why, in some cases, eliminating a ground may make a circuit less susceptible to electromagnetic interference.","PeriodicalId":283257,"journal":{"name":"1979 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133302477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1979-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568798
C. Paludi, J. Whalen
The Nonlinear Circuit Analysis Program (NCAP) has been used to calculate nonlinear transfer functions which subsequently predict Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) effects in electronic circuits containing discrete semiconductor devices for RF frequencies up to 100 MHz. However, NCAP has not previously been tested nor documented in the UHF frequency range (300 to 3000 MHz). The purpose of this paper is to present the first predicted results of EMI effects in discrete bipolar junction transistors, using NCAP's nonlinear transfer functions, in the UHF range. The predicted results will be compared to experimental results.
{"title":"The NCAP Nonlinear T Model for Bipolar Junction Transistors at UHF Frequencies","authors":"C. Paludi, J. Whalen","doi":"10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568798","url":null,"abstract":"The Nonlinear Circuit Analysis Program (NCAP) has been used to calculate nonlinear transfer functions which subsequently predict Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) effects in electronic circuits containing discrete semiconductor devices for RF frequencies up to 100 MHz. However, NCAP has not previously been tested nor documented in the UHF frequency range (300 to 3000 MHz). The purpose of this paper is to present the first predicted results of EMI effects in discrete bipolar junction transistors, using NCAP's nonlinear transfer functions, in the UHF range. The predicted results will be compared to experimental results.","PeriodicalId":283257,"journal":{"name":"1979 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"464 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133304841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1979-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568812
S. Kubina, H. Widmer, M. Vuille
Interactive graphics, as in the AAPG code, can provide an effective interface to modern EMC analysis by providing a number of vital new elements in a complex task. It gives a meaningful overview of all key elements of each possible interaction between coupled systems. Each of these can be called up at will for visual examination while hardcopies provide a comprehensive report useful in the selection of frequencies for test programs or for analyzing test results. The ability to relocate antennas, recalculate the coupling paths and to quickly view the results provides a design tool and perception for the analyst which heretofore has been denied him. AAPG is currently in use by the Canadian Department of National Defence. Proposed modifications include the addition of horizontal and vertical stabilizers to the aircraft model and the use of better diffraction coefficients. The incorporation of the AAPG graphics system into IEMCAP is also being entertained.
{"title":"Analyst/IAP Interface and Interactive Graphics","authors":"S. Kubina, H. Widmer, M. Vuille","doi":"10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568812","url":null,"abstract":"Interactive graphics, as in the AAPG code, can provide an effective interface to modern EMC analysis by providing a number of vital new elements in a complex task. It gives a meaningful overview of all key elements of each possible interaction between coupled systems. Each of these can be called up at will for visual examination while hardcopies provide a comprehensive report useful in the selection of frequencies for test programs or for analyzing test results. The ability to relocate antennas, recalculate the coupling paths and to quickly view the results provides a design tool and perception for the analyst which heretofore has been denied him. AAPG is currently in use by the Canadian Department of National Defence. Proposed modifications include the addition of horizontal and vertical stabilizers to the aircraft model and the use of better diffraction coefficients. The incorporation of the AAPG graphics system into IEMCAP is also being entertained.","PeriodicalId":283257,"journal":{"name":"1979 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131873446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1979-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568858
R. Lentz, H. Anderson
A brief review of the theory of operation of reverberating chambers is given along with several tests of the theory. The probabilistic model of the power received from a radiating device under tests in the chamber is often taken to be an exponential probability density function. The received power in a non-ideal chamber is shown to be described by a probability density function which reduces to the exponential distribution as the chamber more effectively randomizes the interior fields. The probability density function of the received signal's phase is shown to be a sensitive test of chamber optimization. Experiments are reported which quantify the effect of a reverberating chamber on a device under test.
{"title":"Reverberating Chambers for EMC Measurements","authors":"R. Lentz, H. Anderson","doi":"10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1979.7568858","url":null,"abstract":"A brief review of the theory of operation of reverberating chambers is given along with several tests of the theory. The probabilistic model of the power received from a radiating device under tests in the chamber is often taken to be an exponential probability density function. The received power in a non-ideal chamber is shown to be described by a probability density function which reduces to the exponential distribution as the chamber more effectively randomizes the interior fields. The probability density function of the received signal's phase is shown to be a sensitive test of chamber optimization. Experiments are reported which quantify the effect of a reverberating chamber on a device under test.","PeriodicalId":283257,"journal":{"name":"1979 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131404517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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